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Many studies have attempted to identify biological factors that reliably predict individual differences in women's preferences for masculine male faces. Marcinkowska et al. (2018, Hormones & Behavior) recently reported that women's (Nâ¯=â¯102) preferences for facial masculinity were predicted by the interaction between their relationship status (partnered versus unpartnered) and average progesterone level. Because previous findings for between-women differences in masculinity preferences have often not replicated well, we attempted to replicate Marcinkowska et al.'s result in an open data set from another recent study that had not tested this hypothesis (Jones et al., 2018, Psychological Science). In this sample of 316 women, we found that facial masculinity preferences were predicted by the interaction between women's relationship status and average progesterone level, consistent with Marcinkowska et al.'s results (data and analysis code are available at https://osf.io/q9szc). Together, these findings suggest that the combined effects of relationship status and average progesterone level may predict facial masculinity preferences relatively reliably.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Face , Relações Interpessoais , Masculinidade , Progesterona/análise , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Face/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa , Progesterona/metabolismo , Saliva/química , Saliva/metabolismo , Desejabilidade Social , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Ancestrally, strength is likely to have played a critical role in determining the ability to obtain and retain resources and the allocation of social status among humans. Responses to facial cues of strength are therefore thought to play an important role in human social interaction. Although many researchers have proposed that sexually dimorphic facial morphology is reliably correlated with physical strength, evidence for this hypothesis is somewhat mixed. Moreover, to date, only one study has investigated the putative relationship between facial masculinity and physical strength in women. Consequently, we tested for correlations between handgrip strength and objective measures of face-shape masculinity. METHODS: 531 women took part in the study. We measured each participant's handgrip strength (dominant hand). Sexual dimorphism of face shape was objectively measured from each face photograph using two methods: discriminant analysis and vector analysis. These methods use shape components derived from principal component analyses of facial landmarks to measure the probability of the face being classified as male (discriminant analysis method) or to locate the face on a female-male continuum (vector analysis method). RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that handgrip strength is, at best, only weakly correlated with facial masculinity in women. There was a weak significant association between handgrip strength and one measure of women's facial masculinity. The relationship between handgrip strength and our other measure of women's facial masculinity was not significant. DISCUSSION: Together, these results do not support the hypothesis that face-shape masculinity is an important cue of physical strength, at least in women.
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Face/anatomia & histologia , Força da Mão , Masculinidade , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Escócia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Although widely cited as strong evidence that sexual selection has shaped human facial-attractiveness judgments, findings suggesting that women's preferences for masculine characteristics in men's faces are related to women's hormonal status are equivocal and controversial. Consequently, we conducted the largest-ever longitudinal study of the hormonal correlates of women's preferences for facial masculinity ( N = 584). Analyses showed no compelling evidence that preferences for facial masculinity were related to changes in women's salivary steroid hormone levels. Furthermore, both within-subjects and between-subjects comparisons showed no evidence that oral contraceptive use decreased masculinity preferences. However, women generally preferred masculinized over feminized versions of men's faces, particularly when assessing men's attractiveness for short-term, rather than long-term, relationships. Our results do not support the hypothesized link between women's preferences for facial masculinity and their hormonal status.
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Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Masculinidade , Ciclo Menstrual/metabolismo , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Saliva , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Recent research on the signal value of masculine physical characteristics in men has focused on the possibility that such characteristics are valid cues of physical strength. However, evidence that sexually dimorphic vocal characteristics are correlated with physical strength is equivocal. Consequently, we undertook a further test for possible relationships between physical strength and masculine vocal characteristics. METHODS: We tested the putative relationships between White UK (N = 115) and Chinese (N = 106) participants' handgrip strength (a widely used proxy for general upper-body strength) and five sexually dimorphic acoustic properties of voices: fundamental frequency (F0), fundamental frequency's SD (F0-SD), formant dispersion (Df), formant position (Pf), and estimated vocal-tract length (VTL). RESULTS: Analyses revealed no clear evidence that stronger individuals had more masculine voices. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the hypothesis that masculine vocal characteristics are a valid cue of physical strength.
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Força da Mão , Caracteres Sexuais , Qualidade da Voz , Adulto , China/etnologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escócia/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Behaviors that minimize exposure to sources of pathogens can carry opportunity costs. Consequently, how individuals resolve the tradeoff between the benefits and costs of behavioral immune responses should be sensitive to the extent to which they are vulnerable to infectious diseases. However, although it is a strong prediction of this functional flexibility principle, there is little compelling evidence that individuals with stronger physiological immune responses show weaker behavioral immune responses. Here we show that men with the combination of high testosterone and low cortisol levels, a hormonal profile recently found to be associated with particularly strong physiological immune responses, show weaker preferences for color cues associated with carotenoid pigmentation. Since carotenoid cues are thought to index vulnerability to infectious illnesses, our results are consistent with the functional flexibility principle's prediction that individuals with stronger physiological immune responses show weaker behavioral immune responses.
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Comportamento de Escolha , Face , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Comportamento Sexual , Testosterona/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Comportamento/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Casamento/psicologia , Estimulação Luminosa , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Testosterona/sangue , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Studies of the sex-specificity of sexual arousal in adults (i.e., the tendency to respond more strongly to preferred-sex individuals than non-preferred sex individuals) have suggested that heterosexual men, homosexual men, and homosexual women show stronger sex-specific responses than do heterosexual women. Evidence for a similar pattern of results in studies investigating the reward value of faces is equivocal. Consequently, we investigated the effects of (1) sexual orientation (homosexual vs. heterosexual), (2) sex (male vs. female), (3) image sex (preferred-sex vs. non-preferred-sex), and (4) the physical attractiveness of the individual shown in the image on the reward value of faces. Participants were 130 heterosexual men, 130 homosexual men, 130 heterosexual women, and 130 homosexual women. The reward value of faces was assessed using a standard key-press task. Multilevel modeling of responses indicated that images of preferred-sex individuals were more rewarding than images of non-preferred-sex individuals and that this preferred-sex bias was particularly pronounced when more physically attractive faces were presented. These effects were not qualified by interactions involving either the sexual orientation or the sex of our participants, however, suggesting that the preferred-sex bias in the reward value of faces is similar in heterosexual men, homosexual men, heterosexual women, and homosexual women.
Assuntos
Beleza , Face , Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Homossexualidade Feminina/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Recompensa , Caracteres Sexuais , Adulto , Comportamento de Escolha , Feminino , Identidade de Gênero , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Although many theories of human facial attractiveness propose positive correlations between facial attractiveness and measures of actual health, evidence for such correlations is somewhat mixed. Here we sought to replicate a recent study reporting that women's facial attractiveness is independently related to both their adiposity and cortisol. METHODS: Ninety-six women provided saliva samples, which were analyzed for cortisol level, and their height and weight, which were used to calculate their body mass index (BMI). A digital face image of each woman was also taken under standardized photographic conditions and rated for attractiveness. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between women's facial attractiveness and BMI. By contrast, salivary cortisol and facial attractiveness were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the types of health information reflected in women's faces include qualities that are indexed by BMI but do not necessarily include qualities that are indexed by cortisol. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:352-355, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Beleza , Índice de Massa Corporal , Face/fisiologia , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Face/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Saliva/química , Escócia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Previous research suggests that women's motivation to appear attractive is increased around the time of ovulation. However, the specific hormonal correlates of within-woman changes in motivation to appear attractive have not been investigated. To address this issue, we used a longitudinal design and a data-driven visual preference task. We found that women's preference for attractive makeup increases when their salivary testosterone levels are high. The relationship between testosterone level and preference for attractive makeup was independent of estradiol level, progesterone level, and estradiol-to-progesterone ratio. These results suggest that testosterone may contribute to changes in women's motivation to wear attractive makeup and, potentially, their motivation to appear attractive in general. Our results are also consistent with recent models of the role of testosterone in social behavior, according to which testosterone increases the probability of behaviors that could function to support the acquisition of mates and competition for resources.
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"Baby schema" refers to infant characteristics, such as facial cues, that positively influence cuteness perceptions and trigger caregiving and protective behaviors in adults. Current models of hormonal regulation of parenting behaviors address how hormones may modulate protective behaviors and nurturance, but not how hormones may modulate responses to infant cuteness. To explore this issue, we investigated possible relationships between the reward value of infant facial cuteness and within-woman changes in testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels. Multilevel modeling of these data showed that infant cuteness was more rewarding when women's salivary testosterone levels were high. Moreover, this within-woman effect of testosterone was independent of the possible effects of estradiol and progesterone and was not simply a consequence of changes in women's cuteness perceptions. These results suggest that testosterone may modulate differential responses to infant facial cuteness, potentially revealing a new route through which testosterone shapes selective allocation of parental resources.
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Reconhecimento Facial/fisiologia , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Recompensa , Testosterona/fisiologia , Adulto , Beleza , Estradiol/metabolismo , Face/anatomia & histologia , Feminino , Humanos , Progesterona/metabolismo , Saliva/metabolismo , Testosterona/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The factors that contribute to individual differences in the reward value of cute infant facial characteristics are poorly understood. Here we show that the effect of cuteness on a behavioural measure of the reward value of infant faces is greater among women reporting strong maternal tendencies. By contrast, maternal tendencies did not predict women's subjective ratings of the cuteness of these infant faces. These results show, for the first time, that the reward value of infant facial cuteness is greater among women who report being more interested in interacting with infants, implicating maternal tendencies in individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness. Moreover, our results indicate that the relationship between maternal tendencies and the reward value of infant facial cuteness is not due to individual differences in women's ability to detect infant cuteness. This latter result suggests that individual differences in the reward value of infant cuteness are not simply a by-product of low-cost, functionless biases in the visual system.
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Face/anatomia & histologia , Julgamento/fisiologia , Comportamento Materno/psicologia , Motivação/fisiologia , Recompensa , Adulto , Beleza , Feminino , Humanos , Individualidade , LactenteRESUMO
Although many studies have reported that women's preferences for masculine physical characteristics in men change systematically during the menstrual cycle, the hormonal mechanisms underpinning these changes are currently poorly understood. Previous studies investigating the relationships between measured hormone levels and women's masculinity preferences tested only judgments of men's facial attractiveness. Results of these studies suggested that preferences for masculine characteristics in men's faces were related to either women's estradiol or testosterone levels. To investigate the hormonal correlates of within-woman variation in masculinity preferences further, here we measured 62 women's salivary estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone levels and their preferences for masculine characteristics in men's voices in five weekly test sessions. Multilevel modeling of these data showed that changes in salivary estradiol were the best predictor of changes in women's preferences for vocal masculinity. These results complement other recent research implicating estradiol in women's mate preferences, attention to courtship signals, sexual motivation, and sexual strategies, and are the first to link women's voice preferences directly to measured hormone levels.
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Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Comportamento de Escolha/fisiologia , Estradiol/metabolismo , Masculinidade , Saliva/metabolismo , Voz/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Face , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Progesterona/metabolismo , Comportamento Sexual/fisiologia , Parceiros Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The sex ratio of the local population influences mating-related behaviours in many species. Recent experiments show that male-biased sex ratios increase the amount of financial resources men will invest in potential mates, suggesting that sex ratios influence allocation of mating effort in humans. To investigate this issue further, we tested for effects of cues to the sex ratio of the local population on the motivational salience of attractiveness in own-sex and opposite-sex faces. We did this using an effort-based key-press task, in which the motivational salience of facial attractiveness was assessed in samples of faces in which the ratio of male to female images was manipulated. The motivational salience of attractive opposite-sex, but not own-sex, faces was greater in the own-sex-biased (high competition for mates) than in the opposite-sex-biased (low competition for mates) condition. Moreover, this effect was not modulated by participant sex. These results present new evidence that sex ratio influences human mating-related behaviours. They also present the first evidence that the perceived sex ratio of the local population may modulate allocation of mating effort in women, as well as men.
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Beleza , Face/anatomia & histologia , Motivação , Razão de Masculinidade , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Infant faces readily capture adult attention and elicit enhanced neural processing, likely due to their importance evolutionarily in facilitating bonds with caregivers. Facial malformations have been shown to impact early infant-caregiver interactions negatively. However, it remains unclear how such facial malformations may impact early visual processing. The current study used a combination of eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate adults' early visual processing of infant faces with cleft lip/palate as compared to normal infant faces, as well as the impact cleft palate has on perceived cuteness. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in early visual attention to the eye region for infants with cleft palate, while increased visual attention is registered on the mouth region. Increased neural processing of the cleft palate was evident at the N170 and LPP, suggesting differences in configural processing and affective responses to the faces. Infants with cleft palate were also rated significantly less cute than their healthy counterparts (mean difference = .73, p < .001). These results suggest that infants' faces with cleft lip/palate are processed differently at early visual perception. These processing differences may contribute to several important aspects of development (e.g., joint attention) and may play a vital role in the previously observed difficulties in mother-infant interactions.
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Fenda Labial , Fissura Palatina , Adulto , Lactente , Humanos , Face/anormalidades , Percepção Visual , Relações Mãe-FilhoRESUMO
Salivary steroid immunoassays are widely used in psychoneuroendocrinological studies of menstrual cycle phase, puberty, and menopause. Though manufacturers advertise their assays as suitable, they have not been rigorously validated for these purposes. We collated data from eight menstrual cycle studies across > 1200 female participants and > 9500 time points. Seven studies collected saliva and one collected serum. All assayed estradiol and progesterone and had an independent measure of cycle phase (LH-surge, menstrual onset). In serum, cycle phase measures strongly predicted steroid concentrations. In saliva, cycle phase poorly predicted estradiol values, which showed an upward bias compared to expectations from serum. For salivary progesterone, predictability from cycle phase was mixed, low for enzyme-linked assays and moderate for tandem mass spectrometry. Imputing the population-average serum steroid changes from cycle phase may yield more valid values of hormonal changes for an independent person than directly assessing their hormone levels using salivary immunoassays.
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Estradiol , Progesterona , Feminino , Humanos , Ciclo Menstrual , Menopausa , ImunoensaioRESUMO
Previous studies using thermal imaging have suggested that face and body temperature increase during periods of sexual arousal. Additionally, facial skin temperature changes are associated with other forms of emotional arousal, including fear and stress. This study investigated whether interpersonal social contact can elicit facial temperature changes. Study 1: infrared images were taken during a standardized interaction with a same- and opposite-sex experimenter using skin contact in a number of potentially high-intimate (face and chest) and low-intimate (arm and palm) locations. Facial skin temperatures significantly increased from baseline during the face and chest contact, and these temperature shifts were larger when contact was made by an opposite-sex experimenter. Study 2: the topography of facial temperature change was investigated in five regions: forehead, periorbital, nose, mouth and cheeks. Increased temperature in the periorbital, nose and mouth regions predicted overall facial temperature shifts to social contact. Our findings demonstrate skin temperature changes are a sensitive index of arousal during interpersonal interactions.
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Temperatura Alta , Temperatura Cutânea/fisiologia , Adulto , Nível de Alerta , Emoções , Face/fisiologia , Medo , Feminino , Humanos , Raios Infravermelhos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Comportamento Sexual , Pele , Espectrofotometria Infravermelho/métodos , Estresse Psicológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: Virtual exercise has become more common as emerging and converging technologies make active virtual reality games (AVRGs) a viable mode of exercise for health and fitness. Our lab has previously shown that AVRGs can elicit moderate to vigorous exercise intensities that meet recommended health benefit guidelines. Dissociative attentional focuses during AVRG gameplay have the potential to widen the gap between participants' perception of exertion and actual exertion. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine actual exertion (AEx) vs. perceived exertion (PEx) levels during AVRGs by measuring heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in two different settings. Materials and methods: HR and RPE were collected on participants (N = 32; age 22.6 ± 2.6) during 10 min of gameplay in LabS and GymS using the HTC VIVE with the following games played: Fruit Ninja VR (FNVR), Beat Saber (BS), and Holopoint (HP). Results: Participants exhibited significantly higher levels of AEx compared to reported PEx for all three AVRGs (Intensity): FNVR [AEx = 11.6 ± 1.8 (Light), PEx = 9.0 ± 2.0 (Very Light)], BS [AEx = 11.3 ± 1.7 (Light), PEx = 10.3 ± 2.1 (Very Light)], HP [AEx = 13.1 ± 2.3 (Somewhat Hard), PEx = 12.3 ± 2.4 (Light-Somewhat Hard)]. Additionally, participants playing in the GymS experienced significantly higher levels of AEx [12.4 ± 2.3 (Light-Somewhat Hard)] and PEx [10.8 ± 2.5 (Very Light-Light)] compared to the LabS [AEx = 11.6 ± 1.8 (Light), PEx = 10.3 ± 2.6 (Very Light-Light)]. Conclusion: Perceptions of exertion may be lower than actual exertion during AVRG gameplay, and exertion levels can be influenced by the setting in which AVRGs are played. This may inform VR developers and health clinicians who aim to incorporate exercise/fitness regimens into upcoming 'virtual worlds' currently being developed at large scales (i.e., the "metaverse").
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Mate preferences and mating-related behaviours are hypothesised to change over the menstrual cycle to increase reproductive fitness. Recent large-scale studies suggest that previously reported hormone-linked behavioural changes are not robust. The proposal that women's preference for associating with male kin is down-regulated during the ovulatory (high-fertility) phase of the menstrual cycle to reduce inbreeding has not been tested in large samples. Consequently, we investigated the relationship between longitudinal changes in women's steroid hormone levels and their perceptions of faces experimentally manipulated to possess kinship cues (Study 1). Women viewed faces displaying kinship cues as more attractive and trustworthy, but this effect was not related to hormonal proxies of conception risk. Study 2 employed a daily diary approach and found no evidence that women spent less time with kin generally or with male kin specifically during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Thus, neither study found evidence that inbreeding avoidance is up-regulated during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Partial trisomy 9q involving the duplication of band 9q22 is manifested by a constellation of symptoms including short stature, intellectual disability, microcephaly, pyloric stenosis, facial dysmorphism, and various defects of the heart, distal extremities, eyes, thyroid, and esophagus. In three family members with growth retardation, mild intellectual disability, and mild facial dysmorphism, array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses showed a familial microduplication at 9q22.3. On the basis of the described functions of the duplicated genes, PTCH1 represents a candidate gene that may be responsible for the phenotypic findings, although the 14 other genes in this duplicated segment may also contribute to the phenotype. The current report provides evidence to support a specific phenotype associated with a 9q22.3 microduplication and confirm localization of a subset of the trisomy 9q phenotype to this chromosomal region.
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Anormalidades Múltiplas/patologia , Transtornos Cromossômicos/patologia , Duplicação Cromossômica/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 9/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/patologia , Fenótipo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Receptores Patched , Receptor Patched-1RESUMO
Over the past 10 years, Oosterhof and Todorov's valence-dominance model has emerged as the most prominent account of how people evaluate faces on social dimensions. In this model, two dimensions (valence and dominance) underpin social judgements of faces. Because this model has primarily been developed and tested in Western regions, it is unclear whether these findings apply to other regions. We addressed this question by replicating Oosterhof and Todorov's methodology across 11 world regions, 41 countries and 11,570 participants. When we used Oosterhof and Todorov's original analysis strategy, the valence-dominance model generalized across regions. When we used an alternative methodology to allow for correlated dimensions, we observed much less generalization. Collectively, these results suggest that, while the valence-dominance model generalizes very well across regions when dimensions are forced to be orthogonal, regional differences are revealed when we use different extraction methods and correlate and rotate the dimension reduction solution. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 5 November 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7611443.v1 .
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Percepção Social/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Comparação Transcultural , Emoções , Expressão Facial , Humanos , Julgamento , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Percepção Social/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We report on a de novo constitutional deletion within G-band region 19p13.3 in a girl with cutis aplasia of the scalp, facial anomalies, structural heart abnormalities, hypotonia, mild mental retardation and conductive hearing loss which we characterized with chromosomal microarray, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and SNP analyses. Initial microarray analysis revealed a 6-BAC-clone deletion covering an approximately 1.612 Mb region within 19p13.3. Subsequent BAC FISH studies delineated the proximal deletion breakpoint to within BAC clone RP11-125C3 and the distal deletion breakpoint to within BAC clone RP11-648B14. SNP analysis showed the deletion to be of paternal origin and further refined its distal breakpoint to within a 20 kb region between rs11666694 and novel SNP2 that we identified at g.2,924,845, and its proximal deletion breakpoint to within a 22 kb region between rs35280644 and rs262562. Accordingly, the size of the deletion was revised to 1.89-1.932 Mb in length. We identified many Alu, L1, and L2 repeats, as well as SINE and LINE sequences at both deletion breakpoints. We found the deletion to encompass 71 genes, two of which appear to be good candidates for the patient's observed craniofacial and cardiac anomalies: guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 11 (Gq class)(GNA11), and Transducin-like Enhancer of Split 2 (E(sp1) homolog, Drosophila)(TLE2).