Decoding epitranscriptomic regulation of viral infection: mapping of RNA N6-methyladenosine by advanced sequencing technologies.

Elucidating the intricate interactions between viral pathogens and host cellular machinery during infection is paramount for understanding pathogenic mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets. The RNA modification N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has emerged as a significant factor influencing the trajectory of viral infections. Hence, the precise and quantitative mapping of m6A modifications in both host and viral RNA is pivotal to understanding its role during viral infection. With the rapid advancement of sequencing technologies, scientists are able to detect m6A modifications with various quantitative, high-resolution, transcriptome approaches. These technological strides have reignited research interest in m6A, underscoring its significance and prompting a deeper investigation into its dynamics during viral infections. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of m6A epitranscriptome sequencing technologies, highlights the latest developments in transcriptome-wide m6A mapping, and emphasizes the innovative technologies for detecting m6A modification. We further discuss the implications of these technologies for future research into the role of m6A in viral infections.

Relationship between the circulating N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and the risk of carotid artery plaque in different glucose metabolic states in patients with coronary heart disease: a CSCD-TCM plus study in China.

OBJECTIVE: Circulating N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a marker for heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated with glycemic abnormalities. Studies on the association and diagnostic value of NT-proBNP in carotid plaques (CAP) in patients with CHD are limited. METHODS: The relationships between NT-proBNP and the risk of CAP in different glucose metabolic states, sexes, and age categories were also examined using 5,093 patients diagnosed with CHD. The NT-proBNP tertiles were used to divide patients into three groups in which the NT-proBNP levels, blood glucose levels, the occurrence of CAP, and the number and nature of CAP were measured using normoglycemic (NG), prediabetes (Pre-DM), and diabetes mellitus (DM) glucose metabolic statuses. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the relationship between NT-proBNP and the risk of CAP occurrence and the number and nature of CAP. The diagnostic value of NT-proBNP for CAP risk was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: We found a 37% relative increase in the correlation between changes in NT-proBNP per standard deviation (SD) and the incidence of CAP. After adjusting for potential confounders, NT-proBNP at the T3 level was found to be associated with an increased CAP odds ratio (OR) when T1 was used as the reference. This relationship was also present in males, patients aged > 60 years, or both pre-DM and DM states. NT-proBNP was more likely to present as hypoechoic plaques at T1 and as mixed plaques at T3. We also measured the diagnostic accuracy of CAP for NT-proBNP in patients with CHD, with an AUC value of 0.627(95% CI 0.592-0.631), sensitivity of 50.7%, and specificity of 68.0%. CONCLUSION: An increase in NT-proBNP was significantly associated with the risk of CAP in patients with CHD, especially in males and patients aged > 60 years, and exhibited specific characteristics under different glucose metabolism states. Trial registration The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approval number TJUTCM-EC20210007) and certified by the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry on April 4, 2022 (Registration number ChiCTR2200058296) and March 25, 2022 by ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number NCT05309343).

Nitrogen addition stimulated soil respiration more so than carbon addition in alpine meadows.

The soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability are important in the regulation of soil C cycling under climate change. Fertilizers alter soil C and N availability, which can affect C balance. However, the impact of fertilizers on C balance in grassland restoration has been equivocal and warrants more research. We determined the direct and indirect effects of the addition of three levels of C (sucrose) (0, 60, and 120 kg C ha-1 yr-1), three levels of N (urea) (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1), and a combination of C plus N at each of the levels on soil respiration (Rs) dynamics and C balance in an alpine meadow in northern Tibet (4700 m above sea level). This study was undertaken during the middle of the growing season in 2011-2012. The addition of C and/or N stimulated CO2 emission, which was 2-fold greater in 2011 (102-144 g C m-2) than in 2012 (43-54 g C m-2). The rate of Rs increased with the addition of N, but was not affected with the addition of C plus N. Microbial biomass C, dissolved organic C and inorganic N were the main drivers of Rs. We concluded that N addition stimulated Rs to a greater extent than C addition in the short term. The application of fertilizer in the restoration of degraded grassland should be re-considered.

Triphenyltin exposure induced abnormal morphological colouration in adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata).

Fish morphological colouration is essential for their survival and reproduction success; however, it is vulnerable to environmental factors, such as pollutants. Triphenyltin (TPT) is widespread in aquatic ecosystems, and its impacts on fish have been problematic. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TPT at environment-related concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng Sn/L) on morphological colouration in male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). The results showed that TPT exposure affected both orange/red and dark morphological colouration in guppies. The faded orange/red colouration might be related to the decrease of coloured pteridine and Pts (6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase) expression. In addition, TPT exposure induced melanogenesis, however, much melanin was distributed diffusely in the skin and did not seem to form a spot pattern, giving the fish a dull appearance. According to the skin transcriptional profiles, the changes of dark morphological colouration might be related to the changes in genes related to the functions of melanosome components (Gpnmb, Slc45a2 and Tyr), construction (Ap3d1, Fig4, Hps3, Hps5, Lyst, Rabggta, Txndc5 and Vps33a), and transport (Rab27a). Additionally, genes related to the regulation of melanogenesis (Atrn and Pomc) and system effects (Atox1, Atp6ap2, Atp6v1f, Atp6v1h, Rpl24, Rps19 and Rps20) might also be involved in the molecular mechanisms of abnormal morphological colouration induced by TPT. The present study provides crucial data on the molecular basis of abnormal morphological colouration in fish exposed to TPT and underscores the importance of toxicological studies of the effects of pollutants in aquatic environments on fish morphological colouration.

Different action mechanisms of low- and high-level quercetin in the brains of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Quercetin is reported to be beneficial to or pose hazards to the health of animals, the inconsistence remains to be recognized and debated. This work was conducted to understand the neuroprotective or neurotoxic properties of quercetin, and investigate the different action mechanisms between low- and high-level quercetin. Therefore, we evaluated brain oxidative stress and monoamine neurotransmitters in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to 1 and 1000 µg/L quercetin. In addition, the brain transcriptional profiles were analyzed to identify genes and pathways that were differentially regulated in the brains. The results of oxidative stress and neurotransmitters suggest that low-level quercetin might be beneficial to nervous system, while high-level quercetin might exert detrimental effects. Furthermore, transcriptional profiles also suggested different toxic mechanisms occurred between low- and high-level quercetin. At 1 µg/L quercetin, enrichment analysis of differently expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the fanconi anemia pathway might be an important mechanism in neuroprotective effects. At 1000 µg/L quercetin, the up-regulated DEGs were enriched in many Gene Ontology (GO) terms related to neuronal synapses, indicating potential neuroprotective effects; however, enrichment of up-regulated DEGs in GO terms of response to stimulus and the MAPK signaling pathway was also found, which indicated increases of stress. Notably, at 1000 µg/L quercetin, the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in several GO terms related to the proteostasis and the proteasome pathway, indicating impairment of proteasome functions which was involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, several hub genes involved in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases were identified by Protein-protein interaction analysis at 1000 µg/L quercetin. Thus, high-level quercetin might pose potential risk inducing neurodegenerative diseases, which should receive more attention in the future. Additionally, our findings may provide awareness to society and researchers about toxicity possibilities of phytochemicals on wildlife and human.

Microenvironment-Responsive Small-Molecule Probe for Pulmonary Fibrosis Detection.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fatal disease with increasing prevalence. Nonradioactive and noninvasive diagnosis of PF at an early stage can improve the prognosis but represents a daunting challenge. Up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) is a typical microenvironmental feature of PF. Here, we report a small-molecule probe, PNO1, that can fluorogenically sense this microenvironmental feature for PF diagnosis. We demonstrate that PNO1 fluorescence is 6-fold higher in PF-diseased mice lungs than in normal-control groups. In addition to this in vivo result, PNO1 can also be applied in vitro to detect PF-diseased cells and ex vivo to detect PF-diseased tissues from clinical patients. These results highlight PNO1 as a complement to the traditional immunostaining-based methods for PF detection to facilitate quick screening for anti-PF drug candidates.

Probing Biological Molecule Orientation and Polymer Surface Structure at the Polymer/Solution Interface In Situ.

Polymers are widely used for many applications ranging from biomedical materials, marine antifouling coatings, membranes for biomolecule separation, to substrates for enzyme molecules for biosensing. For such applications, it is important to understand molecular interactions between biological molecules and polymer materials in situ in real time. Such understanding provides vital knowledge to manipulate biological molecule-polymer interactions and to optimize polymer surface structures to improve polymer performance. In this research, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to study interactions between peptides (serving as models for biological molecules) and deuterated polystyrene (d8-PS, serving as a model for polymer materials). The peptide conformations/orientations and polymer surface phenyl orientation during the peptide-d8-PS interactions were determined using SFG. It was found that the π-π interaction between the aromatic amino acids on peptides and phenyl groups on d8-PS surface does not play a significant role. Instead, the peptide-d8-PS interactions are mediated by general hydrophobic interactions between the peptides and the polymer surface.

Band Structure Engineering of Schiff-Base Microporous Organic Polymers for Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Performance.

Schiff-base networks (SBNs), as typical examples of nitrogen-doped microporous organic polymers (MOPs), exhibit promising application prospects owing to their stable properties and tunable chemical structures. However, their band structure engineering, which plays a key role in optical properties, remains elusive due to the complicated mechanisms behind energy level adjustment. In this work, a series of SBNs are fabricated by tailoring the ratio of p-phthalaldehyde and o-phthalaldehyde in the Schiff-base chemistry reaction with melamine, resulting in a straightforward as well as continuous tuning of their band gaps ranging from 4.4 to 1.4 eV. Consequently, SBNs can be successfully used as photocatalysts with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity even under metal-free conditions. Significantly, electronic structures of SBNs are systematically studied by electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations, demonstrating that the enhanced performance is ascribed to proper band structure and improved charge separation ability. More importantly, in combination with theoretical calculations, the band structure regulation mechanism and band structure-photocatalytic property relationship are deeply disclosed. The results obtained from this study will not only furnish SBN materials with excellent performance for solar energy conversion, but also open up elegant protocols for the molecular engineering of MOPs with desirable band structures.

Scallop-Inspired Shell Engineering of Microparticles for Stable and High Volumetric Capacity Battery Anodes.

Building stable and efficient electron and ion transport pathways are critically important for energy storage electrode materials and systems. Herein, a scallop-inspired shell engineering strategy is proposed and demonstrated to confine high volume change silicon microparticles toward the construction of stable and high volumetric capacity binder-free lithium battery anodes. As for each silicon microparticle, the methodology involves an inner sealed but adaptable overlapped graphene shell, and an outer open hollow shell consisting of interconnected reduced graphene oxide, mimicking the scallop structure. The inner closed shell enables simultaneous stabilization of the interfaces of silicon with both carbon and electrolyte, substantially facilitates efficient and rapid transport of both electrons and lithium ions from/to silicon, the outer open hollow shell creates stable and robust transport paths of both electrons and lithium ions throughout the electrode without any sophisticated additives. The resultant self-supported electrode has achieved stable cycling with rapidly increased coulombic efficiency in the early stage, superior rate capability, and remarkably high volumetric capacity upon a facile pressing process. The rational design and engineering of graphene shells of the silicon microparticles developed can provide guidance for the development of a wide range of other high capacity but large volume change electrochemically active materials.

Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon/CNT Composites Based on Schiff-Base Networks: Ultrahigh N Content and Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties.

To improve the electrochemical performance of carbonaceous anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the incorporation of both well-defined heteroatom species and the controllable 3D porous networks are urgently required. In this work, a novel N-enriched carbon/carbon nanotube composite (NEC/CNT) through a chemically induced precursor-controlled pyrolysis approach is developed. Instead of conventional N-containing sources or precursors, Schiff-base network (SNW-1) enables the desirable combination of a 3D polymer with intrinsic microporosity and ultrahigh N-content, which can significantly promote the fast transport of both Li+ and electron. Significantly, the strong interaction between carbon skeleton and nitrogen atoms enables the retention of ultrahigh N-content up to 21 wt% in the resultant NEC/CNT, which exhibits a super-high capacity (1050 mAh g-1 ) for 1000 cycles and excellent rate performance (500 mAh g-1 at a current density of 5 A g-1 ) as the anode material for LIBs. The NEC/CNT composite affords a new model system as well as a totally different insight for deeply understanding the relationship between chemical structures and lithium ion storage properties, in which chemistry may play a more important role than previously expected.

Transition metal-free one-pot synthesis of fused 1,4-thiazepin-5(4H)-ones and theoretical study of the S-N type smiles rearrangement process.

A series of 1,4-thiazepin-5(4H)-one derivatives were synthesized via a transition metal-free one-pot Smiles rearrangement process at room temperature. Regioselective seven-membered heterocycles were constructed in good to excellent yields. To gain an in-depth understanding of the S-N type Smiles rearrangement mechanism, a theoretical study was also performed by quantum chemistry calculations.

A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Global Sarcocystis Infection in Sheep and Goats.

Sarcocystosis is an intracellular parasitic disease caused by Sarcocystis spp. that has a worldwide prevalence. Symptoms of the disease include diarrhea and muscle pain. The disease poses a threat to the health of animals. The aim of this review is to investigate the global prevalence of Sarcocystis infection in sheep and goats during 2013-2022. We searched five databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 36 articles containing 44 datasets met the criteria and were included in the study. The total infection rates of Sarcocystis in sheep and goats were 66.3% (95% CI, 51.79-79.38%) and 52.1% (95% CI, 29.45-74.23%), respectively. It was found that Sarcocystis species tend to have a host species preference. Coinfection of S. tenella and S. arieticanis often occurred in sheep, and goats were frequently infected with S. capracanis. Age and sex were identified as risk factors for Sarcocystis infection in sheep and goats. The infection rates of female and male animals were significantly different, with females having a higher infection rate. Age-adjusted analysis showed that infection rates in animals older than one year were higher than in animals younger than one year. This study unveiled the global distribution of Sarcocystis and sheds light on its transmission in sheep and goats.

Brain metabolite profiles provide insight into mechanisms for behavior sexual dimorphisms in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has historically been a useful model for research in genetics, ecology, biology, toxicology, and neurobehavior. Zebrafish have been demonstrated to have brain sexual dimorphism. However, the sexual dimorphism of zebrafish behavior demands our attention, particularly. To evaluate the behavior and brain sexual dimorphisms in zebrafish, this study assessed sex differences in adult D. rerio in four behavioral domains, including aggression, fear, anxiety, and shoaling, and further compared with metabolites in the brain tissue of females and males. Our findings showed that aggression, fear, anxiety and shoaling behaviors were significantly sexually dimorphic. Interestingly, we also show through a novel data analysis method, that the female zebrafish exhibited significantly increased shoaling behavior when shoaled with male zebrafish groups and, for the first time, we offer evidence that male shoals are beneficial in dramatically alleviating anxiety in zebrafish. In addition, there were significant changes in metabolites in zebrafish brain tissue between the sexes. Furthermore, zebrafish behavioral sexual dimorphism may be associated with brain sexual dimorphism, with significant differences in brain metabolites. Therefore, to prevent the influence or even bias of behavioral sex differences on results, it is suggested that behavioral studies or behavioral-based other relevant investigations consider sexual dimorphism of behavior and brain.

Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio and Glucose Metabolic States in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.

This study investigated the relationship between fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) and glucose metabolic state in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 52,062 patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were classified according to FAR tertiles (T1: FAR < 0.0073; T2: 0.0073 ≤ FAR ≤ 0.0886; T3: FAR ≥ 0.0887). Patients were also classified into the normal glucose regulation (NGR) and elevated blood glucose (EBG) groups. The relationship between FAR and EBG was analyzed using logistic regression, and the association was evaluated according to sex and age. Among the participants, 32,471 (62.4%) had EBG, which was positively associated with FAR (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.23). The OR of the FAR for EBG in males was higher than that in females (1.25; 95% CI 1.18-1.33 vs 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-1.20). Moreover, the OR of FAR for EBG was greater in patients aged 60 or younger (OR: 1.25; 95% CI 1.18-1.33) than in the elderly patients (over 60 years of age) (OR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.10-1.20). The results indicated a significant relationship between FAR and EBG and this association was higher in males and middle-aged patients.

The Association Between Hemoglobin Glycation Index and Carotid Artery Plaque in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease.

This study aimed to examine the association between the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and carotid artery plaque (CAP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 10,778 patients with CHD. The participants were divided into three groups by HGI tertiles (T1 HGI<-0.44, T2 -0.44 ≤ HGI ≤ 0.15, T3 HGI>0.15). The presence of CAP was used to diagnose by carotid ultrasonography. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between the HGI and CAP. The association between HGI and CAP was also assessed according to sex, age, smoking status, and drinking status. We further assessed the association between HGI and the ultrasound characteristics of CAP. The baseline analysis showed substantial differences in relevant parameters between the three groups of patients with CHD according to the tertiles of the HGI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HGI was significantly associated with CAP (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.39). The association between HGI and CAP exists among different sex, age, smoking, and drinking status. Furthermore, there was a significant and positive association between HGI and all four different echogenicities of the CAP.

Boosting Mouse Defense against Lethal Toxoplasma gondii Infection with Full-Length and Soluble SAG1 Recombinant Protein.

Toxoplasmosis is a major worldwide protozoan zoonosis. The surface antigen 1 (SAG1) of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) has always been recognized as an ideal vaccine candidate antigen. However, the intact and soluble SAG1 protein is usually difficult to acquire in vitro, which is unfavorable for employing the recombinant protein as a vaccine candidate antigen. In the present study, we obtained the full-length SAG1 recombinant protein in soluble form by Escherichia coli Transetta (DE3) cells under optimized expression conditions. The immunogenicity and protective ability of this recombinant protein against T. gondii acute infection were evaluated in a mouse model. Monitoring changes in serum antibody levels and types, the presence of cytokines, and the rate of lymphocyte proliferation in vaccinated mice were used to assess humoral and cellular immune responses. Additional assessments were performed to determine the protective potency of the recombinant protein in combating T. gondii RH tachyzoites. It was found that the titers of both IgG2a and IgG2b were considerably greater in the immunized mice compared to the titers of IgG1 and IgG3. The levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-2, and TNF-α) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-10) significantly increased when splenocytes from immunological group mice were treated with T. gondii lysate antigen. Compared to the control group, a recombinant protein substantially increased the longevity of infected mice, with an average death time prolonged by 14.50 ± 0.34 days (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the full-length and soluble SAG1 recombinant protein produced potent immune responses in mice and could be a preferred subunit vaccine candidate for T. gondii, offering a feasible option for vaccination against acute toxoplasmosis.

The efficacy and safety of massage adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is increasing year by year. If patients cannot receive timely and effective treatment, DPN may lead to diabetic foot ulcers or even amputation. This risk factor has been widely concerned around the world. Massage, as a non-invasive physical therapy method, is gradually being applied in the adjuvant treatment of DPN. However, there is no systematic review of the adjuvant treatment of DPN by massage. Our study will explore the effectiveness and safety of massage applied in DPN. METHODS: Eight electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Sinomed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, Chongqing VIP Information) will be searched by our computer on February 9, 2022. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of adjuvant massage therapy for DPN was screened. Primary outcome measures: efficiency, nerve conduction velocity. Secondary outcome measures: pain, blood glucose, and incidence of adverse reactions. The quality of the study was evaluated by two researchers using the RCT bias risk assessment tool in the Cochrane review manual Handbook5.4, and meta-analysis was performed by RevMan5.4 software. RESULTS: RCTs will be used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of massage adjuvant therapy in DPN. CONCLUSION: This study will provide evidence-based evidence for the safety and effectiveness of massage adjuvant therapy in DPN. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY202220025.

The efficacy and safety of Chinese massage in the treatment of acute mastitis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of acute mastitis (AM) in lactating women has been increasing year by year. If there is no timely and appropriate treatment, AM may develop into mammary abscess and septicemia. This special situation has aroused social attention. Chinese massage has been widely used in the treatment of AM in recent years, but there is no systematic review of the effect of Chinese massage on AM. We plan to explore the efficacy and safety of Chinese massage in the treatment of AM. METHODS: We will use a computer to search the following 8 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, Sinomed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP Information, WanFang Data) on November 30, 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of Chinese massage therapy for AM were screened. Primary outcome measure: overall clinical response rate, breast pain score. Secondary outcome measures: milk secretion, temperature, mass size and time to resolution, White blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and the incidence of adverse reactions. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, the included literature will be independently evaluated by two researchers using the RCT bias risk assessment tool in the Cochrane evaluation manual Handbook5.4, and meta-analysis will be performed by RevMan5.4 software. Funnel plots were used to analyze whether the study had publication bias. RESULTS: We will evaluate the clinical effect of Chinese massage therapy on AM based on RCTs. CONCLUSION: This study will provide evidence-based evidence for the effectiveness and safety of Chinese massage in the treatment of AM. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY2021120019.

Tributyltin exposure disrupted the locomotor activity rhythms in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the mechanism involved.

The fish circadian rhythm system might be an emerging target of tributyltin (TBT), however, the mechanism by which TBT interferes with the circadian rhythm is poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, zebrafish were used to assess the effects of TBT at environmental concentrations (1 and 10 ng/L) on locomotor activity rhythm. Furthermore, we focused on the visual system to explore the potential mechanism involved. After 90 d of exposure, TBT disturbed the locomotor activity rhythms in zebrafish, which manifested as: (1) low activities and lethargy during the arousing period; (2) inability to fall asleep quickly and peacefully during the period of latency to sleep; and (3) no regular "waves" of locomotor activities during the active period. After TBT exposure, the histological structure of the eyes significantly changed, the boundary between layers became blurred, and the melanin concentrations significantly decreased. Using KEGG and GSEA pathway analyses, the differentially expressed genes in the eyes screened by transcriptomics were significantly enriched in the tyrosine metabolism pathway and retinol metabolism pathway. Furthermore, a decrease in melanin and disruption of retinoic acid were found after TBT exposure, which would affect the reception of phototransduction, and then interfere with the circadian rhythm in fish. The disruption of the circadian rhythm of fish by aquatic pollutants would decrease their ecological adaptability, which should be considered in future research.

Selectivity Comparison of Tumor-Imaging Probes Designed Based on Various Tumor-Targeting Strategies: A Proof of Concept Study.

Fluorescence probes are emerging as appealing tools for tumor imaging, although the discovery of ideal probes with high tumor selectivity and desirable tumor-to-normal contrast remains challenging. There are currently two strategies used for designing tumor-targeted probes. One is employing tumor-targeting agents and the other is tumor-microenvironment-activatable probes. Although these two strategies have been widely explored, there are few reports on the comparison of probe performance designed based on the two strategies. Herein, by targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTR) overexpressed in neuroendocrine tumors with octreotide (OCT), we have designed two probes, with probe P5 being tumor-microenvironment-activatable and P5cc3 having fluorescence always on. A comparison of their selectivity toward tumor cells over SSTR-expressing normal cells demonstrated that these two probes showed a similar degree of tumor selectivity, whereas the activatable probe P5 showed enhanced tumor-to-normal imaging contrast due to its tumor-microenvironment-activatable fluorescence. Our results consolidate the rationality of either strategy for designing tumor-targeted imaging agents, and highlight the activatable strategy as a feasible way of enhancing tumor-to-normal imaging contrast.