Placental Abruption and Cardiovascular Event Risk (PACER): Design, data linkage, and preliminary findings.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrical complications impact the health of mothers and offspring along the life course, resulting in an increased burden of chronic diseases. One specific complication is abruption, a life-threatening condition with consequences for cardiovascular health that remains poorly studied. OBJECTIVES: To describe the design and data linkage algorithms for the Placental Abruption and Cardiovascular Event Risk (PACER) cohort. POPULATION: All subjects who delivered in New Jersey, USA, between 1993 and 2020. DESIGN: Retrospective, population-based, birth cohort study. METHODS: We linked the vital records data of foetal deaths and live births to delivery and all subsequent hospitalisations along the life course for birthing persons and newborns. The linkage was based on a probabilistic record-matching algorithm. PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Over the 28 years of follow-up, we identified 1,877,824 birthing persons with 3,093,241 deliveries (1.1%, n = 33,058 abruption prevalence). The linkage rates for live births-hospitalisations and foetal deaths-hospitalisations were 92.4% (n = 2,842,012) and 70.7% (n = 13,796), respectively, for the maternal cohort. The corresponding linkage rate for the live births-hospitalisations for the offspring cohort was 70.3% (n = 2,160,736). The median (interquartile range) follow-up for the maternal and offspring cohorts was 15.4 (8.1, 22.4) and 14.4 (7.4, 21.0) years, respectively. We will undertake multiple imputations for missing data and develop inverse probability weights to account for selection bias owing to unlinked records. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy offers a unique window to study chronic diseases along the life course and efforts to identify the aetiology of abruption may provide important insights into the causes of future CVD. This project presents an unprecedented opportunity to understand how abruption may predispose women and their offspring to develop CVD complications and chronic conditions later in life.

Risk of postpartum readmission for depression in relation to ischaemic placental disease: a population-based study.

Background: There are limited data on postpartum readmissions for depression in the United States (US). Specifically, the extent to which ischaemic placental disease (IPD) during pregnancy predisposes patients to develop postpartum depression remains poorly understood. We investigated whether IPD is associated with postpartum readmission for new-onset depression in the first year after delivery. Methods: In this population-based study, the 2010-2018 Nationwide Readmissions Database was utilised to evaluate rates of postpartum readmission for depression within the calendar year of delivery hospitalisation among patients with and without IPD. IPD was defined as preeclampsia, placental abruption, or small for gestational age (SGA) birth. We expressed associations between IPD and depression readmission based on a confounder-adjusted hazards ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Findings: Of 33.3 million delivery hospitalisations, 3,027,084 (9.1%) had IPD. The total follow-up among those with and without IPD were 17,855,830 and 180,100,532 person-months, respectively, with a median follow-up of 5.8 months for both groups. Rates of depression readmission were 95.7 (n = 17,095) and 37.5 (n = 67,536) per 100,000 readmissions among patients with and without an IPD, respectively (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 2.32-2.47); this risk was the highest for preeclampsia with severe features (HR, 3.14; 95% CI, 3.00-3.29). Patients had a greater risk of readmission if they had any two forms of IPD (HR, 3.02; 95% CI, 2.75-3.33), and those with a concurrent diagnosis of preeclampsia and abruption posed the highest risk (HR, 3.23; 95% CI, 2.71-3.86). Interpretation: These findings suggested that patients with IPD are at a substantially increased risk of readmission for depression within a year following delivery. This study underscores the need for increased surveillance, improved detection, and faster treatment of depression in this vulnerable population. Funding: This was an unfunded project.

Epidemiology and trends in stroke mortality in the USA, 1975-2019.

BACKGROUND: Whether changes in stroke mortality are affected by age distribution and birth cohorts, and if the decline in stroke mortality exhibits heterogeneity by stroke type, remains uncertain. METHODS: We undertook a sequential time series analysis to examine stroke mortality trends in the USA among people aged 18-84 years between 1975 and 2019 (n = 4 332 220). Trends were examined for overall stroke and by ischaemic and haemorrhagic subtypes. Mortality data were extracted from the US death files, and age-sex population data were extracted from US census. Age-standardized stroke mortality rates and incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence interval [CI] were derived from Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Age-standardized stroke mortality declined for females from 87.5 in 1975 to 30.9 per 100 000 in 2019 (IRR 0.27, 95% CI 0.26, 0.27; average annual decline -2.78%, 95% CI -2.79, -2.78). Among males, age-standardized mortality rate declined from 112.1 in 1975 to 38.7 per 100 000 in 2019 (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.26, 0.27; average annual decline -2.80%, 95% CI -2.81, -2.79). Stroke mortality increased sharply with advancing age. Decline in stroke mortality was steeper for ischaemic than haemorrhagic strokes. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke mortality rates have substantially declined, more so for ischaemic than haemorrhagic strokes.

Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of Readmission for Postpartum Cardiovascular Complications.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD, including heart disease and stroke) along the life course. However, whether exposure to chronic hypertension in pregnancy, in the absence of preeclampsia, is implicated in CVD risk during the immediate postpartum period remains poorly understood. Our objective was to estimate the risk of readmission for CVD complications within the calendar year after delivery for people with chronic hypertension. METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Readmission Database (2010-2018) was used to conduct a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 15-54 years. International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify patients with chronic hypertension and postpartum readmission for CVD complications within 1 year of delivery. People with CVD diagnosed during pregnancy or delivery admission, multiple births, or preeclampsia or eclampsia were excluded. Excess rates of CVD readmission among patients with and without chronic hypertension were estimated. Associations between chronic hypertension and CVD complications were determined from Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Of 27,395,346 delivery hospitalizations that resulted in singleton births, 2.0% of individuals had chronic hypertension (n=544,639). The CVD hospitalization rate among patients with chronic hypertension and normotensive patients was 645 (n=3,791) per 100,000 delivery hospitalizations and 136 (n=37,664) per 100,000 delivery hospitalizations, respectively (rate difference 508, 95% CI 467-549; adjusted hazard ratio 4.11, 95% CI 3.64-4.66). The risk of CVD readmission, in relation to chronic hypertension, persisted for 1 year after delivery. CONCLUSION: The heightened CVD risk as early as 1 month postpartum in relation to chronic hypertension underscores the need for close monitoring and timely care after delivery to reduce blood pressure and related complications.

Evolving stillbirth rates among Black and White women in the United States, 1980-2020: A population-based study.

Background: Given slowing secular declines and persistent racial disparities, stillbirth remains a major health burden in the US. We investigate changes in stillbirth rates overall and for Black and White women, and determine how maternal age, delivery year (period), and birth year (cohort) have shaped trends. Methods: We designed a sequential time-series analysis utilising the 1980 to 2020 US vital records data of live births and stillbirths at ≥24 weeks gestation. Stillbirth rates overall and among Black and White women were examined. We undertook an age-period-cohort analysis to evaluate temporal changes in stillbirth trends. Findings: Of 157,192,032 live births and 710,832 stillbirths between 1980 and 2020, stillbirth rates per 1000 births declined from 10.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.5, 10.7) in 1980 to 5.8 (95% CI 5.7, 5.8) in 2020. Stillbirth rates declined from 9.2 to 5.0 per 1000 births among White women (rate ratio [RR] 0.54, 95% CI 0.53, 0.55), and from 17.4 to 10.1 per 1000 births among Black women (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.55, 0.59). Black women experienced persistent two-fold higher rates compared to White women (2.01, 95% CI 1.97, 2.05 in 2020). Stillbirth rates declined until 2005, increased from 2005 to the mid-2010s and plateaued thereafter. Strong cohort effects contributed to declining rates in earlier cohorts (1930-1955) and increasing rates among women born after 1980. Interpretation: Age, period, and birth cohorts greatly influenced US stillbirth rates over the last forty years. The decline in stillbirth rate was evident between 1980 and 2005, however subsequent declines have been minimal, reflecting no further gains for cohorts of women born in 1955-1980 and stagnation of period effects starting in 2005. A significant racial disparity persisted with a two-fold excess in stillbirth rates for Black compared to White women, underscoring the need for targeted health and social policies to address disparities. Funding: None.

Historical and Recent Changes in Maternal Mortality Due to Hypertensive Disorders in the United States, 1979 to 2018.

[Figure: see text].