Left Atrial Appendage Closure: A Current Overview Focused on Technical Aspects and Different Approaches.

Several studies in literature have shown that 90% of emboli related to non-valvular atrial fibrillation originate from left atrial appendage. Percutaneous closure or surgical exclusion of left atrial appendage in patients with high bleeding and high cardioembolic risk is currently a well established procedure in literature, clinical practice and guidelines. Knowledge of different techniques of left atrial appendage closure is necessary to individualize the procedure according to the patient anatomy and pre-procedural imaging evaluations. In this review the authors will evaluate different left atrial appendage closure systems and the different pre and intra procedural imaging methods.

A morphofunctional analysis of the regurgitant mitral valve as a guide to repair: Another point of view.

Based on Carpentier's classification and principles, the techniques for mitral valve repair continue to evolve. We herein report our experience with the morphofunctional echocardiographic analysis of single mitral leaflets, as different anatomic features, even if conflicting, may coexist not only in the two leaflets but in the same leaflet as well. A classification is proposed, based on the length (normal, short, or long) and mobility (normal, restricted, or excessive) of mitral leaflets. The surgical techniques adopted for mitral valve repair are the direct consequence of this analysis.

Wrapping of the moderately dilated ascending aorta by fresh autologous pericardium.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Wrapping of the ascending aorta (AA), isolated or associated with aortoplasty, has never been completely accepted. Some complications, as folding of the aortic wall, compression of the vasa vasorum and changes in the flow pattern, with consequent dilatation of the proximal arch, have been described. We used fresh autologous pericardium (FAP), so far never reported, to wrap the AA, with the aim to stabilize its size when moderately dilated, maintaining the preoperative dimension or limiting the reduction to a few millimeters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2015 to 2019, 10 patients, who were operated on for valve or coronary surgery or both, underwent wrapping of the AA with FAP. Mean age was 69 ± 7 years and EuroSCORE II 3.5 ± 1.7. Four patients had moderately impaired ejection fraction (35%-49%). RESULTS: There was no early or late mortality. One patient was reoperated on after 48 months for severe mitral regurgitation. At a follow-up of 53 ± 14 months, a transthoracic echocardiogram showed that the AA size reduced slightly but significantly, from 45.2 ± 2.0 to 42.5 ± 4.1 mm, p = .03. The diameter of the proximal arch remained unchanged, from 37.1 ± 1.6 to 36.3 ± 2.9 mm, p = .20. CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of moderately dilated AA, wrapping can be a reasonable option. The use of FAP stabilizes the size of the aorta after a follow-up of 53 months. Maintaining a size similar to the preoperative one avoids the complications related to the procedure.

Cutting the second order chords during mitral valve repair.

The chordae tendinae connect the papillary muscles (PMs) to the mitral valve. While the first-order chordae serve to secure the leaflets to maintain valve closure and prevent mitral valve prolapse, the second-order chordae are believed to play a role in maintaining normal left ventricle size and geometry. The PMs, from where the chordae tendinae originate, function as shock absorbers that compensate for the geometric changes of the left ventricular wall. The second-order chordae connect the PMs to both trigons under tension. The tension distributed towards the second-order chordae has been demonstrate to be more than threefold that in their first-order counterpart. Cutting the second-order chordae puts all the tension on the first-order chordae, which are then closer to their rupture point. However, it has been experimentally demonstrated that the tension at which the first-order chordae break is 6.8 newtons (N), by far higher than the maximal tension reached, that is 0.4 N. Even if the clinical reports have been favorable, the importance of cutting the second-order chordae to recover curvature of the anterior leaflet and increase the coaptation length between the mitral valve leaflets has been slowly absorbed by the surgical world. Nevertheless, there are progressive demonstrations that chordal tethering affects the anterior leaflet not only in secondary, but also in primary mitral regurgitation, having a not negligible role in the long-term outcome of mitral repair.

A historical appraisal of the techniques of left ventricular volume reduction in ischemic cardiomyopathy: Who did what?

Resection or exclusion of scars following a myocardial infarction on the left anterior descending artery territory started even before the beginning of the modern era of cardiac surgery. Many techniques were developed, but there is still confusion on who did what. The original techniques underwent modifications that brought to a variety of apparently new procedures that, however, were only a "revisitation" of what described before. In some case, old techniques were reproposed and renamed, without giving credit to the surgeon that was the original designer. Herein we try to describe which are the seminal procedures and some of the most important modifications, respecting however the merit of who first communicated the procedure to the scientific world.

Coronary sinus size and ischemia improvement after reducer implantation; "one size to fit them all?"

AIM: Coronary sinus (CS) reducer implantation is associated with symptomatic relief of patients with refractory angina. However, 15% to 30% of the patients do not respond to this treatment. Aim if this study was to evaluate the effect of CS size in the effectiveness of the device. METHODS: Prior to device implantation and at 4-month resting ventricular function was assessed by stress cardiac magnetic resonance. Ischemia was assessed by the myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (66 ± 10 years) underwent successful CS Reducer implantation, with improvements in angina class and exercise tolerance. Patients with a smaller CS size (<5.8 mm) presented a significantly higher percentage increase in MPRI (63 ± 51 vs 9 ± 30%, P = .03) and a higher reduction in left ventricle end-diastolic volumes. CONCLUSIONS: Greater benefits, in terms of ischemia improvement, after CS Reducer implantation were seen in patients with smaller CS sizes, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the observed rates of reducer non-responsiveness.

Left ventricular surgical remodeling 2.0.

Left ventricular surgical remodeling has been, for a long time, the procedure applied for large dyskinetic, or akinetic, areas as a consequence of a myocardial infarction, mainly located in the left anterior descending area. Many surgical techniques were developed, aimed to a pure reduction of the volume of the left ventricular (LV) cavity or to add to volume reduction a more physiologic conical shape. The expansion of interventional procedures invaded most of the fields before treated only by cardiac surgeons. In this issue, Pillay describes a hybrid technique, involving both interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons, aimed to LV volume reduction after an anterior myocardial infarction. A series of internal (right ventricular septum) and external (anterior wall) anchors are implanted to approximate the LV free wall to the anterior septum, consequently excluding the scarred myocardium. Although some limitations of this study, the authors have to be commended for having revitalized a procedure almost eliminated from the surgical scenario.

Mitral valve repair for mitral regugitation in the elderly: Yes, we have to, but look at the etiologies!

The meta-analysis by Di Tommaso et al. demonstrated as elderly patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing mitral valve repair had lower short-term mortality and higher long-term survival with respect to patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. The benefit of repair is such, that initial surgical strategy is advisable in the elderly even in case of mild symptoms if compared with conservative management. However, even if repair can be performed in presence of some specific etiologies, as degenerative MR or secondary MR, there are always cases where a replacement can be an acceptable solution compared to a repair with uncertain future, regardless of our believes and our technical ability.

Is surgery the fair competitor for MitraClip?

In the last decades, the overlapping areas of intervention between cardiac surgeons and interventional cardiologists are rocketing, especially in the field of treatment of heart valve disease. But, while for the aortic valve the competition, even for nonhigh risk patients, has become tightened, in the context of mitral regurgitation, the surgery seems to not have competitors. In fact looking the results of studies published so far, a question arises: Is surgery the fair competitor for the Mitraclip? The meta-analysis by Abdul Khader et al. summarized few evidences present in this field, only 11 observational studies and 1 randomized trial, providing an awesome response: "NO." Is therefore not a case if recently two trials, MITRA-FR and COAPT, chose to use as competitor for MitraClip, more rightly, medical therapy instead of surgery. In conclusions, in case of mitral regurgitation (MR), surgery is still largely the gold standard treatment and so MitraClip cannot be mention at all as competitor of surgery. It can be the right choice of case of primary MR where patients showed high risk for surgery. In case of secondary MR, especially with large and poor left ventricle we should wait for a clear answer on its role, yet.

Totally thoracoscopic concomitant left atrial appendage closure and left ventricular epicardial lead implantation.

Atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure due to ventricular dyssynchrony needs decision-making on the rate and rhythm control strategies together with cardiac resynchronization therapy and antithrombotic prophylaxis. Transvenous biventricular pacing and percutaneous appendage closure in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation with high bleeding risk are valid therapeutic options but anatomical exclusion criteria could be present. Here, we report two patients who underwent successful totally thoracoscopic concomitant left appendage occlusion and epicardial left ventricular lead implantation.

The best approach for functional tricuspid regurgitation: A network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: For many years, functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) was considered negligible after treatment of left-sided heart valve surgery. The aim of the present network meta-analysis is to summarize the results of four approaches to establish the possible gold standard. METHODS: A systematic search was performed to identify all publications reporting the outcomes of four approaches for FTR, not tricuspid annuloplasty (no TA), suture annuloplasty (SA), flexible (FRA), rigid rings (RRA). All studies reporting at least one the four endpoints (early and late mortality, early and late moderate or more TFR) were included in a Bayesian network meta-analysis. RESULTS: There were 31 included studies with 9663 patients. Aggregate early mortality was 5.3% no TA, 7.2% SA, 6.6% FRA, and 6.4% RRA; early TR moderate-or-more was 9.6%, 4.8%, 4.6%, and 3.8%; late mortality was 22.5%, 18.2%, 11.9%, and 11.9%; late TR moderate-or-more was 27.9%, 18.3%, 14.3%, and 6.4%. Rigid or semirigid ring annuloplasty was the most effective approach for decreasing the risk of late moderate or more FTR (-85% vs. no TA; -64% vs. SA; -32% vs. FRA). Concerning late mortality, no significant differences were found among different surgical approaches; however, flexible or rigid rings reduced significantly the risk of late mortality (78% and 47%, respectively) compared with not performing TA mortality. No differences were found for early outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Ring annuloplasty seems to offer better late outcomes compare to either suture annuloplasty or not performing TA. In particular rigid or semirigid rings provide more stable FTR across time.

The secret life of the mitral valve.

In secondary mitral regurgitation, the concept that the mitral valve (MV) is an innocent bystander, has been challenged by many studies in the last decades. The MV is a living structure with intrinsic plasticity that reacts to changes in stretch or in mechanical stress activating biohumoral mechanisms that have, as purpose, the adaptation of the valve to the new environment. If the adaptation is balanced, the leaflets increase both surface and length and the chordae tendineae lengthen: the result is a valve with different characteristics, but able to avoid or to limit the regurgitation. However, if the adaptation is unbalanced, the leaflets and the chords do not change their size, but become stiffer and rigid, with moderate or severe regurgitation. These changes are mediated mainly by a cytokine, the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), which is able to promote the changes that the MV needs to adapt to a new hemodynamic environment. In general, mild TGF-ß activation facilitates leaflet growth, excessive TGF-ß activation, as after myocardial infarction, results in profibrotic changes in the leaflets, with increased thickness and stiffness. The MV is then a plastic organism, that reacts to the external stimuli, trying to maintain its physiologic integrity. This review has the goal to unveil the secret life of the MV, to understand which stimuli can trigger its plasticity, and to explain why the equation "large heart = moderate/severe mitral regurgitation" and "small heart = no/mild mitral regurgitation" does not work into the clinical practice.

Transcatheter bicaval valve system for the treatment of severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation. Features from a single-Centre experience.

BACKGROUND: The isolated tricuspid valve (TR) has evolved into an entity in its own right. In contrast to TR treatment in left valve surgery, the benefit of surgery for isolated TR remains controversial. In this context, transcatheter valve interventions (TTVI) are becoming increasingly important. In this report, we present our experience with TricValve in a single center. METHODS: From March 2022 to September 2023, 13 patients with at least severe isolated TR were scheduled for TricValve implantation. The mean age was 81 years (77-87), 5 were female and 8 were male. All patients were older than 70 years and had at least severe TR, hepatic or peripheral congestion and high surgical risk. RESULTS: No procedure failure or device embolization was recorded. One case died in hospital 6 days after implantation and 1 case died after 124 days from irreversible renal and hepatic failure. The survival rate was 80.2% ± 12.8; the proportion of patients in NYHA class I increased significantly to 45% at follow-up. Among the 11 survivors, the median NT -proBNP decreased from 2873 to 148 pg/mL at follow-up (p = 0.003). In addition, a significant reduction in furosemide dosage from 125 mg to 50 mg at follow-up was observed over time. Finally, TR grade improved significantly along with RV size. CONCLUSIONS: This procedure appears to be safe and effective in carefully selected patients. Given the extreme simplicity of the procedure, the TricValve will increasingly represent one of the most viable treatment options for this patient group in the future.

Case Report: Abdominal surgery with the support of Impella (SURGELLA), a new frontier to be explored.

A 74-year-old man with advanced heart failure was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and he underwent surgery. To maintain stable hemodynamics, the Impella CP device was used. The patient was weaned from the device shortly after surgery, and he had an uneventful postoperative course. This case may pave the way for non-procrastinating surgery in patients with poorly stable hemodynamics.

Coronary Sinus Narrowing Improves Coronary Microcirculation Function in Patients With Refractory Angina: A Multicenter Prospective INROAD Study.

BACKGROUND: The underlying mechanisms responsible for the clinical benefits following coronary sinus narrowing and pressure elevation remain unclear. The present study aims to investigate whether coronary sinus narrowing improves the indexes of coronary microcirculatory function. METHODS: Patients with refractory angina who had a clinical indication for reducer implantation underwent invasive physiological assessments before and 4 months after the procedure. The primary outcome was the change in the values of the index of microcirculatory resistance. Secondary end points included changes in coronary flow reserve and the resistive resistance ratio values. Angina status was assessed with the Canadian Cardiology Society class and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with a history of obstructive coronary artery disease and prior coronary revascularization (surgical and percutaneous) treated with reducer implantation were enrolled, and 21 of them (87%) underwent repeated invasive coronary physiological assessment after 4 months. The index of microcirculatory resistance values decreased from 33.35±19.88 at baseline to 15.42±11.36 at 4-month follow-up (P<0.001; mean difference, -17.90 [95% CI, -26.16 to -9.64]). A significant (≥20% from baseline) reduction of the index of microcirculatory resistance was observed in 15 (71.4% [95% CI, 47.8%-88.7%]) patients. The number of patients with abnormal index of microcirculatory resistance (≥25) decreased from 12 (57%) to 4 (19%; P=0.016). Coronary flow reserve increased from 2.46±1.52 to 4.20±2.52 (mean difference, 1.73 [95% CI, 0.51-2.96]). Similar findings were observed for resistive resistance ratio values. Overall, 16 patients (76.1%) had an improvement of 1 Canadian Cardiology Society class. Seattle Angina Questionnaire summary score increase of around 3 points (3.01 [95% CI, 1.39-4.61]). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary sinus reduction implantation is associated with a significant improvement in the parameters of coronary microcirculatory function. These findings provide insights into the improvement of angina symptoms and may have implications for the treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05174572.

Saphenous vein to the right coronary system from the right thoracic artery or the aorta. Long-term propensity-matched results of 2 groups.

OBJECTIVES: Since 2000, we anastomosed the saphenous vein graft to the right coronary artery system using the stump of the right internal thoracic artery as inflow. The long-term results of patients where the right coronary artery was grafted with the right internal thoracic artery or the ascending aorta as saphenous vein inflow has not been reported. METHODS: From 2000 to 2018, 699 consecutive patients had right internal thoracic artery elongated with saphenous vein (I-graft group, n = 358, 51.2%) or saphenous vein from the aorta (Ao-graft group, n = 341, 48.8%) on right coronary artery system. Inclusion criteria were age ≤75 years, bilateral internal thoracic arteries as a Y graft on the left system (three-vessel disease, n = 603, 86.3%) or as a left internal thoracic artery on left anterior descending and right internal thoracic artery elongated with saphenous vein on the right coronary artery system (two-vessel disease, n = 96, 13.7%), only 1 saphenous vein per patient. Propensity-matching identified 272 patients per group. One-hundred and twenty-two patients underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography to asses grafts patency after a median follow-up of 88 (65-93) months. RESULTS: In the paired samples, there was no difference in the early outcome. Ten-year survival and freedom from death, non-fatal acute myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization were higher in I-graft group: 90.6 [standard error (SE): 2.0] vs 78.2 (SE: 5.3), P = 0.0266, and 85.2 (SE: 2.4) vs 69.9 (SE: 5.3), P = 0.0179. Saphenous vein graft, at a long-time follow-up, showed a higher patency rate (81.6% (SE: 7.0) vs 50.7% (SE: 7.9), P < 0.0001) and a smaller internal lumen diameter (2.7, standard deviation: 0.4 vs 3.4, standard deviation: 0.6 mm, P < 0.0001) when right internal thoracic artery was the inflow. CONCLUSIONS: Grafting the right coronary artery with saphenous vein may entail higher patency rate and better outcome when the inflow is the right internal thoracic artery than when is the ascending aorta. Prospective randomized data are needed to test this hypothesis.

Efficacy of coronary sinus reducer implantation in patients with chronic total occlusion of the right coronary artery.

BACKGROUND: Clinical efficacy of coronary sinus reducer (CSR) in refractory angina (RA) patients with ischemia due to the chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the right coronary artery (RCA) remains unknown. AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy of CSR implantation in RA patients with CTO RCA and compare them to CSR recipients with left coronary artery (LCA) ischemia. METHODS: Consecutive patients with CTO RCA from 2 centers were prospectively included and compared to patients with LCA ischemia. All patients underwent evaluation of angina severity and quality of life (QoL) at baseline and after 12 months. In a subgroup of CTO RCA patients, stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was also performed. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with CTO RCA and predominant inferior and/or inferoseptal wall ischemia (the CTO RCA group) were compared to 24 patients with predominant anterior, lateral, and/or anteroseptal wall ischemia (the LCA group). While the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) anginascore mean (SD) improved in the CTO RCA group from 2.73 (0.46) to 1.82 (0.73) (P <0.001) and in the LCA group from 2.67 (0.57) to 1.92 (0.72) (P <0.001), there was no intergroup difference (P = 0.350). Significant improvement in all domains of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire was observed. Stress CMR did not show a significant reduction of ischemic inferior and/or inferoseptal segments, however, improvements in the transmurality index (P = 0.03) and the myocardial perfusion reserve index in segments with inducible ischemia (P = 0.03) were observed in the CTO RCA group. CONCLUSIONS: In CTO RCA patients, CSR implantation alleviated angina symptoms and improved QoL. The extent of improvement was comparable to that observed in patients with LCA ischemia.