A Holistic Additive Protocol Steers Dendrite-Free Zn(101) Orientational Electrodeposition.

Orientation guidance has shown its cutting edges in electrodeposition modulation to promote Zn anode stability toward commercialized standards. Nevertheless, large-scale orientational deposition is handicapped by the competition between Zn-ion reduction and mass transfer. Herein, a holistic electrolyte additive protocol is put forward via incorporating bio-derived dextrin molecules into a zinc sulfate electrolyte bath. Electrochemical tests in combination with molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the alleviation of concentration polarization throughout accelerating Zn2+ diffusion and retarding their reduction. The predominant (101) texture on inert current collectors (i.e., Cu, Ti, and stainless steel) and (101)/(002) textures on Zn foils afford homogeneous electrical field distribution, which is contributed by the work difference to form the 2D nucleus and the adsorption of dextrin molecules, respectively. Consequently, the symmetric cell harvests a longevous cycling lifespan of over 4000 h at 0.5 mA cm-2 /0.5 mAh cm-2 while the Zn@Cu electrode sustains for 240 h at a high depth of discharge of 40%.

Gut microbiota compositional profile in patients with posner-schlossman syndrome.

The cause of Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) remains unknown and its frequent recurrence may eventually lead to irreversible damage of the optic nerve. The influence of immune factors in the pathophysiology of PSS is gaining more and more interest. Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis plays vital roles in a variety of neurodegenerative and immune-related diseases. However, alterations of the gut microbiota in PSS patients have not been well defined yet. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to explore the difference of gut microbiota between PSS patients and healthy controls, and the correlation between the microbiota profile and clinical features was also analyzed. Our data demonstrated a significant increase of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae, and a significant reduction of Bacteroides and Bacteroidaceae in PSS patients, and KEGG analysis showed dysfunction of gut microbiota between PSS patients and healthy controls. Interestingly, further analysis showed that the alteration of gut microbiota was correlated with the PSS attack frequency of PSS. This study demonstrated the gut microbiota compositional profile of PSS patients and speculated the risk microbiota of PSS, which is expected to provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of PSS.

GNAQ R183Q somatic mutation contributes to aberrant arteriovenous specification in Sturge-Weber syndrome through Notch signaling.

Episcleral vasculature malformation is a significant feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) secondary glaucoma, the density and diameter of which are correlated with increased intraocular pressure. We previously reported that the GNAQ R183Q somatic mutation was located in the SWS episclera. However, the mechanism by which GNAQ R183Q leads to episcleral vascular malformation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the correlation between GNAQ R183Q and episcleral vascular malformation via surgical specimens, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the HUVEC cell line EA.hy926. Our findings demonstrated a positive correlation between episcleral vessel diameter and the frequency of the GNAQ R183Q variant. Furthermore, the upregulation of genes from the Notch signaling pathway and abnormal coexpression of the arterial marker EphrinB2 and venous marker EphB4 were demonstrated in the scleral vasculature of SWS. Analysis of HUVECs overexpressing GNAQ R183Q in vitro confirmed the upregulation of Notch signaling and arterial markers. In addition, knocking down of Notch1 diminished the upregulation of arterial markers induced by GNAQ R183Q. Our findings strongly suggest that GNAQ R183Q leads to malformed episcleral vasculatures through Notch-induced aberrant arteriovenous specification. These insights into the molecular basis of episcleral vascular malformation will provide new pathways for the development of effective treatments for SWS secondary glaucoma.

Evaluation of Schlemm's canal with swept-source optical coherence tomography in primary angle-closure disease.

PURPOSE: To perform an in vivo evaluation of the changes in Schlemm's canal (SC) among patients with primary angle-closure disease (PACD) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with PACD who had not undergone surgery were recruited. The SS-OCT quadrants scanned herein included the nasal and temporal sections at 3 and 9 o'clock, respectively. The diameter and cross-sectional area of the SC were measured. A linear mixed-effects model was performed to analyze the effects of parameters on the SC changes. The hypothesis of interest was related to the angle status (iridotrabecular contact, ITC/open angle, OPN), which was further explored with pairwise comparisons of the estimated marginal means (EMMs) of the SC diameter and SC area. In the ITC regions, the relationship between the trabecular-iris contact length (TICL) percentage and SC parameters was also studied by a mixed model. RESULTS: A total of 49 eyes of 35 patients were included for measurements and analysis. The percentage of observable SCs in the ITC regions was only 58.5% (24/41), whereas it was 86.0% (49/57) in the OPN regions (χ2 = 9.44, p = 0.002). ITC was significantly associated with a decreasing SC size. The EMMs for the diameter and cross-sectional area of SC at the ITC and OPN regions were 203.34 µm versus 261.41 µm (p = 0.006) and 3174.43 µm2 versus 5347.63 µm2 (p = 0.022), respectively. Sex, age, spherical equivalent refraction, intraocular pressure, axial length, extent of angle closure, history of acute attack and treatment with LPI were not significantly associated with SC parameters. In the ITC regions, a larger TICL percentage was significantly associated with a decrease in SC diameter and area (p = 0.003 and 0.019, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The morphologies of SC could be affected by the angle status (ITC/OPN) in patients with PACD, and ITC was significantly associated with a decreasing SC size. These changes in SC as described by OCT scans might help to elucidate the progression mechanisms of PACD.

Current situation and influencing factors of disease uncertainty in parents of children with Sturge‒Weber syndrome: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Sturge Weber syndrome (SWS), can cause extensive capillary malformations on the face, head, trunk, and other parts of the body, and the eyes can also suffer optic nerve injury. Secondary glaucoma can cause blindness, which has the characteristics of a relatively hidden onset and unclear pathogenesis. The treatment of SWS secondary glaucoma has always been difficult, and due to the characteristics of the disease, there is uncertainty about the long-term efficacy and safety of various treatment methods for such patients. METHODS: A total of 105 parents of children with SWS completed a self-designed general information questionnaire, a generalized anxiety questionnaire (GAD-7), a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-2), a stress perception scale (PSS-4), a simple coping scale (SCSQ) and a disease-uncertainty scale (PPUS). RESULTS: The total uncertainty score of parents of children with SWS was 79.07 ± 13.24, and the average item score was 2.82 ± 0.47. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that anxiety and simple coping were the main influencing factors of disease uncertainty among parents of children with SWS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Parents of children with SWS exhibit a high level of disease uncertainty. Medical staff should pay attention to the source of parents' disease uncertainty and provide targeted interventions, which are of great importance in reducing parents' disease uncertainty.

Combined Trabeculotomy-Non-Penetrating Deep Sclerectomy for Glaucoma in Sturge-Weber Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined trabeculotomy-non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (CTNS) in the treatment of Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) secondary glaucoma. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed cases that underwent CTNS as initial surgery for SWS secondary glaucoma at our Ophthalmology Department center from April 2019 to August 2020. Surgical success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 21 mm Hg with (qualified success) or without (complete success) the use of anti-glaucoma medications. IOP >21 mm Hg or <5 mm Hg despite 3 or more applications of anti-glaucoma medications on 2 consecutive follow-up visits or at the last follow-up, performance of additional glaucoma (IOP-lowering) surgery, or with vision-threatening complications were classified as failure. RESULTS: A total of 22 eyes of 21 patients were included. Twenty-one eyes were of early-onset type and 1 eye was of adulthood onset. For Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the overall success rates at 1st and 2nd years were 95.2% and 84.9%, while the complete success rates at 1st and 2nd years were 42.9% and 36.7%. At the last follow-up (22.3 ± 4.0 months, range: 11.2∼31.2), overall success was achieved in 19 (85.7%) eyes and complete success in 12 (52.4%) eyes. Postoperative complications included transient hyphema (11/22, 50.0%) and transient Ⅰ degree shallow anterior chamber (1/22, 4.5%), and retinal detachment (1/22, 4.5%). No other severe com plications were detected during the follow-up. CONCLUSION: CTNS significantly reduces IOP in SWS secondary glaucoma patients who have serious episcleral vascular malformation. CTNS in SWS secondary glaucoma patients is safe and effective for short and medium periods. A randomized controlled study comparing the long-term prognosis of SWS early-onset and late-onset glaucoma underwent CTNS is worth conducting.

The role of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cell analysis in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cell analysis (FR+-CTC analysis) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Clinical data of CRC patients and healthy subjects admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to October 2019 were retrospectively collected. CTC result and serological and pathological outcomes of the study patients were collected and analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn. RESULTS: The CTC levels of cancer patients (9.34 ± 3.53 FU/3 ml) were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects (7.00 ± 2.33 FU/3 ml). CTC levels could be related to cancer stage and metastasis in patients. ROC curves were drawn and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.702. The cutoff value was determined to be 8.87 FU/3 ml. At this cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity of FR+-CTC analysis in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer were 61.8% and 82.6%, respectively. The diagnostic efficiency of FR+-CTCs in advanced CRC was significantly higher than that in the early stage. And the cutoff value of early and advanced stage CRC was determined to be 9.66 FU/3 ml. CONCLUSION: FR+-CTC analysis has high potential in recurrence diagnosis and decision of adjuvant chemotherapy for CRC.

Postoperative Onset and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Surgically Resected Specimens From Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients With Pre/Asymptomatic COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiologic features and clinical courses of gastrointestinal cancer patients with pre/asymptomatic COVID-19 and to explore evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the surgically resected specimens. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The advisory of postponing or canceling elective surgeries escalated a worldwide debate regarding the safety and feasibility of performing elective surgical procedures during this pandemic. Limited data are available on gastrointestinal cancer patients with pre/asymptomatic COVID-19 undergoing surgery. METHODS: Clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Surgically resected specimens of the cases with confirmed COVID-19 were obtained to detect the expression of ACE2 and the presence of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients (male, 34) with a median age 62.5 years were enrolled. All the patients presented no respiratory symptoms or abnormalities on chest computed tomography before surgery. Six patients (11.5%) experienced symptom onset and were confirmed to be COVID-19. All were identified to be preoperatively pre/asymptomatic, as 5 were with SARS-CoV-2 presenting in cytoplasm of enterocytes or macrophages from the colorectal tissues and 1 had symptom onset immediately after surgery. The case fatality rate in patients with COVID-19 was 16.7%, much higher than those without COVID-19 (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal cancer patients with pre/asymptomatic COVID-19 were at high risk of postoperative onset and death. At current pandemic, elective surgery should be postponed or canceled. It highlights the need for investigating the full clinical spectrum and natural history of this infection. The early colorectal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 may have major implications on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

Choroidal alterations of Sturge-Weber syndrome secondary glaucoma and non-glaucoma port-wine stain patients distinguished by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the choroidal changes in Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) secondary glaucoma and non-glaucoma port-wine stain (PWS) patients by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS: SWS and PWS patients who were over 3 years old and treated or screened at our ophthalmology department were included in the study. Baseline demographics, EDI-OCT and fundus photography data were collected from all patients. RESULTS: Overall, 46 non-glaucoma PWS (NGPWS) patients and 35 SWS secondary glaucoma (SG) patients were included, with mean ages of 16.52 ± 13.63 and 13.94 ± 8.27 years, respectively (p > 0.05). Among these patients 2 exhibited bilateral PWS and unilateral glaucoma. Thus, the two eyes of each patient were divided into NGPWS and SG group, respectively. Twenty-one eyes had choroidal hemangiomas and 7 eyes had excessive thickening of the choroid without choroidal hemangiomas. Choroidal hemangiomas were only observed in ipsilateral eyes of SG patients. The choroidal thicknesses of the ipsilateral and fellow eyes of NGPWS patients were 358.10 ± 117.40 µm (45 eyes) and 288.20 ± 79.04 µm (41 eyes), respectively (p < 0.05). The choroidal thicknesses of the ipsilateral and fellow eyes of SG patients were 511.40 ± 242.10 µm (15 eyes) and 283.90 ± 92.27 µm (29 eyes), respectively (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the ipsilateral eyes of SWS and PWS patients (p < 0.05). Six of 13 eyes (46%) with choroidal hemangiomas exhibited post-operative posterior segment complications. CONCLUSIONS: NGPWS and SG patients had a thicker choroid in the ipsilateral eye. The trend was even more pronounced in SG patients. Choroidal hemangiomas were only found in the ipsilateral eyes of SG. In addition, choroidal hemangioma was a risk factor for post-operative posterior segment complications in SWS patients.

4-Phenylbutyric Acid Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Intestinal Epithelial Cell Apoptosis in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to determine whether intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) apoptosis could be induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), and the role of chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) in SAP-associated intestinal barrier injury. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham operation group, the SAP group, and the SAP model plus 4-PBA treatment group (4-PBA group). A rat model of SAP was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate (STC) into the biliopancreatic duct; in the 4-PBA group, 4-PBA was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight for 3 days before modeling. RESULTS: The results indicated that 4-PBA attenuated the following: (1) pancreas and intestinal pathological injuries, (2) serum TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, (3) serum DAO level, serum endotoxin level, (4) the apoptosis of IECs, (5) ER stress markers (caspase-12, CHOP, GRP78, PERK, IRE1α, ATF6) and caspase-3 expression in intestinal. However, the serum AMY, LIPA levels, and the expression of caspase-9, caspase-8 were just slightly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: ERS may be considered a predominant pathway, which is involved in the apoptosis of IECs during SAP. Furthermore, 4-PBA protects IECs against apoptosis in STC-induced SAP by attenuating the severity of ERS.

Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid prevents vital organ injury in rat acute pancreatitis.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) on vital organ injury following sodium taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats and the pertinent mechanism. The serum biochemical indicators and key inflammatory cytokines, histopathological damage and apoptosis of vital organs in rat AP, were evaluated in the presence or absence of 4-PBA. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) markers were assessed. 4-PBA significantly attenuated the structural and functional damage of vital organs, including serum pancreatic enzymes, hepatic enzymes, creatinine, and urea. The morphological changes and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were reduced as well. These effects were accompanied by decreased serum levels of proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-1ß. Furthermore, 4-PBA diminished the expression of ERS markers (glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activated transcription factor 6, and type-1 inositol requiring enzyme) in vital organs of AP rats. 4-PBA also reduced AP-induced apoptosis in lung, liver, and kidney tissues as shown by TUNEL assay. The present study demonstrated that 4-PBA protected pancreas, lung, liver, and kidney from injury in rat AP by regulating ERS and mitigating inflammatory response to restrain cell death and further suggested that 4-PBA may have potential therapeutic implications in the disease. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is an important player in the development of acute pancreatitis-induced multiorgan injury, providing additional evidence for the proinflammatory role of ERS. Because 4-phenylbutyric acid has been suggested to inhibit ERS in many pathological conditions, it is possible that this effect can be involved in alleviating inflammatory response and cell death to ameliorate vital organ damage following acute pancreatitis induced by sodium taurocholate in rats.

Serum thyroid hormones levels are significantly decreased in pregnant rats with acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP), which was thought to be a rare but severe disease, with a high perinatal mortality among maternal-fetuses. Our research aimed to study and assess thyroid injury in a rat model of APIP and its possible mechanisms. The APIP model was established by retrograde injection with sodium taurocholate. Sham-operated (SO) and APIP groups were performed at 3 time-points. Histological changes in the maternal thyroid and pancreas were assessed. The activities of serum amylase, lipase and levels of FT3, FT4, MDA, TNF-α and IL-1ß were detected in maternal rats, and the expression of MIF, ICAM-1 and CD68 in the maternal thyroids were determined. In this study, maternal thyroid injury as well as pancreas injury occurred in a time-dependent manner. The activities of serum amylase, lipase and levels of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1ß were markedly increased in acute pancreatitis rats, the levels of serum FT3 and FT4 were obviously decreased in APIP groups, and the expressions of MIF, ICAM-1 and CD68 were significantly increased in the thyroid of the APIP group. Ultrastructural thyroid injuries were observed in the APIP group. Our research suggests that thyroid injury is involved in the rat experimental model of APIP. The degree of thyroid dysfunction is associated with APIP, which may affect the prognosis of acute pancreatitis.

Comparison of T Helper Cell Patterns in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Normal-Pressure Glaucoma.

BACKGROUND HSP60-related immunological activities are found in normal-pressure glaucoma (NPG) patients, in whom an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) found in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is not observed. HSP60 was found in POAG and NPG patients, while anti-HSP60 level was mainly found to be higher in NPG patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the percentages of Th cells and levels of related cytokines, attempting to provide evidence to explain this discrepancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Blood samples from POAG, NPG, and normal control (NC) groups were collected and peripheral blood monocytes were isolated and cultured with or without the stimulation of HSP60. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess the percentages of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, as well as HSP60 antibody levels and related cytokine levels, before and after culture. RESULTS Significantly higher titers of anti-HSP60 were observed only in NPG patients. Comparable Th1 and Th2 cell frequencies, IL-4 level, and IFN-γ level were found in POAG and NPG patients, while higher Treg cell frequency was only found in POAG patients. After culturing with HSP60, increased Th2 frequencies and decreased Th1 frequencies were observed in the POAG, NPG, and NC groups, while increased Treg frequency was only identified in the POAG and NC groups. CONCLUSIONS Different Th cell patterns were observed among POAG, NPG, and NC groups. Lack of induction of Treg cells and imbalance of the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response patterns of Th cells exist in some NPG patients.

Helix B surface peptide attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy via AMPK-dependent autophagy.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin (EPO) has been reported to exert protective effects on a host of damaged tissues. However, the erythropoietic effect of this hormone can result in high risks of thrombosis, stroke, and hypertension, remarkably limiting the clinical use of EPO. Helix B surface peptide (HBSP) is a small peptide derived from the helix-B domain of EPO. Surprisingly, HBSP retains the tissue protective properties of EPO without altering the hematocrit. Thus, we evaluated the possible role of HBSP on diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injections of streptozocin (STZ). Mice were randomly treated with normal saline or HBSP. Cardiac function, fibrosis, apoptosis, and myocardial mitochondrial morphology were examined. For in vitro experiments, H9C2 myoblast cells were randomly grouped as normal glucose (NG, 5 mM), NG+HBSP (100 nM), high glucose (HG, 33 mM), HG+HBSP (100 nM), HG+HBSP+3-methyladenine (3-MA, 10 mM), HG+rapamycin (Rapa, 100 nM), and HG+HBSP+Compound C (CC, 10 mM). Autophagosomes, LC3 dots, apoptosis and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) of H9C2 cells were examined.The expressions of LC3, p62, p-AMPK (Thr172) and p-mTOR (Ser2448) were examined by Western blot. RESULTS: HBSP markedly improved cardiac function, attenuated cardiac interstitial fibrosis, inhibited myocardial apoptosis, and ameliorated mitochondrial ultrastructure in mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy. HG reduced autophagy in H9C2 cells. HBSP enhanced autophagy in HG-treated H9C2 cells. HBSP reduced the apoptosis index of HG-treated H9C2 cells. HBSP increased the MMP of HG-treated H9C2 cells. HBSP increased the levels of p-AMPK (Thr172), and reduced p-mTOR (Ser2448) in HG-treated H9C2 cells, and the increase of p-AMPK (Thr172) was accompanied by the stimulation of autophagy. Autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and AMPK inhibitor CC mitigated HBSP-induced beneficial effect, whereas autophagy inducer Rapa alleviated the HG-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: HBSP attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy via autophagy mediated by AMPK-dependent pathway. HBSP may be a potential therapeutic intervention for diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Melatonin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through Mst1/Sirt3 signaling.

This study investigated the effects of melatonin on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and determined the underlying mechanisms. Echocardiography indicated that melatonin notably mitigated the adverse left ventricle remodeling and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in DCM. The mechanisms were attributed to increased autophagy, reduced apoptosis, and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, melatonin inhibited Mst1 phosphorylation and promoted Sirt3 expression in DCM. These results indicated that melatonin may exert its effects through Mst1/Sirt3 signaling. To verify this hypothesis, a DCM model using Mst1 transgenic (Mst1 Tg) and Mst1 knockout (Mst1-/- ) mice was constructed. As expected, melatonin increased autophagy, reduced apoptosis and improved mitochondrial biogenesis in Mst1 Tg mice subjected to DCM injury, while it had no effects on Mst1-/- mice. In addition, cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were subjected to simulated diabetes to probe the mechanisms involved. Melatonin administration promoted autophagic flux as demonstrated by elevated LC3-II and lowered p62 expression in the presence of bafilomycin A1. The results suggest that melatonin alleviates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in DCM by upregulating autophagy, limiting apoptosis, and modulating mitochondrial integrity and biogenesis. The mechanisms are associated with Mst1/Sirt3 signaling.

Evaluation of preoperative speed of progression and its association with surgical outcomes in primary congenital glaucoma patients: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Surgeries are inevitable for treating primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and risk factors of surgical failure play a key role in surgical decision making. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of delay of surgery and preoperative speed of progression (SP) on the surgical outcomes in these patients. METHODS: Medical records of 83 eyes of 51 PCG patients with trabeculotomy within 3 years were retrospectively observed. Surgical outcomes, demographic and clinical data were compared after separating the eyes into two groups based on the interval (between onset of PCG and trabeculotomy) and SP index (SPI) respectively. Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Pearson's chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparative analysis showed better outcomes in the group with longer interval and lower SPIs. Better intraocular pressure (IOP) control was found in patients with lower SPI at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively (19.54 ± 4.84 mmHg vs. 24.75 ± 8.87 mmHg, p = 0.004; 19.88 ± 7.78 mmHg vs. 23.19 ± 6.74 mmHg, p = 0.089; 17.45 ± 6.23 mmHg vs. 21.31 ± 7.28 mmHg, p = 0.031; 15.09 ± 6.21 mmHg vs. 19.18 ± 6.66 mmHg, p = 0.008; 14.95 ± 2.95 mmHg vs. 18.10 ± 3.96 mmHg, p = 0.004). The correlation between SPI and IOP at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively was 0.328 (CI = 0.105 to 0.529, p = 0.005), 0.192 (CI = -0.070 to 0.429, p = 0.149), 0.261 (CI = 0.010 to 0.481, p = 0.042), 0.046 (CI = -0.183 to 0.270, p = 0.70), and 0.230 (CI = -0.072 to 0.493, p = 0.134), respectively. Patients with lower SPI were less likely to fail (χ2 = 22.71, p = 0.000, OR: 0.174; 95%CI: 0.059-0.510). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a much slower decline of success rate in patients with lower SPI (χ2 = 25.52, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: In PCG patients, lower preoperative SPI was associated with better short-term IOP control and success rate. Evaluation of preoperative SPI may help with surgical decision. However, early detection and treatment are important given the same SPI.

Soluble CD40 ligand promotes macrophage foam cell formation in the etiology of atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: High levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the circulation have been suggested as an important indicator of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. In the present study, we explored the role of sCD40L in the formation of foam cells. METHODS: Lipid deposition and foam cell formation was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and Nile Red staining, respectively. Gene expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The interaction between CD40 and sCD40L were blocked by CD40 small interfering RNA or anti-CD40 antibody. RESULTS: sCD40L significantly increased lipid deposition and foam cell formation associated with upregulation of scavenger receptor type A and CD36. Additionally, sCD40L increased adipocyte enhancer-binding protein 1 and cholesterol efflux, and activated NF-κB in macrophages. sCD40L promoted foam cell formation via CD40 ligation and disruption of the ligation between CD40 and CD40L either by small interfering RNA or by a blocking anti-CD40 antibody apparently inhibiting foam cell formation in response to sCD40L. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests a novel insight into the role of sCD40L in foam cell formation during atherosclerosis, which further confirms the importance of sCD40L in atherosclerosis and as a target for the treatment of this disease.

Pulsed magnetic field accelerate proliferation and migration of cardiac microvascular endothelial cells.

Heart failure is a disease with multifactorial causes. Recently it was established that reduction in vascular density promoted the progression from adaptive cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure, therefore, therapeutic angiogenesis may be a promising method for treating heart failure. Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) play a major role in cardiac angiogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the direct and indirect effect of pulsed magnetic field (PMF) on the proliferation and migration of CMECs. CMECs were isolated from adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat hearts. We found PMF with a frequency of 15 Hz and an intensity of 1.8 mT accelerated the proliferation and migration of CMECs and cardiac myocytes (CMs). Moreover, CMECs treated with PMF released 1.5-fold higher vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and 2-fold higher fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) when compared with PMF-free cells. In addition, CMs treated with PMF released twofold higher FGF-2 compared with PMF-free cells, but there was no change in VEGF levels. Those results suggested PMF has both a direct autocrine mitogenic and an indirect paracrine effect on CMECs proliferation and migration, and the effect of PMF on intercellular communication between CMECs and CMs was partially dependent on FGF-2, but independent on VEGF.