Neuroticism Level and Life Satisfaction in Women Undergoing Breast Augmentation Surgery (a Preliminary Report).

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between the level of neuroticism and selected aspects of life satisfaction in women undergoing breast augmentation surgery. METHODS: The study group included 109 women, aged 18-46 years, who completed the self-developed survey measuring selected psychological traits before and after (1 year) surgery. Four questions in this survey were related to the level of neuroticism and two pertained to the self-assessment of leading character traits and the level of life satisfaction. Three questions made up the lie scale. RESULTS: The studied women were constant in their truthfulness. No statistically significant difference in the level of neuroticism before and after surgery was noticed. However, an increase in the subjective life satisfaction after surgery was highly significant (p < 0.001). Statistically significant negative correlations of neuroticism level with the self-assessment of positive character traits (rs = - 0.236; p = 0.013) and life satisfaction (rs = - 0.277; p = 0.004) were found before surgery. Also, a significant positive correlation was observed between neuroticism and the change in life satisfaction 1 year after surgery (rs = 0.302; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Breast augmentation surgery did not affect neuroticism level, which proves that constitutional personality traits in women undergoing such operations are not significantly influenced by a surgical intervention. However, neuroticism may play the role of a modulator of the psychological changes in women after breast augmentation (e.g., an increased postsurgical life satisfaction). The preliminary results obtained in our study should be confirmed on a larger sample size in the future. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The use of data mining methods for dystocia detection in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White cattle.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the usefulness of artificial neural networks (ANN), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), naïve Bayes classifier (NBC), general discriminant analysis (GDA), and logistic regression (LR) for dystocia detection in Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White heifers and cows and to indicate the most influential predictors of calving difficulty. METHODS: A total of 1,342 and 1,699 calving records including six categorical and four continuous predictors were used. Calving category (difficult vs easy or difficult, moderate and easy) was the dependent variable. RESULTS: The maximum sensitivity, specificity and accuracy achieved for heifers on the independent test set were 0.855 (for ANN), 0.969 (for NBC), and 0.813 (for GDA), respectively, whereas the values for cows were 0.600 (for ANN), 1.000 and 0.965 (for NBC, GDA, and LR), respectively. With the three categories of calving difficulty, the maximum overall accuracy for heifers and cows was 0.589 (for MARS) and 0.649 (for ANN), respectively. The most influential predictors for heifers were an average calving difficulty score for the dam's sire, calving age and the mean yield of the farm, where the heifer was kept, whereas for cows, these additionally included: calf sex, the difficulty of the preceding calving, and the mean daily milk yield for the preceding lactation. CONCLUSION: The potential application of the investigated models in dairy cattle farming requires, however, their further improvement in order to reduce the rate of dystocia misdiagnosis and to increase detection reliability.

Quality of life in patients with venous stasis ulcers and others with advanced venous insufficiency.

The quality of life (QoL) in patients with advanced venous insufficiency (including venous stasis ulcers, skin discoloration, stasis eczema, and lipodermatosclerosis) assessed using the Clinical Etiological Anatomical Pathophysiological (CEAP) and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) classifications is presented. Also, disease features such as: intensity of pain, edema and inflammatory response that exerted the most profound effect on different domains of QoL are reported. The global QoL in patients with lower leg venous ulcerations was relatively similar to that observed in other patients with chronic venous insufficiency. The presence of venous ulcerations was associated with lower QoL in a Physical domain. Significant correlations were found between pain intensity and the values of Physical, Physiological, Level of Independence and Environmental domains, between edema intensity and Social domain as well as between the intensity of inflammatory response and Physical and Spiritual domains.

Physical attractiveness and self-assessment before and after breast augmentation.

BACKGROUND: This study verifies selected opinions on breast cosmetic surgery in the population of Polish women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 78 women aged 20 to 48 years were surveyed between 2008 and 2010 before and after breast augmentation surgery using a questionnaire. The χ and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used for statistical analysis. Most were married and single women aged approximately 30 years and residents of large cities. RESULTS: The significance of professional success in the hierarchy of values and the level of self-assessment increased after surgery (P = 0.0000 and 0.0213, respectively). The distribution of responses concerning the expectations of surgery and the evaluation of their fulfillment changed significantly (P = 0.0031). In general, the satisfaction with one's life after surgery also increased (P = 0.0000). CONCLUSIONS: A well-thought-out decision on breast cosmetic surgery positively affects at least several spheres of psychosocial functioning and fulfills most women's expectations.

Temperature changes in selected areas of body surface induced by systemic cryostimulation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and dynamics of temperature changes on the surface of selected body parts after systemic cryostimulation. The changes that occurred as a reaction to the 1st, 5th, and 10th session of a series of 10 sessions were also analyzed. METHODS: The study group consisted of 24 students (12 women and 12 men, ∼21 yr of age) from the University School of Physical Education in Krakow. They were treated in a cryogenic chamber at the Rehabilitation Center in Krakow once daily for 10 d. The mean temperature in the chamber was -130°C ± 10°C and the session duration was 3 min. Thermovisual examination of temperature distribution in the selected parts of the upper and lower extremities was conducted before and immediately after a session on the 1(st) (S1), 5(th) (S2), and 10(th) (S3) day of treatment. All thermograms were digitally recorded using a Flir Therma CAM TM Sc500 camera. RESULTS: On the 5th day of treatment, the examined group demonstrated the smallest mean temperature changes (4.57°C-17.31°C for the anterior part of the upper extremities in men and the posterior part of the lower extremities in women, respectively) before and after cryostimulation. The most significant temperature changes were observed in the group of women (6.80°C-20.08°C for the posterior parts of the upper extremities on S2 and the lower extremities on S3, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is an important difference in response to cryogenic temperature between men and women in a series.

Relationship between Initial Lens Transparency and Ocular Circulation in Adolescents with Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus, Unstable Glycaemia and Lipid Parameters.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between lens opacity, vascular and lipid factors and retrobulbar blood flow parameters in type-1 diabetic (DM) adolescents. MATERIAL/METHODS: Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TCH), high- and low-density cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were determined in 28 patients with (DM-1) and without (DM-0) lens opacity and 18 controls. In the ophthalmic, central retinal (CRA) and temporal posterior ciliary (TPCA) arteries, the systolic (PSV), end-diastolic and mean blood flow velocities as well as pulsatility and resistance (RI) indices were measured. RESULTS: Ten (35.71%) diabetic patients exhibited lens opacification. Higher TG and TCH levels in the DM-1 group and HbA1c level in the DM-0 and DM-1 groups were observed (P≤0.05). Diabetic patients had lower PSV and higher RI within CRA and TPCA (P≤0.05). Significant correlations between biochemical and blood flow parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS: Glycaemic and lipid factors may play a vasoconstrictive role in retrobulbar endotheliopathy.

Association of Positive Bacterial Cultures Obtained from the Throat, Anus, Ear, Bronchi and Blood in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Premature Infants with Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity-Own Observations.

BACKGROUND: The causative factors responsible for the development of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) are still unexplored. Therefore, one of the most important factors can be perinatal inflammation. METHODS: This retrospective study included 114 premature infants (228 eyes) meeting a birth criteria of ≤ 32 weeks gestational age (GA) and a birth weight (BW) ≤ 1710. Examined Group (EG) n = 51 of BW 852.7 ± 255.7; GA 26.3 ± 2.0 with severe ROP treated by diode laser or anti-VEGF intravitreal injection. Control Group (CG) n = 63 of BW 1313.9 ± 284.5; GA 28.8 ± 1.6 without ROP. Microbiological bacterial and fungal cultures of the ear, anus, bronchial throat and blood were taken. Medical data and laboratory tests in correlation to 3 ROP and A-ROP were analysed. RESULTS: Positive bacterial tests dominated in EG, 47% vs. CG, 23%. Significant correlations between positive cultures obtained from natural cavities: anus (p < 0.001), throat (p = 0.002), as well as from blood (p = 0.001) and severe ROP which requires diode laser and anti-VEGF treatment were noted. Significant inflammation markers which correlate with the development of severe ROP are Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) (p = 0.002) and Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (p < 0.001). CoNS, p < 0.001; KP, p = 0.002; the remaining Maltophilia stenotrophomonas (MS); Staphylococcus aureus (SA), p = 0.005; and Enterobacter cloacae (EC), p = 0.02 were the most frequent bacteria in severe ROP. High levels of white blood cells (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), lymphocytes (LYM) and low thrombocytes (PLT) correlated sequentially with (Odds Ratio, OR) CoNS (2.3); MS (5.9); KP (3.1); and all positive cultures (APC) (9.5). An important correlation between the BPD-EC (4.3); intrauterine inflammation-KP (3.4); PDA-EC (3.9); and asphyxia-CoNS (3.0) was identified. CONCLUSIONS: It cannot be ruled out that positive microbiological results of blood, anal and pharyngeal cultures may become prognostic markers for the early development of ROP, which would enable early initiation of ophthalmological treatment in premature infants from the VLBW group.

Classification of Daily Body Weight Gains in Beef Calves Using Decision Trees, Artificial Neural Networks, and Logistic Regression.

The aim of the present study was to compare the predictive performance of decision trees, artificial neural networks, and logistic regression used for the classification of daily body weight gains in beef calves. A total of 680 pure-breed Simmental and 373 Limousin cows from the largest farm in the West Pomeranian Province, whose calves were fattened between 2014 and 2016, were included in the study. Pre-weaning daily body weight gains were divided into two categories: A-equal to or lower than the weighted mean for each breed and sex and B-higher than the mean. Models were developed separately for each breed. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve on a test set for the best model (random forest) were 0.83, 0.67, 0.76, and 0.82 and 0.68, 0.86, 0.78, and 0.81 for the Limousin and Simmental breeds, respectively. The most important predictors were daily weight gains of the dam when she was a calf, daily weight gains of the first calf, sex of the third calf, milk yield at first lactation, birth weight of the third calf, dam birth weight, dam hip height, and second calving season. The selected machine learning models can be used quite effectively for the classification of calves based on their daily weight gains.

Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Serine Protein Kinase (CASK) Gene Polymorphisms in Pigeons.

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is an multidomain protein involved in tissue development and cell signalling. In skeletal muscle, it is involved in the development of neuromuscular junctions. The participation of a pigeon in racing is a great physical effort that causes many changes in the skeletal muscles. Thus, the purpose of the study was to detect the nucleotide sequence variability in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine kinase (CASK) gene in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) and assess the potential impact of DNA polymorphisms on the flight performance of pigeons. The research included a total of 517 individuals. DNA was extracted from the blood. A DNA fragment from nucleotides 8689 to 9049 of the CASK (NW_004973256.1 sequence) of six unrelated pigeons were sequenced. One of the detected polymorphic sites (g.8893G > A), located a very close to the start codon, was selected for genotyping in all individuals. The association studies included a total of 311 young homing pigeons that participated in racing competitions. The homing pigeons showed higher frequencies of the AA genotype than non-homing ones (p < 0.05). In rock pigeons only the GG genotype was found. Further research could confirm the functionality of the CASK g.8893G > A SNP in shaping the racing phenotype of pigeons, and the AA genotype could be useful as a selection criterion in pigeon breeding.

An analysis of the annual mobility of Polish Konik horses depending on habitat, season, and time of the day.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the mobility of Polish Konik horses in their natural environment. The study was conducted on a herd of 15 Polish Konik horses in 2018. The Global Positioning System (GPS) transmitter was used to track the horses' movements. Two habitats (forest and meadows), four seasons (autumn, winter, spring, and summer), and four times of the day (morning, midday, evening, and night) were distinguished. Season, habitat, and time of the day as well as the interaction among them significantly ( p < 0.0001 ) affected the mobility of Polish Konik horses. The use of the GPS device enabled tracking of horses' mobility also at night, which made the results more complete compared with other similar studies.

Estimation of Dairy Cow Survival in the First Three Lactations for Different Culling Reasons Using the Kaplan-Meier Method.

The aims of the study were: (i) to compare survival curves for cows culled for different reasons over three successive lactations using the Kaplan-Meier estimator; (ii) to determine the effects of breeding documentation parameters on cow survival; (iii) to investigate the similarity between culling categories. The survival times for a subset of 347,939 Holstein-Friesian cows culled between 2017 and 2018 in Poland were expressed in months from calving to culling or the end of lactation. The survival tables were constructed for each culling category and lactation number. The survival curves were also compared. The main culling categories were reproductive disorders-40%, udder diseases-13 to 15%, and locomotor system diseases-above 10%. The survival curves for cows from individual culling categories had similar shapes. A low probability of survival curves for metabolic and digestive system diseases and respiratory diseases was observed in each of the three lactations. The contagious disease category was almost non-existent in the first lactation. The greatest influence on the relative culling risk was exerted by age at first calving, lactation length, calving interval, production subindex, breeding value for longevity, temperament, and average daily milk yield. A more accurate method of determining culling reasons would be required.

Migration of a foreign body into the colon and its autonomous excretion.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of foreign body retention in the abdominal cavity ranges from 1 in 100 to 1 in 3000 surgeries performed. Worldwide literature describes only a few cases of the migration of misplaced surgical gauze into the colon. CASE REPORTS: The first case is a 60-year-old patient following laparoscopic cholecystectomy, who excreted (on his own) a cotton sheet 30 × 65 cm after 26 weeks, which did not possess a radiological locator. The latter fact caused diagnostic difficulties in interpreting ultrasonography, CT-scans and abdominal X-rays. Colonoscopy after 4 months following the excretion of the sheet showed flat, stretched ulceration of the colonic wall near the hepatic turn. The second case is a 76-year-old who had undergone several abdominal surgeries, including a classical cholecystectomy and extirpation of the uterus along with related tissues, as a result of cancer and with subsequent radiotherapy. The reason for the last intervention was an occlusion, which required a resection due to abscesses inside the peritoneal cavity. Abdominal pain continued after the surgery. Uroscopy and abdominal X-rays were performed 3 months later, which confirmed the presence of foreign matter in the abdominal cavity. CONCLUSIONS: Most foreign objects that have migrated into the colon will be excreted autonomously, which warrants a conservative assessment. Radiologically-tagged materials should be used, which will greatly ease identification in cases of suspected retention of surgical materials in the abdominal cavity.

Revision of the species complex Amidostomum acutum (Lundahl, 1848) (Nematoda: Amidostomatidae).

Most available literature indicates that the most dominant nematode in Anatinae is a cosmopolitan species Amidostomum acutum (Lundahl, 1848). However, studies on wild duck helminthofauna in northwestern Poland suggest that these birds are attacked by not one but three different parasite species, previously described as a single species. Hence the aim of this study was the redescription of the species complex Amidostomum acutum, conducted on a representative sample of parasites and their hosts. The study material consisted of 6,430 nematode individuals, isolated from the digestive tracts of 1,005 wild ducks, representing 17 species. Unsupervised classification was performed using a Kohonen artificial neural network. The analysis confirmed the division of nematodes into three groups corresponding to three species, both for males and females. Taking into account the qualitative characteristics of the parasites, one can 100% accurately identify these species. The three groups of parasites were also significantly different in their ecology, manifested in their distinct host specificity.

Lactation milk yield prediction in primiparous cows on a farm using the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average model, nonlinear autoregressive exogenous artificial neural networks and Wood's model.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of three approaches (the seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average [SARIMA] model, the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous [NARX] artificial neural networks and Wood's model) to the prediction of milk yield during lactation. METHODS: The dataset comprised monthly test-day records from 965 Polish Holstein-Friesian Black-and-White primiparous cows. The milk yields from cows in their first lactation (from 5 to 305 days in milk) were used. Each lactation was divided into ten lactation stages of approximately 30 days. Two age groups and four calving seasons were distinguished. The records collected between 2009 and 2015 were used for model fitting and those from 2016 for the verification of predictive performance. RESULTS: No significant differences between the predicted and the real values were found. The predictions generated by SARIMA were slightly more accurate, although they did not differ significantly from those produced by the NARX and Wood's models. SARIMA had a slightly better performance, especially in the initial periods, whereas the NARX and Wood's models in the later ones. CONCLUSION: The use of SARIMA was more time-consuming than that of NARX and Wood's model. The application of the SARIMA, NARX and Wood's models (after their implementation in a user-friendly software) may allow farmers to estimate milk yield of cows that begin production for the first time.

The Use of Artificial Neural Networks and a General Discriminant Analysis for Predicting Culling Reasons in Holstein-Friesian Cows Based on First-Lactation Performance Records.

The aim of the present study was to verify whether artificial neural networks (ANN) may be an effective tool for predicting the culling reasons in cows based on routinely collected first-lactation records. Data on Holstein-Friesian cows culled in Poland between 2017 and 2018 were used in the present study. A general discriminant analysis (GDA) was applied as a reference method for ANN. Considering all predictive performance measures, ANN were the most effective in predicting the culling of cows due to old age (99.76-99.88% of correctly classified cases). In addition, a very high correct classification rate (99.24-99.98%) was obtained for culling the animals due to reproductive problems. It is significant because infertility is one of the conditions that are the most difficult to eliminate in dairy herds. The correct classification rate for individual culling reasons obtained with GDA (0.00-97.63%) was, in general, lower than that for multilayer perceptrons (MLP). The obtained results indicated that, in order to effectively predict the previously mentioned culling reasons, the following first-lactation parameters should be used: calving age, calving difficulty, and the characteristics of the lactation curve based on Wood's model parameters.

Refractive status and ocular axial length in preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity with regard to birth weight and gestational age.

PURPOSE: To obtain ultrasonographic measurements of ocular axial length (AL) in preterm infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) but with different refractive power in regard to birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA). METHODS: Refraction was measured after cycloplegia (at 6 months of life) in 350 eyes of 180 preterm (non-astigmatic) infants without ROP. Subjects were grouped according to the refractive error: A [above -6.0 dioptres (D)]; B (-3.1 to -6.0 D); C (0 to -3.0 D); D (0.1 to +3.0 D); E (+3.1 to +6.0 D); F (above +6.0 D). The AL measurement was performed by ocular A-scan ultrasound biometry (10 MHz probe). RESULTS: The longest AL was found in group B (20.62 mm) compared to group D and E (19.35, 19.28 mm; P< or =0.01) and group F and A (19.63, 19.39 mm; P< or =0.05). Only regressive correction for BW was statistically significant. Correlations between AL and BW (Rs=0.23) or GA (Rs=0.17) were found only in group E. CONCLUSIONS: AL of myopic eyes was significantly longer. In general, hyperopia was positively correlated with BW, whereas correlation between myopia and BW or GA was not found.

Predictive value of color Doppler imaging in an evaluation of retrobulbar blood flow perturbation in young type-1 diabetic patients with regard to dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to examine blood flow velocity and vascular resistance in retrobulbar arteries in young type-1 diabetes (DM-1) patients. Statistical relationships between blood flow parameters and serum lipid levels (TCH, HDL, LDL, TG, ApoB) were also determined. MATERIAL/METHODS: Fifty-two eyes with diabetic angiopathy were examined (average age: 18.54 years). Color Doppler imaging (CDI) was performed in the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), and temporal posterior ciliary (TPCA) arteries. The parameters PSV, EDV, MV, PI, and RI were compared with those of a control group (46 eyes). The Student's t, Shapiro-Wilk, and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used (p< or =0.01 and p< or =0.05 were considered significant). RESULTS: Significant decreases in PSV, MV, PI, and RI in the OA, CRA, and TPCA and negative correlations between TCH, LDL, and ApoB and decreased PI and RI in the OA as well as positive correlations between these parameters and EDV in the OA were found. Increased ApoB correlated with decreased PI and RI in the TPCA. There were no significant relationships between TG and HDL and the blood flow parameters. Elevated levels of HbA1c and dyslipidemia were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: CDI is an effective method for detecting retinochoroidal circulation disorders in the early stage of diabetic angiopathy. The alterations in retrobulbar blood flow were characterized by significant decreases in PSV, MV, and RI in the CRA and PSV, MV, PI, and RI in the TPCA. Dysregulation of TCH, LDL, and ApoB was associated with vascular resistance fluctuation, mainly in the OA.

Polymorphism within the LDHA gene in the homing and non-homing pigeons.

A total of 445 domestic pigeons were genotyped for the lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) gene. Crude DNA was isolated from blood samples and feathers. Two polymorphic sites were identified in intron 6: one near the splice donor site GT is called site H and the other near the splice acceptor site is called site B. Interestingly, the nucleotide changes of both these sites associate perfectly with the A and B alleles of HaeIII polymorphism: the A allele with nucleotide A of site H and nucleotide T of site B; while the B allele with nucleotide G of site H and nucleotide G of site B. In this study, we have identified the molecular difference between alleles A and B of the pigeon LDHA gene. The difference at site H in intron 6 explains the HaeIII polymorphism. The frequencies of LDHAAB and LDHABB genotypes between the analysed groups differ significantly (P < 0.001); the LDHAA allele was more frequent in the groups of pigeons with elevated homing performance (P < 0.001). The functional difference may be due to the change at site B, the potential splice branch site. Since LDHA activity is associated with the homing ability, it is possible that during the process of selection for the homing ability, the LDHAA allele has been selected, and is more prevalent in the top-racing groups.

The use of selected statistical methods and Kohonen networks in the revision and redescription of parasites

Revisions and redescriptions of species and higher taxa have been known in parasitology since the first description of a parasite. Usually, they are based on standard morphometric methods or more modern genetic analysis. The former are not always sufficiently reliable, while the latter often require expensive equipment, pre-defined genetic markers, and appropriately prepared research material. They may be replaced by multivariate statistical methods, in particular discriminant analysis and cluster analysis, and Kohonen artificial neural networks included in data mining. This paper presents the examples of specific applications of these methods for the verification of the affinity of nematodes. The discriminant analysis showed that it was possible to statistically significantly discriminate individual nematode species, both for males and females, based on morphometric variables. This confirmed the previously assumed division of the species complex Amidostomum acutum into three distinct species. Similarly, hierarchical cluster analysis, used for the determination of coherent groups of nematode parasites, allowed the identification of relatively homogeneous clusters of nematode species depending on their circle of hosts, and groups of hosts.

The role of lipid dysregulation and vascular risk factors in glaucomatous retrobulbar circulation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate selected lipid-related and vascular factors and their effect on retrobulbar hemodynamics in glaucoma. Fifty-six patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) [POAG group; mean age 68.32 years (SD±0.21)] and 54 patients in control group [CG, mean age 68.1 years (SD±5.34)] were examined. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index of the ophthalmic artery, the central retinal artery and the posterior ciliary arteries were measured by Color Doppler Imaging. Selected lipid-related, systemic and local vascular parameters were evaluated. Statistical methods included Shapiro-Wilk, Student-t and Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman rank correlations. In POAG group systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-ch), and intraocular pressure were significantly higher; while ocular perfusion pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-ch) and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure were significantly lower (p≤0.05). Color Doppler Imaging confirmed blood flow abnormalities in all investigated arteries. In addition, significant correlations of HDL-ch, LDL-ch and triglycerides (TG) with peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity and mean velocity were found in individual arteries (p≤0.05). Also, significant associations of systolic arterial blood pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, systolic oclular perfusion pressure and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure with peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, mean velocity and resistive index were revealed in the posterior ciliary arteries (p≤0.05). Dysregulation of lipid-related and vascular factors, as well as statistical correlation between the above and retrobulbar blood flow indices, might imply their role in vasoconstrictive processes during glaucomatous endotheliopathy.