Leucine rich α2 glycoprotein 1 derived from malignant pleural mesothelioma cells facilitates macrophage M2 phenotypes.

Background: Macrophages constitute the main part of infiltrating immune cells in Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and abnormally high ratios of M2 macrophages are present in both pleural effusion and tissue samples of MPM patients. Whether MPM cells affect formation of M2 macrophages is poorly understood. In this study, we focused on identification of MPM-cells-derived soluble factors with M2-promoting effects. Methods: Media of malignant pleural mesothelioma cells were collected and soluble factors affecting macrophages were analyzed by mass spectrometry. TGF-ß receptor inhibitor SB431542 was used as the entry point to explore the downstream mechanism of action by qRT-PCR, WB and immunofluorescence. Results: The serum-free culture media collected from the human MPM cells Meso1 and Meso2 significantly enhanced expression of the M2 signature molecules including IL-10, TGF-ß and CD206 in the human macrophages THP-1, while the culture medium of the human MPM cells H2452 did not show such M2-promoting effects. Analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry and ELISA suggested that Leucine rich α2 glycoprotein 1(LRG1) was a potential candidate. LRG1 time- and dose-dependently increased expression of the M2 signature molecules, confirming its M2-promoting effects. Furthermore, LRG1's M2-promoting effects were reduced by the TGF-ß receptor inhibitor SB431542, and LRG1 increased phosphorylation of Smad2, indicating that M2-promoting effects of LRG1 were via the TGF-ß receptor/Smad2 signaling pathway. Conclusions: Our results provide a potential M2-promoting new member, LRG1, which contributes to the immune escape of MPM via the TGF-ß receptor/Smad2 signaling pathway.

Design, construction and application of algae-bacteria synergistic system for treating wastewater.

The wastewater treatment technology of algae-bacteria synergistic system (ABSS) is a promising technology which has the advantages of low energy consumption, good treatment effect and recyclable high-value products. In this treatment technology, the construction of an ABSS is a very important factor. At the same time, the emergence of some new technologies (such as microbial fuel cells and bio-carriers, etc.) has further enriched constructing the novel ABSS, which could improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the biomass harvesting rate. Thus, this review focuses on the construction of a novel ABSS in wastewater treatment in order to provide useful suggestions for the technology of wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of Ascending Aortic Longitudinal Strain Via Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Hypertensive Patients Complicated by Type A Aortic Dissection.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of ascending aortic longitudinal strain (LS) in identification of hypertensive (HP) patients with a high risk of type A aortic dissection (AAD). METHODS: Total 40 primary HP patients with AAD (group C), 80 selected age- and sex-matched primary HP patients (group A, normal-sized ascending aorta (AA), n = 40; group B, dilated AA, n = 40) and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Brachial blood pressures were measured, and the aortic stiffness index (ß) determined by M-mode analysis was calculated as a conventional parameter of arterial stiffness. The LS of the anterior and posterior ascending aortic wall (AW-LS and PW-LS) were determined. RESULTS: Compared to the control group (34.21 ± 5.25%), the mean LS of AA in HP patients (group A 28.6 ± 5.95%; group B 23.64 ± 4.98%; group C 17.93 ± 3.96%; P < .001) were significantly reduced. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the mean LS (OR 0.719, 95% CI 0.615-0.839, P < .001) and pulse pressure (PP) (OR 1.055, 95% CI 1.006-1.106, P = .028) were identified as independent predictors of AAD in HP patients. The AUC of mean LS combined with PP reached 0.926 (sensitivity, 95.0%; specificity, 82.5%), which was higher than the mean LS, PP, stiffness index, and ascending aortic diameter (AAd) separately. Besides, the AW-LS and PW-LS were negatively correlated with the AAd, stiffness index, stroke volume, systolic blood pressure, and PP, respectively (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The LS of AA evaluated by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography decreased significantly along with the expansion of aortic lumen and the occurrence of AAD in HP patients. It is also an independent predictor of AAD in HP patients.

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a light signal enhances iron uptake by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum under high-cell density conditions.

BACKGROUND: Diatoms usually dominate phytoplankton blooms in open oceans, exhibiting extremely high population densities. Although the iron uptake rate of diatoms largely determines the magnitude and longevity of diatom blooms, the underlying mechanisms regulating iron uptake remain unclear. RESULTS: The transcription of two iron uptake proteins, ISIP2a and ISIP1, in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was enhanced with increasing cell density, whereas the cellular iron content showed the opposite trend. When compared with the wild-type strain, knockdown of ISIP2a resulted in 43% decrease in cellular iron content, implying the involvement of ISIP2a in iron uptake under high-cell density conditions. Incubation of the diatom cells with sonicated cell lysate conditioned by different cell densities did not affect ISIP2a and ISIP1 expression, ruling out regulation via chemical cues. In contrast, ISIP2a and ISIP1 transcription were strongly induced by red light. Besides, chlorophyll fluorescence excited from the blue light was also positively correlated with population density. Subsequently, a "sandwich" illumination incubator was designed to filter out stray light and ensure that the inner layer cells only receive the emitted chlorophyll fluorescence from outer layers, and the results showed that the increase in outer cell density significantly elevated ISIP2a and ISIP1 transcription in inner layer cells. In situ evidence from Tara oceans also showed positively correlated between diatom ISIP transcripts and chlorophyll content. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that chlorophyll fluorescence derived from neighboring cells is able to upregulate ISIP2a and ISIP1 expression to facilitate iron assimilation under high-cell density. These results provide novel insights into biotic signal sensing in phytoplankton, which can help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of marine diatom blooms.

PGRL1 overexpression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum inhibits growth and reduces apparent PSII activity.

Proton gradient regulation 5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1)-dependent cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI) plays important roles in the response to different stresses, including high light. Although the function of PGRL1 in higher plants and green algae has been thoroughly investigated, little information is available on the molecular mechanism of PGRL1 in diatoms. We created PGRL1 overexpression and knockdown transformants of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the diatom model species, and investigated the impact on growth and photosynthesis under constant and fluctuating light conditions. PGRL1 over-accumulation resulted in significant decreases in growth rate and apparent photosystem II (PSII) activity and led to an opposing change of apparent PSII activity when turning to high light, demonstrating a similar influence on photosynthesis as a PSII inhibitor. Our results suggested that PGRL1 overexpression can reduce the apparent efficiency of PSII and inhibit growth in P. tricornutum. These findings provide physiological evidence that the accumulation of PGRL1 mainly functions around PSII instead of PSI.

Photosynthesis acclimation under severely fluctuating light conditions allows faster growth of diatoms compared with dinoflagellates.

BACKGROUND: Diatoms contribute 20% of the global primary production and are adaptable in dynamic environments. Diatoms always bloom earlier in the annual phytoplankton succession instead of dinoflagellates. However, how diatoms acclimate to a dynamic environment, especially under changing light conditions, remains unclear. RESULTS: We compared the growth and photosynthesis under fluctuating light conditions of red tide diatom Skeletonema costatum, red tide dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi, model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira pseudonana and model dinoflagellate Dinophycae Symbiodinium. Diatoms grew faster and maintained a consistently higher level of photosynthesis. Diatoms were sensitive to the specific inhibitor of Proton Gradient Regulation 5 (PGR5) depending photosynthetic electron flow, which is a crucial mechanism to protect their photosynthetic apparatus under fluctuating light. In contrast, the dinoflagellates were not sensitive to this inhibitor. Therefore, we investigate how PGR5 functions under light fluctuations in the model diatom P. tricornutum by knocking down and overexpressing PGR5. Overexpression of PGR5 reduced the photosystem I acceptor side limitation (Y (NA)) and increased growth rate under severely fluctuating light in contrast to the knockdown of PGR5. CONCLUSION: Diatoms acclimatize to fluctuating light conditions better than dinoflagellates. PGR5 in diatoms can regulate their photosynthetic electron flow and accelerate their growth under severe light fluctuation, supporting fast biomass accumulation under dynamic environments in pioneer blooms.

RNA-seq between asexual archeospores and meiosis-related conchospores in Neopyropia yezoensis using Smart-seq2.

In the life cycle of Neopyropia yezoensis, a potential model system for marine macroalgae, both asexual archeospores and meiosis-related conchospores develop into thalli (gametophyte). To understand this special life phenomenon in macroalgae, we picked out the two kinds of spores (10-30 cells in each sample) and conducted RNA-seq using Smart-seq2. Comparative analysis showed that light capture and carbon fixation associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in archeospores, thus indicating that archeospores are in a state of rapid vegetative growth. In conchospores, protein synthesis and degradation, especially molecular chaperone, associated DEGs were up-regulated, indicating that complex life activities might be occurring in conchospores. There were 68 genes related to DNA replication and repair expressed in conchospores, showing that active DNA replication might occur in conchospores. Moreover, we found that one conchospore specifically expressed DEG (py04595: DNA helicase) only in diploid stages (conchocelis, sporangial filament) and three archeospores specifically expressed DEGs only in haploid stages (thalli). These molecular level results indicated that conchospores were closer to diploid, and might be the meiotic mother cells of N. yezoensis. In addition, we found that the knotted-like homeobox gene (PyKNOX), which might relate to the transition of gametophyte from sporophyte, was only expressed in sporophyte generation but not expressed in conchospores, archeospores and thalli, indicating the morphogenesis of gametophyte sin N. yezoensis might require the inactivation of PyKNOX.

Evaluation of Common Carotid Stiffness via Echo Tracking in Hypertensive Patients Complicated by Acute Aortic Dissection.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the common carotid stiffness via echo tracking in patients with hypertension and acute aortic dissection (AD) and to investigate the independent predictors for the occurrence of AD in hypertensive (HP) patients. METHODS: Fifty HP patients complicated by acute AD (AD group), 50 HP patients without AD (HP group), and 50 age-matched healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled to assess the common carotid stiffness index (ß), single-point pulsed wave velocity (PWVß), and arterial compliance (AC) via echo tracking. RESULTS: The intima-media thickness, diameter, ß and PWVß of the common carotid artery (CCA) in the AD group were significantly higher than those in the HP and control groups, whereas AC in the AD group was significantly lower (P < .05). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the systolic blood pressure (SBP; odds ratio [OR], 2.316; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.033-2.563; P < .001), ß (OR, 2.140; 95% CI, 1.931-2.367; P < .001), PWVß (OR, 1.212; 95% CI, 1.004-1.397; P = .023), and AC (OR, 0.565; 95% CI, 0.339-0.654; P < .001) were significantly related to the occurrence of AD in HP patients. The area under the curve values for the AC, SBP, ß, and PWVß were 0.822, 0.806, 0.778, and 0.741, respectively, and the area under the curve was up to 0.943 when these parameters were combined. CONCLUSIONS: The compliance of the CCA decreased, and the stiffness of the CCA increased significantly in HP patients complicated by AD. The AC, ß, and PWVß of the CCA, together with the SBP, were independent predictors of the occurrence of AD in HP patients.

Provision of carbon skeleton for lipid synthesis from the breakdown of intracellular protein and soluble sugar in Phaeodactylum tricornutum under high CO2.

BACKGROUND: Increasing CO2 emissions have resulted in ocean acidification, affecting marine plant photosynthesis and changing the nutrient composition of marine ecosystems. The physiological and biochemical processes of marine phytoplankton in response to ocean acidification have been reported, but have been mainly focused on growth and photosynthetic physiology. To acquire a thorough knowledge of the molecular regulation mechanisms, model species with clear genetic background should be selected for systematic study. Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a pennate diatom with the characteristics of small genome size, short generation cycle, and easy to transform. Furthermore, the genome of P. tricornutum has been completely sequenced. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In this study, P. tricornutum was cultured at high and normal CO2 concentrations. Cell composition changes during culture time were investigated. The 13C isotope tracing technique was used to determine fractional labeling enrichments for the main cellular components. The results suggested that when lipid content increased significantly under high CO2 conditions, total protein and soluble sugar contents decreased. The 13C labeling experiment indicated that the C skeleton needed for fatty acid C chain elongation in lipid synthesis under high CO2 conditions is not mainly derived from NaHCO3 (carbon fixed by photosynthesis). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that breakdown of intracellular protein and soluble sugar provide C skeleton for lipid synthesis under high CO2 concentration.

Elevated CO2 improves both lipid accumulation and growth rate in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase engineered Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that stress induction and genetic engineering can effectively increase lipid accumulation, but lead to a decrease of growth in the majority of microalgae. We previously found that elevated CO2 concentration increased lipid productivity as well as growth in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, along with an enhancement of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) activity. The purpose of this work directed toward the verification of the critical role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the OPPP, in lipid accumulation in P. tricornutum and its simultaneous rapid growth rate under high-CO2 (0.15%) cultivation. RESULTS: In this study, G6PDH was identified as a target for algal strain improvement, wherein G6PDH gene was successfully overexpressed and antisense knockdown in P. tricornutum, and systematic comparisons of the photosynthesis performance, algal growth, lipid content, fatty acid profiles, NADPH production, G6PDH activity and transcriptional abundance were performed. The results showed that, due to the enhanced G6PDH activity, transcriptional abundance and NAPDH production, overexpression of G6PDH accompanied by high-CO2 cultivation resulted in a much higher of both lipid content and growth in P. tricornutum, while knockdown of G6PDH greatly decreased algal growth as well as lipid accumulation. In addition, the total proportions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, especially the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5, n-3), were highly increased in high-CO2 cultivated G6PDH overexpressed strains. CONCLUSIONS: The successful of overexpression and antisense knockdown of G6PDH well demonstrated the positive influence of G6PDH on algal growth and lipid accumulation in P. tricornutum. The improvement of algal growth, lipid content as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids in high-CO2 cultivated G6PDH overexpressed P. tricornutum suggested this G6PDH overexpression-high CO2 cultivation pattern provides an efficient and economical route for algal strain improvement to develop algal-based biodiesel production.

Effect of iron on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum via photosynthesis.

Iron is a limiting factor that controls the phytoplankton biomass in the modern ocean, and iron fertilization of the ocean could lead to blooms dominated by diatoms. Thus, iron plays an important role in controlling the distribution of diatoms. In this study, we measured the growth rate and photosynthetic activity of the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultured under different iron concentrations and found that it grew more rapidly and had a much higher photosynthetic efficiency under higher iron concentrations. In order to explore the unique mechanism of the response of diatoms to iron, a proteomic analysis was carried out, and the results indicated that iron promotes the Calvin cycle of P. tricornutum. Diatoms can tolerate the pressure of iron limitation by replacing iron-rich proteins with flavodoxin, and so on. Moreover, we found that the photosystem I (PSI) activity of iron-limited algae that were treated by N',N',N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) was increased significantly. As TMPD plays the role of a cytochrome b6 /f complex that transfers electrons from photosystem II to PSI, the cytochrome b6 /f complex is the key to photosynthesis regulation. Iron could influence the growth of P. tricornutum by regulating its biosynthesis. All of the results suggest that iron might affect the growth of diatoms through the Calvin cycle and the cytochrome b6 /f complex.

Photorespiration participates in the assimilation of acetate in Chlorella sorokiniana under high light.

The development of microalgae on an industrial scale largely depends on the economic feasibility of mass production. High light induces productive suspensions during cultivation in a tubular photobioreactor. Herein, we report that high light, which inhibited the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana under autotrophic conditions, enhanced the growth of this alga in the presence of acetate. We compared pigments, proteomics and the metabolic flux ratio in C. sorokiniana cultivated under high light (HL) and under low light (LL) in the presence of acetate. Our results showed that high light induced the synthesis of xanthophyll and suppressed the synthesis of chlorophylls. Acetate in the medium was exhausted much more rapidly in HL than in LL. The data obtained from LC-MS/MS indicated that high light enhanced photorespiration, the Calvin cycle and the glyoxylate cycle of mixotrophic C. sorokiniana. The results of metabolic flux ratio analysis showed that the majority of the assimilated carbon derived from supplemented acetate, and photorespiratory glyoxylate could enter the glyoxylate cycle. Based on these data, we conclude that photorespiration provides glyoxylate to speed up the glyoxylate cycle, and releases acetate-derived CO2 for the Calvin cycle. Thus, photorespiration connects the glyoxylate cycle and the Calvin cycle, and participates in the assimilation of supplemented acetate in C. sorokiniana under high light.

Photosynthetic activity and proteomic analysis highlights the utilization of atmospheric CO2 by Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta) for rapid growth.

Free-floating Ulva prolifera is one of the causative species of green tides. When green tides occur, massive mats of floating U. prolifera thalli accumulate rapidly in surface waters with daily growth rates as high as 56%. The upper thalli of the mats experience environmental changes such as the change in carbon source, high salinity, and desiccation. In this study, the photosynthetic performances of PSI and PSII in U. prolifera thalli exposed to different atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels were measured. Changes in photosynthesis within salinity treatments and dehydration under different CO2 concentrations were also analyzed. The results showed that PSII activity was enhanced as CO2 increased, suggesting that CO2 assimilation was enhanced and U. prolifera thalli can utilize CO2 in the atmosphere directly, even when under moderate stress. In addition, changes in the proteome of U. prolifera in response to salt stress were investigated. Stress-tolerance proteins appeared to have an important role in the response to salinity stress, whereas the abundance of proteins related to metabolism showed no significant change under low salinity treatments. These findings may be one of the main reasons for the extremely high growth rate of free-floating U. prolifera when green tides occur.

Desiccation enhances phosphorylation of PSII and affects the distribution of protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane.

Desiccation has significant effects on photosynthetic processes in intertidal macro-algae. We studied an intertidal macro-alga, Ulva sp., which can tolerate desiccation, to investigate changes in photosynthetic performance and the components and structure of thylakoid membrane proteins in response to desiccation. Our results demonstrate that photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to desiccation than photosystem I (PSI) in Ulva sp. Comparative proteomics of the thylakoid membrane proteins at different levels of desiccation suggested that there were few changes in the content of proteins involved in photosynthesis during desiccation. Interestingly, we found that both the PSII subunit, PsbS (Photosystem II S subunit) (a four-helix protein in the LHC superfamily), and light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins, which are required for non-photochemical quenching in land plants and algae, respectively, were present under both normal and desiccation conditions and both increased slightly during desiccation. In addition, the results of immunoblot analysis suggested that the phosphorylation of PSII and LHCII increases during desiccation. To investigate further, we separated out a supercomplex formed during desiccation by blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified the components by mass spectrometry analysis. Our results show that phosphorylation of the complex increases slightly with decreased water content. All the results suggest that during the course of desiccation, few changes occur in the content of thylakoid membrane proteins, but a rearrangement of the protein complex occurs in the intertidal macro-alga Ulva sp.

Positive correlation between PSI response and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity during salt stress in an intertidal macroalga.

Studies have demonstrated that photosynthetic limitations and starch degradation are responses to stress; however, the relationship between the two is seldom described in detail. In this article, the effects of salt stress on photosynthesis, the levels of NADPH and total RNA, the starch content and the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and ribulose-5-phosphate kinase (RPK) were evaluated. In thalli that underwent salt treatments, the cyclic electron flow through PSI showed greater stress tolerance than the flow through PSII. Even though the linear electron flow was suppressed by DCMU, the cyclic electron flow still operated. The electron transport rate I (ETRI) increased as the salinity increased when the thalli recovered in seawater containing DCMU. These results suggested that PSI receives electrons from a source other than PSII. Furthermore, the starch content and RPK activity decreased, while the content of NADPH and total RNA, and the activity of G6PDH increased under salt stress. Soluble sugar from starch degradation may enter the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) to produce NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. Data analysis suggests that NADPH provides electrons for PSI in Ulva prolifera during salt stress, the OPPP participates in the stress response and total RNA is synthesized in excess to assist recovery.

Photosystem I shows a higher tolerance to sorbitol-induced osmotic stress than photosystem II in the intertidal macro-algae Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta).

The photosynthetic performance of the desiccation-tolerant, intertidal macro-algae Ulva prolifera was significantly affected by sorbitol-induced osmotic stress. Our results showed that photosynthetic activity decreased significantly with increases in sorbitol concentration. Although the partial activity of both photosystem I (PS I) and photosystem II (PS II) was able to recover after 30 min of rehydration, the activity of PS II decreased more rapidly than PS I. At 4 M sorbitol concentration, the activity of PS II was almost 0 while that of PS I was still at about one third of normal levels. Following prolonged treatment with 1 and 2 M sorbitol, the activity of PS I and PS II decreased slowly, suggesting that the effects of moderate concentrations of sorbitol on PS I and PS II were gradual. Interestingly, an increase in non-photochemical quenching occurred under these conditions in response to moderate osmotic stress, whereas it declined significantly under severe osmotic stress. These results suggest that photoprotection in U. prolifera could also be induced by moderate osmotic stress. In addition, the oxidation of PS I was significantly affected by osmotic stress. P700(+) in the thalli treated with high concentrations of sorbitol could still be reduced, as PS II was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), but it could not be fully oxidized. This observation may be caused by the higher quantum yield of non-photochemical energy dissipation in PS I due to acceptor-side limitation (Y(NA)) during rehydration in seawater containing DCMU.

Aging and Autophagy: Roles in Musculoskeletal System Injury.

Aging is a multifactorial process that ultimately leads to a decline in physiological function and a consequent reduction in the health span, and quality of life in elderly population. In musculoskeletal diseases, aging is often associated with a gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, resulting in reduced functional capacity and an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases, leading to impaired function and increased mortality. Autophagy is a highly conserved physiological process by which cells, under the regulation of autophagy-related genes, degrade their own organelles and large molecules by lysosomal degradation. This process is unique to eukaryotic cells and is a strict regulator of homeostasis, the maintenance of energy and substance balance. Autophagy plays an important role in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as cell homeostasis, aging, immunity, tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, under mild stress conditions, autophagy mediates the restoration of homeostasis and proliferation, reduction of the rate of aging and delay of the aging process. On the other hand, under more intense stress conditions, an inadequate suppression of autophagy can lead to cellular aging. Conversely, autophagy activity decreases during aging. Due to the interrelationship between aging and autophagy, limited literature exists on this topic. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize the current concepts on aging and autophagy in the musculoskeletal system. The aim is to better understand the mechanisms of age-related changes in bone, joint and muscle, as well as the interaction relationship between autophagy and aging. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive perspective for the improvement of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

Recent Progress in the Applications of Langmuir-Blodgett Film Technology.

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film technology is an advanced technique for the preparation of ordered molecular ultra-thin films at the molecular level, which transfers a single layer of film from the air/water interface to a solid substrate for the controlled assembly of molecules. LB technology has continually evolved over the past century, revealing its potential applications across diverse fields. In this study, the latest research progress of LB film technology is reviewed, with emphasis on its latest applications in gas sensors, electrochemical devices, and bionic films. Additionally, this review evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of LB technology in the application processes and discusses the promising prospects for future application of LB technology.

SLC24A-mediated calcium exchange as an indispensable component of the diatom cell density-driven signaling pathway.

Diatom bloom is characterized by a rapid increase of population density. Perception of population density and physiological responses can significantly influence their survival strategies, subsequently impacting bloom fate. The population density itself can serve as a signal, which is perceived through chemical signals or chlorophyll fluorescence signals triggered by high cell density, and their intracellular signaling mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we focused on the model diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and designed an orthogonal experiment involving varying cell densities and light conditions, to stimulate the release of chemical signals and light-induced chlorophyll fluorescence signals. Utilizing RNA-Seq and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, we identified four gene clusters displaying density-dependent expression patterns. Within these, a potential hub gene, PtSLC24A, encoding a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, was identified. Based on molecular genetics, cellular physiology, computational structural biology, and in situ oceanic data, we propose a potential intracellular signaling mechanism related to cell density in marine diatoms using Ca2+: upon sensing population density signals mediated by chemical cues, the membrane-bound PtSLC24A facilitates the efflux of Ca2+ to maintain specific intracellular calcium levels, allowing the transduction of intracellular density signals, subsequently regulating physiological responses, including cell apoptosis, ultimately affecting algal blooms fate. These findings shed light on the calcium-mediated intracellular signaling mechanism of marine diatoms to changing population densities, and enhances our understanding of diatom bloom dynamics and their ecological implications.