Opportunities and Applications of Educational Technologies in Surgical Education and Assessment.

BACKGROUND: Surgical education is challenged by continuously increasing clinical content, greater subspecialization, and public scrutiny of access to high quality surgical care. Since the last Blue Ribbon Committee on surgical education, novel technologies have been developed including artificial intelligence and telecommunication. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The goals of this Blue Ribbon Sub-Committee were to describe the latest technological advances and construct a framework for applying these technologies to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of surgical education and assessment. An additional goal was to identify implementation frameworks and strategies for centers with different resources and access. All sub-committee recommendations were included in a Delphi consensus process with the entire Blue Ribbon Committee (N=67). RESULTS: Our sub-committee found several new technologies and opportunities that are well poised to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of surgical education and assessment (see Tables 1-3). Our top recommendation was that a Multidisciplinary Surgical Educational Council be established to serve as an oversight body to develop consensus, facilitate implementation, and establish best practices for technology implementation and assessment. This recommendation achieved 93% consensus during the first round of the Delphi process. CONCLUSION: Advances in technology-based assessment, data analytics, and behavioral analysis now allow us to create personalized educational programs based on individual preferences and learning styles. If implemented properly, education technology has the promise of improving the quality and efficiency of surgical education and decreasing the demands on clinical faculty.

Validation of the AJCC 8th Edition Breast Cancer Prognostic Staging System in Legacy Alliance Trials (AFT-01).

BACKGROUND: The 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system combined anatomic stage (AS) with receptor status and grade to create prognostic stage (PS). PS has been validated in single-institution and cancer registry studies; however, missing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and variable treatment and follow-up create limitations. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare the relative prognostic ability of PS versus AS to predict survival using breast cancer clinical trial data. METHODS: Women with non-metastatic breast cancer enrolled in six Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology trials were included (enrollment years 1997-2010). AS and PS were constructed using pathological tumor size, nodal status, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 status, and grade. Unadjusted Cox proportional hazard models were estimated to predict overall survival within 5 years, with AS and PS as predictor variables. The relative predictive power of staging models was assessed by comparing Harrell concordance indices (C-indices). Kaplan-Meier-based mortality estimates were compared by stage. RESULTS: Overall, 6924 women were included (median age 53 years); 45.2% were diagnosed with ER+/PR+/HER2- tumors, 26.2% with HER2+ tumors, and 17.1% with ER-/PR-/HER2- tumors. Median follow-up time was 5 years (interquartile range 2.95-5.00). PS significantly improved predictive performance (C-index 0.721) for overall survival compared with AS (0.700) (p = 0.020). Kaplan-Meier hazard estimates suggested PS did not distinguish mortality risk between patients with IIB and IIIA or IB and IIA disease. CONCLUSIONS: PS has significantly improved predictive performance for OS compared with AS. As systemic therapies evolve, it will be important to re-evaluate the prognostic staging system, particularly for patients with intermediate-stage cancers. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT02171078.

The influence of anatomic stage and receptor status on first recurrence for breast cancer within 5 years (AFT-01).

BACKGROUND: Risk-stratified follow-up guidelines that account for the absolute risk and timing of recurrence may improve the quality and efficiency of breast cancer follow-up. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship of anatomic stage and receptor status with timing of the first recurrence for patients with local-regional breast cancer and generate risk-stratified follow-up recommendations. METHODS: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of 8007 patients with stage I-III breast cancer who enrolled in nine Alliance legacy clinical trials from 1997 to 2013 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02171078). Patients who received standard-of-care therapy were included. Patients who were missing stage or receptor status were excluded. The primary outcome was days from the earliest treatment start date to the date of first recurrence. The primary explanatory variable was anatomic stage. The analysis was stratified by receptor type. Cox proportional-hazards regression models produced cumulative probabilities of recurrence. A dynamic programming algorithm approach was used to optimize the timing of follow-up intervals based on the timing of recurrence events. RESULTS: The time to first recurrence varied significantly between receptor types (p < .0001). Within each receptor type, stage influenced the time to recurrence (p < .0001). The risk of recurrence was highest and occurred earliest for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative/progesterone receptor (PR)-negative/Her2neu-negative tumors (stage III; 5-year probability of recurrence, 45.5%). The risk of recurrence was lower for ER-positive/PR-positive/Her2neu-positive tumors (stage III; 5-year probability of recurrence, 15.3%), with recurrences distributed over time. Model-generated follow-up recommendations by stage and receptor type were created. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports considering both anatomic stage and receptor status in follow-up recommendations. The implementation of risk-stratified guidelines based on these data has the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of follow-up.

Surgical Education.

This paper summarizes the proceedings of the joint European Surgical Association ESA/American Surgical Association symposium on Surgical Education that took place in Bordeaux, France, as part of the celebrations for 30 years of ESA scientific meetings. Three presentations on the use of quantitative metrics to understand technical decisions, coaching during training and beyond, and entrustable professional activities were presented by American Surgical Association members and discussed by ESA members in a symposium attended by members of both associations.

Local/Regional Recurrence Rates After Breast-Conserving Therapy in Patients Enrolled in Legacy Trials of the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (AFT-01).

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate local/regional recurrence rates after breast-conserving surgery in a cohort of patients enrolled in legacy trials of the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology and to evaluate variation in recurrence rates by receptor subtype. BACKGROUND: Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated equivalent survival between breast conservation and mastectomy, albeit with higher local/regional recurrence rates after breast conservation. However, absolute rates of local/regional recurrence have been declining with multi-modality treatment. METHODS: Data from 5 Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology legacy trials that enrolled women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1997 and 2010 were included. Women who underwent breast-conserving surgery and standard systemic therapies (n=4,404) were included. Five-year rates of local/regional recurrence were estimated from Kaplan-Meier curves. Patients were censored at the time of distant recurrence (if recorded as the first recurrence), death, or last follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with time to local/regional recurrence, including patient age, tumor size, lymph node status, and receptor subtype. RESULTS: Overall 5-year recurrence was 4.6% (95% CI=4.0-5.4%). Five-year recurrence rates were lowest in those with ER+ or PR+ tumors (Her2+ 3.4% [95% CI 2.0-5.7%], Her2- 4.0% [95% CI 3.2-4.9%]) and highest in the triple-negative subtype (7.1% [95% CI 5.4-9.3%]). On multivariable analysis, increasing nodal involvement and triple-negative subtype were positively associated with recurrence ( P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of local/regional recurrence after breast conservation in women with breast cancer enrolled in legacy trials of the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology are significantly lower than historic estimates. This data can better inform patient discussions and surgical decision-making.

Discussion-based interprofessional education: A positive step toward promoting shared understanding between surgical residents and nurses.

Interprofessional education during medical training may improve communication by promoting collaboration and the development of shared mental models between professions. We implemented a novel discussion-based intervention for surgical residents and nurses to promote mutual understanding of workflows and communication practices. General surgery residents and inpatient nurses from our institution were recruited to participate. Surveys and paging data were collected prior to and following the intervention. Surveys contained original questions and validated subscales. Interventions involved facilitated discussions about workflows, perceptions of urgency, and technology preferences. Discussions were recorded and transcribed for qualitative content analysis. Pre and post-intervention survey responses were compared with descriptive sample statistics. Group characteristics were compared using Fisher's exact tests. Eleven intervention groups were conducted (2-6 participants per group) (n = 38). Discussions achieved three aims: Information-Sharing (learning about each other's workflows and preferences), 2) Interpersonal Relationship-Building (establishing rapport and fostering empathy) and 3) Interventional Brainstorming (discussing strategies to mitigate communication challenges). Post-intervention surveys revealed improved nurse-reported grasp of resident schedules and tailoring of communication methods based on workflow understanding; however, communication best practices remain limited by organizational and technological constraints. Systems-level changes must be prioritized to allow intentions toward collegial communication to thrive.

A Statewide Approach to Reducing Re-excision Rates for Women With Breast-conserving Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Test the effectiveness of benchmarked performance reports based on existing discharge data paired with a statewide intervention to implement evidence-based strategies on breast re-excision rates. BACKGROUND: Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is a common breast cancer surgery performed in a range of hospital settings. Studies have demonstrated variations in post-BCS re-excision rates, identifying it as a high-value improvement target. METHODS: Wisconsin Hospital Association discharge data (2017-2019) were used to compare 60-day re-excision rates following BCS for breast cancer. The analysis estimated the difference in the average change preintervention to postintervention between Surgical Collaborative of Wisconsin (SCW) and nonparticipating hospitals using a logistic mixed-effects model with repeated measures, adjusting for age, payer, and hospital volume, including hospitals as random effects. The intervention included 5 collaborative meetings in 2018 to 2019 where surgeon champions shared guideline updates, best practices/challenges, and facilitated action planning. Confidential benchmarked performance reports were provided. RESULTS: In 2017, there were 3692 breast procedures in SCW and 1279 in nonparticipating hospitals; hospital-level re-excision rates ranged from 5% to >50%. There was no statistically significant baseline difference in re-excision rates between SCW and nonparticipating hospitals (16.1% vs. 17.1%, P =0.47). Re-excision significantly decreased for SCW but not for nonparticipating hospitals (odds ratio=0.69, 95% confidence interval=0.52-0.91). CONCLUSIONS: Benchmarked performance reports and collaborative quality improvement can decrease post-BCS re-excisions, increase quality, and decrease costs. Our study demonstrates the effective use of administrative data as a platform for statewide quality collaboratives. Using existing data requires fewer resources and offers a new paradigm that promotes participation across practice settings.

Surgical coaching in obstetrics and gynecology: an evidence-based strategy to elevate surgical education and promote lifelong learning.

The American Board of Medical Specialties, of which the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology is a member, released recommendations in 2019 reimagining specialty certification and highlighting the importance of individualized feedback and data-driven advances in clinical practice throughout the physicians' careers. In this article, we presented surgical coaching as an evidence-based strategy for achieving lifelong learning and practice improvement that can help to fulfill the vision of the American Board of Medical Specialties. Surgical coaching involves the development of a partnership between 2 surgeons in which 1 surgeon (the coach) guides the other (the participant) in identifying goals, providing feedback, and facilitating action planning. Previous literature has demonstrated that surgical coaching is viewed as valuable by both coaches and participants. In particular, video-based coaching involves reviewing recorded surgical cases and can be integrated into the physicians' busy schedules as a means of acquiring and advancing both technical and nontechnical skills. Establishing surgical coaching as an option for continuous learning and improvement in practice has the potential to elevate surgical performance and patient care.

Coaching as a Mechanism to Challenge Surgical Professional Identities.

BACKGROUND: The "surgical personality" is a mostly negative academic and cultural image of the surgeon as egotistical, paternalistic, and inflexible. Because of this image, surgeons have been viewed as resistant to change and some behaviors, vulnerability, for example, are viewed as "suspect" because they seemingly threaten professional competency. We report on exit interviews of surgeons who participated in a coaching program and demonstrate how their narratives challenge the surgical "personality" and forge an evolving and more open professional surgical identity. METHODS: We interviewed n = 34 bariatric surgeons at the end of a 2-year surgical coaching program. Transcribed interviews were analyzed in NVivo, computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. Coding of transcripts was approached through iterative steps. We utilized an exploratory method; each member of our team independently examined 3 transcripts to evaluate emergent themes early in the investigation. The team met to discuss our independent themes and develop the codebook collectively. We created a descriptive framework for our first round of coding based on emerging themes and employed an interpretive framework to arrive at our themes. RESULTS: Three major themes emerged from our data. Participants in this study discussed the ways that participation in the coaching program initially conflicted with their identity as a competent professional. Surgeons were acutely aware of how participation might have destabilized their surgical identity because they might be viewed as vulnerable. Despite these concerns about image, surgeons found impetus for improvement because of poor outcome scores or because they desired early career affirmation. Finally, surgeons report that the safe spaces of intentional coaching contributed to their ideas about how surgeons, and ultimately surgery, can change. CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a coaching program challenged how surgeons thought of themselves in relationship to social and peer expectations. Our results indicate that surgeons do feel peer and social pressures related to identity but are much more complex and nuanced than has been previously discussed. The safe space of intentional coaching allowed participants to practice vulnerability without the pressures of sometimes caustic professional norms. Participants in this study viewed coaching as the way to improve the culture of surgery.

Association of a Statewide Surgical Coaching Program With Clinical Outcomes and Surgeon Perceptions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk-adjusted outcomes and participant perceptions following a statewide coaching program for bariatric surgeons. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Coaching has emerged as a new approach for improving individual surgeon performance, but lacks evidence linking to clinical outcomes. METHODS: This program took place between October 2015 and February 2018 in the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative. Surgeons were categorized as coach, participant, or nonparticipant for an interrupted time series analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models included patient characteristics, time trends, and number of sessions. Risk-adjusted overall and surgical complication rates are reported, as are within-group relative risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. We also compared operative times and report risk differences and 95% confidence intervals. Iterative thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews examined participant and coach perceptions of the program. RESULTS: The coaching program was viewed favorably by most surgeons and many participants described numerous technical and nontechnical practice changes. The program was not associated with significant change in risk-adjusted complications with relative risks for coaches, participants, and nonparticipants of 0.99 (0.62-1.37), 0.91 (0.64-1.17), and 1.15 (0.83-1.47), respectively. Operative times did improve for participants, but not coaches or nonparticipants, with risk differences of -14.0 (-22.3, -5.7), -1.0 (-4.5, 2.4), and -2.6 (-6.9, 1.7). Future coaching programmatic design should consider dose-complexity matching, hierarchical leveling, and optimizing video review. CONCLUSIONS: This statewide surgical coaching program was perceived as valuable and surgeons reported numerous practice changes. Operative times improved, but there was no significant improvement in risk-adjusted outcomes.

Formative Evaluation of a Peer Video-Based Coaching Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Few opportunities exist for surgeons to receive technical skills feedback after training. Surgeons at hospitals within the Illinois Surgical Quality Improvement Collaborative were invited to participate in a peer-to-peer video-based coaching initiative focused on improving technical skills in laparoscopic right colectomy. We present a formative qualitative evaluation of a video-based coaching initiative. METHODS: Concurrent with the implementation of our video-based coaching initiative, we conducted two focus groups and 15 individual semistructured interviews with participants; all interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. A subset of surgeons participated in a group video-review session, which was observed by qualitative researchers. Transcripts and notes were analyzed using an organizational behavior framework adapted from executive coaching. RESULTS: Participation in the initiative was primarily motivated by the opportunity to learn from others and improve skills. Surgeons highlighted the value of self-video and peer-video assessment not only to learn new techniques but also for self-reflection and benchmarking. Barriers to participation included logistics (e.g. using the laparoscopic recording devices, coordinating schedules for peer coaching), time commitment, and a surgical culture that assumes the intent of coaching is to address deficiencies. CONCLUSIONS: Video-based peer-coaching provides a platform for surgeons to reflect, benchmark against peers, and receive personalized feedback; however, more work is needed to increase participation and sustain involvement over time. There is an opportunity to decrease logistical barriers and increase acceptability of coaching by integrating video-based coaching into existing surgical conferences and established continuous professional development efforts.

Does persistent use of radiation in women > 70 years of age with early-stage breast cancer reflect tailored patient-centered care?

PURPOSE: Randomized controlled trials demonstrate that omission of radiation therapy (RT) in older women with early-stage cancer undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS) is an "acceptable choice." Despite this, high RT rates have been reported. The objective was to evaluate the impact of patient- and system-level factors on RT rates in a contemporary cohort. METHODS: Through the National Cancer Data Base, we identified women with clinical stage I estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who underwent BCS (n = 84,214). Multivariable logistic regression identified patient, tumor, and system-level factors associated with RT. Joinpoint regression analysis calculated trends in RT use over time stratified by age and facility-type, reporting annual percent change (APC). RESULTS: RT rates decreased from 2004 (77.2%) to 2015 (64.3%). The decline occurred earliest and was most pronounced in older women treated at academic facilities. At academic facilities, the APC was - 5.6 (95% CI - 8.6, - 2.4) after 2009 for women aged > 85 years, - 6.4 (95% CI - 9.0, - 3.8) after 2010 for women aged 80 - < 85 years, - 3.7 (95% CI - 5.6, - 1.9) after 2009 for women aged 75 - < 80, and - 2.4 (95% CI, - 3.1, - 1.6) after 2009 for women aged 70 - < 75. In contrast, at community facilities rates of RT declined later (2011, 2012, and 2013 for age groups 70-74, 75-79, and 80-84 years). CONCLUSIONS: RT rates for older women with early-stage breast cancer are declining with patient-level variation based on factors related to life expectancy and locoregional recurrence. Facility-level variation suggests opportunities to improve care delivery by focusing on barriers to de-implementation of routine use of RT.

Age-Dependent Costs and Complications in Pediatric Umbilical Hernia Repair.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize regional variation in the age of patients undergoing umbilical hernia repair to determine costs and subsequent care. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study using a large convenience sample of US employer-based insurance claims from July 2012 to December 2015. We identified children younger than 18 years of age undergoing uncomplicated (not strangulated, incarcerated, or gangrenous) umbilical hernia repair as an isolated procedure (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision procedure codes 53.41, 53.42, 53.43, or 53.49, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision procedure code 0WQF0ZZ, or Current Procedural Terminology procedure codes 49580 or 49585). RESULTS: In all, 5212 children met criteria for inclusion. Children younger than age 2 years accounted for 9.7% of repairs, with significant variation by census region (6% to 14%, P < .001). Total payments for surgery varied by age; children younger than 2 years averaged $8219 and payments for older children were $6137. Postoperative admissions occurred at a rate of 73.1 per 1000 for children younger than age 2 years and 7.43 for older children; emergency department visits were 41.5 per 1000 for children younger than age 2 years vs 15.9 for older children (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical hernias continue to be repaired at early ages with large regional variation. Umbilical hernia repair younger than age 2 years is associated with greater costs and greater frequency of postoperative hospitalization and emergency department visits.

Evaluation of Intraoperative Hand-Off Frequency, Duration, and Context: A Mixed Methods Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hand-offs in the operating room contribute to poor communication, reduced team function, and may be poorly coordinated with other activities. Conversely, they may represent a missed opportunity for improved communication. We sought to better understand the coordination and impact of intraoperative hand-offs. METHODS: We prospectively audio-video (AV) recorded 10 operations and evaluated intraoperative hand-offs. Data collected included percentage of time team members were absent due to breaks, relationships between hand-offs and intraoperative events (incision, surgical counts), and occurrences of simultaneous hand-offs. We also identified announcement that a hand-off had occurred and anchoring, in which team members not involved in the hand-off participated and provided information. RESULTS: Spanning 2919 min of audio-video data, there were 74 hand-offs (range, 4-14 per case) totaling 225.2 min, representing 7.7% of time recorded. Thirty-two (45.1%) hand-offs were interrupted or delayed because of competing activities; eight hand-offs occurred during an instrument or laparotomy pad count. Six cases had simultaneous hand-offs; two cases had two episodes of simultaneous hand-offs. Eight hand-offs included an announcement. Seven included anchoring. Evaluating both temporary and permanent hand-offs, one or more original team members was absent for 40.7% of time recorded and >one team member was absent for 20.5% of time recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative hand-offs are frequent and not well coordinated with intraoperative events including counts and other hand-offs. Anchoring and announced hand-offs occurred in a small proportion of cases. Future work must focus on optimizing timing, content, and participation in intraoperative hand-offs.

Pancreatic Fistula and Delayed Gastric Emptying Are the Highest-Impact Complications After Whipple.

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy are at risk for a variety of adverse postoperative events, including generic complications such as surgical site infection (SSI) and procedure-specific complications such as postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Knowing which complications have the greatest effect on these patients can help to maximize the value of quality improvement resources. This study aims to quantify the effect of specific postoperative complications on clinical outcomes and resource utilization after pancreaticoduodenectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 2014 and December 2016, who were included in the pancreatectomy-targeted American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, were assessed for the development of specific postoperative complications, along with the contributions of these complications toward subsequent clinical outcome and resource utilization. The main outcomes were 30-d end-organ dysfunction, mortality, prolonged hospitalization, nonrounding discharge status, and hospital readmission. Risk-adjusted population attributable fractions were estimated for each complication-outcome pair, with the population attributable fraction representing the anticipated percentage reduction in the outcome where the complication was able to be completely prevented. RESULTS: About 10,922 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were included for analysis. The most common postoperative complications were DGE (17.3%), POPF (10.1%), incisional SSI (10.0%), and organ/space SSI (6.2%). POPF and DGE were the only complications that demonstrated sizable effects for all clinical and resource utilization outcomes studied. Other complications had sizable effects for only a few of the outcomes or had small effects for all the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Quality initiatives seeking to minimize the burden imposed by postpancreaticoduodenectomy morbidity should focus on POPF and DGE rather than generic complications.

Surgical Coaching for Advancement of Global Surgical Skills and Capacity: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Surgical coaching is an emerging concept of education and collaboration to improve surgical performance. Surgical education in low-resource settings remains a challenge because of confounding barriers of access, resources, and sustainability. No formal assessments of coaching as a means to improve surgical quality in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) exist. The purpose of this review is to explore if surgical coaching could serve as an effective method of fostering continued education and advancement of surgical skills in low-resource settings. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search in July 2018. Included studies were peer-reviewed and met preestablished study criteria. Studies must have assessed surgical coaching, specifically defined as a means to establish continuous professional growth of trainees and practicing surgeons. RESULTS: Of 2189 articles, 175 were selected for full-text analysis, 23 met inclusion criteria for analysis, 13 of these 23 articles evaluated coaching of trainees, 10 articles assessed coaching surgeons in established careers. 18 of the 23 articles discussed skill acquisition, 4 of which assessed nontechnical skills alone, and 14 assessed technical skills or both technical and nontechnical skills. Remote or cross-institutional coaching was explored in 8 of the 23 studies. None of the studies discussed or evaluated coaching in LMICs. CONCLUSIONS: Coaching is a method of teaching surgeons at multiple stages of a career. The explored advantages of surgical coaching may be applied to continuous performance improvement and collaboration with surgeons in LMICs. Furthermore, coaching may aid in advancement of the well-established Lancet Global Surgery Indicators, improving surgical capacity and quality in LMICs.

Time to initiation of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer treatment does not influence patient survival: A study of US breast cancer patients.

Delays in the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy are associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer. However, the impact of the time to initiation of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on patient outcomes has not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether delays in NAC initiation impact patient survival. The National Cancer Database was queried for women ≥ 18 years old who underwent NAC within 6 months of being diagnosed with stage I-III invasive breast cancer in 2010-2011. ER+ or PR+, Her2- cancers were excluded from analysis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between time to NAC, sociodemographic, diagnosis, and treatment factors with patient survival. The median age of the 12 806 women included in this study was 52 (range 21-90) with 62% presenting with cT2 disease and 62% with nodal involvement. Half of the women (50%) had triple negative, 30% ER/PR+Her2+ and 20% ER-PR-Her2+ cancers. The median time to starting NAC was 4 weeks (range 0-26) for all subtypes. Time to NAC initiation was not associated with a difference in survival for triple negative or Her2+ cancers. Delays from diagnosis to starting NAC are not associated with worse survival for patients with Her2+ or triple negative breast cancer. This study demonstrates that the majority of women in the modern era start NAC in a timely fashion and delays in starting NAC within 6 months of diagnosis do not impact long-term patient outcomes.

Leadership in American Surgery: Women are Rising to the Top.

OBJECTIVE: To celebrate the increasing representation of women as leaders in American surgery and provide suggestions for increasing diversity in leadership. BACKGROUND: Women were barred from entering the practice of medicine or surgery until the mid 1800's when Elizabeth Blackwell led the way as the first woman admitted to medical school. Although the numbers of women practicing medicine and surgery have increased exponentially since Dr Blackwell graduated, the number of women in leadership positions has remained low until recently. METHODS: An analysis of the literature on the history of women in surgery and the websites of the major surgical societies. RESULTS: More women are now rising to leadership positions in surgery, both in academics and within surgical organizations. The American College of Surgeons and many other surgical societies, as well as an increasing number of academic departments of surgery have realized that women can be inspiring and capable leaders. However, increasing the number of under-represented minority women in leadership positions remains an opportunity for improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Great progress has been made in the advancement of women into leadership positions in surgery. To continue this trend and increase the number of under-represented minority women in surgery will require attention to recruitment, mentorship, and sponsorship.

Modeling Surgical Technical Skill Using Expert Assessment for Automated Computer Rating.

OBJECTIVE: Computer vision was used to predict expert performance ratings from surgeon hand motions for tying and suturing tasks. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Existing methods, including the objective structured assessment of technical skills (OSATS), have proven reliable, but do not readily discriminate at the task level. Computer vision may be used for evaluating distinct task performance throughout an operation. METHODS: Open surgeries was videoed and surgeon hands were tracked without using sensors or markers. An expert panel of 3 attending surgeons rated tying and suturing video clips on continuous scales from 0 to 10 along 3 task measures adapted from the broader OSATS: motion economy, fluidity of motion, and tissue handling. Empirical models were developed to predict the expert consensus ratings based on the hand kinematic data records. RESULTS: The predicted versus panel ratings for suturing had slopes from 0.73 to 1, and intercepts from 0.36 to 1.54 (Average R2 = 0.81). Predicted versus panel ratings for tying had slopes from 0.39 to 0.88, and intercepts from 0.79 to 4.36 (Average R2 = 0.57). The mean square error among predicted and expert ratings was consistently less than the mean squared difference among individual expert ratings and the eventual consensus ratings. CONCLUSIONS: The computer algorithm consistently predicted the panel ratings of individual tasks, and were more objective and reliable than individual assessment by surgical experts.

Breast Cancer Found Incidentally After Reduction Mammaplasty in Young Insured Women.

BACKGROUND: Reduction mammaplasty is a common operation performed for healthy women. The estimated incidence of breast cancer diagnosed at the time of reduction mammaplasty varies from 0.06 to 4.5%, and information on the care of these patients is limited. This study aimed to determine the incidence of breast cancer identified incidentally during reduction mammaplasty and to characterize preoperative imaging. METHODS: Women 18 years of age or older who underwent reduction mammaplasty from 2013 to 2015 were identified from the Truven Health MarketScan® Research Databases. Patients with prior breast cancer were excluded. Descriptive statistics were calculated for patient characteristics, incidental breast cancer, preoperative breast imaging, and postoperative treatment. RESULTS: Reduction mammaplasty was performed for 18,969 women with a mean age of 42.5 years. Of these patients, 186 (0.98%) were incidentally found to have breast cancer, with 134 (0.71%) having invasive breast cancer and 52 (0.27%) having carcinoma in situ. The patients with incidentally found cancer were older than the patients without cancer (50.8 vs. 42.5 years; p < 0.001). Overall, 58.2% of the patients had undergone mammography before reduction mammoplasty. The rates were higher (> 80%) for the patients older than 40 years. Preoperative mammography was performed for 76.3% of those with a diagnosis of breast cancer at time of reduction mammoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer diagnosed incidentally at the time of reduction mammaplasty is uncommon and often radiographically occult. The majority of women older than 50 years appropriately received preoperative mammography. These data can be used to manage patient expectations about the potential for the incidental diagnosis of breast cancer at reduction mammaplasty, even with a negative preoperative mammography.