RESUMO
Mental simulations of positive future events increase their detail/vividness and plausibility, with effects on cognitive-affective processes such as anticipated and anticipatory pleasure. More recently, spatial details have been distinguished as important in increasing detail and elaborating mental scene construction. Building on this research, this study (N = 54; M age = 26.9) compared simulations of positive, self-relevant future events spatial details (i.e. people, objects, sequences of actions) with simulations focused on content details. Cross-sectionally at baseline, spatial details uniquely predicted phenomenological characteristics of future events, including anticipatory pleasure. The guided simulations increased detail and vividness, mental imagery, and pre-experiencing in both conditions. The content simulation condition did not increase content details relative to the spatial simulation condition, however, the inverse was true. Relatedly, overall detail and vividness were higher in the spatial condition, as was perceived control. The findings are discussed in relation to future thinking and mental health.
Assuntos
Imaginação , Memória Episódica , Humanos , Adulto , Pensamento , Rememoração Mental , PrazerRESUMO
Episodic specificity inductions, involving brief training in recollecting episodic details, have been shown to improve subsequent performance on tasks involving remembering the past, imagining the future and problem solving. The current study examined if specificity inductions targeting self-referential past or future episodic thinking would have dissociable effects on generating past and future episodic detail and problem solving. Sixty-three participants were randomised to either a past self-referential or future self-referential episodic induction. All participants also completed a control task. Participants randomised to the self-referential future thinking induction generated more episodic details on past and future narrative tasks compared to a control task, whereas participants randomised to a self-referential past thinking induction showed similar performance to the control task. When examining within-group performance of participants randomised to the past or future induction, we found some evidence of dissociable effects of inductions on narrative generation tasks, but not on problem solving outcomes. Our findings suggest that self-referential inductions may be useful for increasing episodic specificity, but that the temporal distance and direction of the induction matters. We discuss our results in the context of the potential clinical utility of this approach for populations vulnerable to autobiographical memory disruption.
Assuntos
Imaginação , Memória Episódica , Humanos , Rememoração Mental , Resolução de ProblemasRESUMO
Impairments in retrieving event-level, specific autobiographical memories, termed overgeneral memory (OGM), are recognised as a feature of clinical depression. A previous meta-analytic review assessing how OGM predicts the course of subsequent depressive symptoms showed small effects for correlations and regression analyses when baseline depressive symptoms were controlled for. We aimed to update this study and examine whether their findings replicate given the decade of research that has been published since. A systematic literature review using the same eligibility criteria as the previous meta-analysis led to a doubling of eligible studies (32 v. 15). The results provided more precise estimates of effect sizes, and largely support the finding that OGM predicts the course of depressive symptoms. The effects were generally small, but significantly larger among clinical samples, compared to studies with non-clinical samples. There was some evidence that higher age was associated with stronger effects, and longer follow-up was associated with weaker effects. The findings on other moderating variables that were analysed were mixed. Continued research into this modifiable cognitive process may help to provide an avenue to better understand and treat highly prevalent and impactful depressive disorders.
Assuntos
Depressão/psicologia , Memória Episódica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração MentalRESUMO
Overgeneral memory (OGM) refers to the failure to recall memories of specific personally experienced events, which occurs in various psychiatric disorders. One pathway through which OGM is theorized to develop is the avoidance of thinking of negative experiences, whereby cumulative avoidance may maladaptively generalize to autobiographical memory (AM) more broadly. We tested this, predicting that negative experiences would interact with avoidance to predict AM specificity. In Study 1 (N = 281), negative life events (over six months) and daily hassles (over one month) were not related to AM specificity, nor was avoidance, and no interaction was found. In Study 2 (N = 318), we revised our measurements and used an increased timeframe of 12 months for both negative life events and daily hassles. The results showed no interaction effect for negative life events, but they did show an interaction for daily hassles, whereby increased hassles and higher avoidance of thinking about them were associated with reduced AM specificity, independent of general cognitive avoidance and depressive symptoms. No evidence was found that cognitive avoidance or AM specificity moderated the effect of negative experiences on depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that life events over 6-12 months are not associated with AM specificity, but chronic daily hassles over 12 months predict reduced AM specificity when individuals avoid thinking about them. The findings provide evidence for the functional-avoidance hypothesis of OGM development and future directions for longitudinal studies.
Assuntos
Depressão/fisiopatologia , Memória Episódica , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been considered for use in the dairy industry to aid in dry-off procedures because of their ability to delay the onset of lactation. Fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; FLX) is an agent that has been shown to delay the onset of lactogenesis stage II when taken during pregnancy and lactation in women. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether ewes would be an appropriate model to evaluate the effects of FLX on milk production at weaning. In the first experiment, 12 Suffolk cross ewes (body weight = 83.4 ± 12.2 kg; body condition score = 2.1 ± 0.4) in late lactation were assigned to treatments of 0 (control), 40, or 80 mg of FLX. They were given a single subcutaneous injection with the appropriate level of FLX mixed with propylene glycol at 0700 h on approximately d 78 of lactation (the day lambs were removed). In the second experiment, 18 Suffolk cross ewes (body condition score = 1.8 ± 0.3) from a previous lactation study were selected in late lactation. On approximately d 66 following parturition, weaning was initiated and ewes received a single oral bolus treatment (0, 80, or 160 mg of FLX). Treatment was administered using gelatin capsules containing the appropriate dose of FLX. For both experiments, milk production was estimated: in experiment 1 on d 0 (before treatment), 1, 2, and 3 (after treatment) at 0800 and 1100 h, and in experiment 2 on d 0, 1, and 2 following treatment at 0800 or 1100 h. Milk production was measured over a 3-h period. We observed no treatment differences or day effects on milk production in either experiment. In experiments 1 and 2, as the dose of FLX increased, milk production decreased linearly. Serum lactose concentrations were depressed in ewes treated with FLX in experiment 1 but similar across treatments in experiment 2. Overall, FLX depressed milk production in ewes; therefore, there is potential to use FLX as a dry-off agent in the dairy industry.
Assuntos
Fluoxetina/administração & dosagem , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Leite/metabolismo , Gravidez , Ovinos/fisiologia , DesmameRESUMO
Our memories for past personally experienced autobiographical events play an important role in therapy, irrespective of presenting issue, diagnoses or therapeutic modality. Here, we summarise evidence for how autobiographical memory abilities can influence our mental health and the relevance of this for the treatment of mental health problems. We then guide the reader through principles and strategies for optimising autobiographical memory within treatment. We ground these recommendations within research for stand-alone interventions for improving autobiographical memory and from studies of how to support the formation and retrieval of therapeutic memories. Options are given for clinicians to guide clients in improving retrieval of autobiographical memories within treatment, for improving autobiographical memory for the therapeutic experience itself, and for creating improvements in autobiographical memory that endure post-treatment. We also provide worksheets for clinicians to use within treatment.
Assuntos
Memória Episódica , Humanos , Rememoração Mental , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Psicoterapia/métodosRESUMO
This cluster randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of Positive Events Training (PET), a combined group training aimed at simultaneously improving positive autobiographical memory (AM) and episodic future thinking (EFT) among adolescents (12-16 years). Delivered as a universal school-based program, PET was compared with an active (creative writing) control group (CREAT). Effects on resilience, wellbeing, positive emotions, emotional response styles towards positive emotions (savoring, dampening), anhedonia, depressive symptoms, and multiple AM and EFT indices were examined. Adolescents (NPET = 95, NCREAT = 93) completed self-report scales at baseline, post-training and two-month follow-up. Multilevel models revealed that PET led to significant improvements in certain AM and EFT skills. Moreover, a decrease in anhedonia was observed at post-training. However, this effect did not withstand correction for multiple testing. Absence of changes in the other outcomes should be interpreted within the context of the universal school-based approach and the potential limited scope for detectable changes. Exploratory analyses suggest the importance of further investigating PET's potential in addressing positive affect dysregulations in indicated samples, and exploring perceived likelihood of generated future events and dampening as potential underlying mechanisms. Study limitations and future directions to maximize the demonstrated potential of PET are discussed.
Assuntos
Memória Episódica , Saúde Mental , Instituições Acadêmicas , Humanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Resiliência Psicológica , Depressão/psicologia , Depressão/terapia , Anedonia , Afeto , Pensamento , EmoçõesRESUMO
Despite the established effectiveness of reminiscence-based interventions for depression, little research exists into the pathways through which specific reminiscence functions are related to depressive symptoms. Drawing on theory of the mechanisms of change in cognitive-reminiscence therapy, the current study tests the hypothesised indirect associations of adaptive integrative and instrumental reminiscence functions with depressive symptoms and whether these relationships might differ among younger and older adults. Questionnaires were completed by a large community sample of the Australian population. Multiple mediation models were tested in two groups: younger adults (n = 730, M age = 52.24, SD=9.84) and older adults (n = 725, M age= 73.59, SD=6.29). Results were consistent across age groups, indicating that there was direct relationship between these reminiscence functions and depressive symptoms, but that integrative reminiscence is indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through meaning in life, self-esteem, and optimism, and that instrumental reminiscence is indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through primary control and self-efficacy. This study provides support for the relationships between constructs underlying the proposed mechanisms of change in cognitive-reminiscence therapy for the treatment of depression, and suggests these relationships are similar for younger and older adults.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Transtorno Depressivo/psicologia , Memória Episódica , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Masculino , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Psicológicos , Autoimagem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Disclosure of suicidal ideation and behaviours, defined as thoughts, plans, or attempts, to other people provides opportunity for intervention and prevention. This study is the first to meta-analyze all available studies to estimate the prevalence of disclosure, to whom people disclose, and examine factors that influence disclosure. Databases were searched for studies reporting samples of people who had experienced suicidal ideation or behaviours (including those who had died by suicide) and whether they had disclosed this. Almost 100 studies (k = 94, N participants = 1,044,629) were included in the overall prevalance analysis. The results showed less than half of people disclosed suicidal ideation or behaviour: 45.9% (95%CI 41.9-49.9%, PI 12.3-81.8%; k = 94). High heterogeneity, common to prevalence studies, was found (Q[93] = 130,584, p < .001; I2 = 99.9%). No publication bias was detected. Removing outliers did not change the prevalence estimate, but provided tighter prediction intervals: 45.6% (95%CI 43.4-47.9%, PI 35.8-55.7%; k = 33). Disclosure was related to higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, female gender, and a longer timeframe of suicidal ideation or behaviour. Prevalence of disclosure was lower among people who died by suicide, relative to community samples, and lower when reported verbally rather than written online. Disclosure, and proportions of disclosures, to family members, was numerically higher than to friends or professionals, but could not be directly compared. In conclusion, between 50 and 60% of people do not disclose their suicidal ideation and behaviours to other people, and therefore remain unidentified and potentially untreated.
Assuntos
Ideação Suicida , Suicídio , Humanos , Feminino , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Revelação , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The Internet Addiction Test is a widely used assessment of symptoms of internet addiction. Although originally proposed as assessing different components of internet addiction, research has been mixed in terms of its factor structure. This study is the first to examine the psychometric properties of the IAT in an Indian population. A large sample (N = 2700) of Indians living in the Southern city of India were recruited door-to-door and completed the IAT and other validity measures. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (n = 1375) indicated a one-factor structure, with 13 items measuring symptoms of internet addiction. This short-form IAT showed construct and convergent validity by correlating with higher daily internet use, higher scores on measures of problematic internet gaming, social media use, and smartphone use, and functional impact. In Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (n = 1375) indicted this one-factor structure was a good fit to the data, and the correlations with validity measures were replicated. This short-form IAT appears to be valid as a measure of one underlying factor of problematic internet use in young Indian adults.
Assuntos
Transtorno de Adição à Internet , Inquéritos e Questionários , Análise Fatorial , Humanos , Índia , Transtorno de Adição à Internet/diagnóstico , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Our hypothesis was that maternal nutrient restriction would negatively impact the endocrine and metabolic status of the pregnant cow, therefore influencing the mammary gland in preparation for lactation. We further hypothesized that earlier timing of realimentation could prevent negative impacts of nutrient restriction. The objectives were to investigate the influence of nutrient restriction and realimentation during early to late gestation on endocrine profile, umbilical hemodynamics, and mammary gland development and hemodynamics in pregnant beef cows. In Experiment 1, on d 30 of pregnancy cows (initial BW = 667.5 ± 13.4 kg, BCS = 6.2 ± 0.1) were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) 100% NRC requirements from d 30 to 254 of gestation (CCC; n = 6); 2) 60% NRC from d 30 to 85, thereafter being re-alimented to 100% NRC to d 254 (RCC; n = 5); 3) or receive 60% NRC from d 30 to 140, thereafter being re-alimented to 100% NRC to d 254 (RRC; n = 6). Cows were returned to a common outdoor facility for calving thereafter and were fed ad libitum. In Experiment 2, on d 30 of pregnancy, cows (initial BW = 620.5 ± 11.3 kg, BCS = 5.1 ± 0.1) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments including: control (CON; 100% NRC; n = 18) and nutrient restriction (RES; 60% NRC; n = 30). On d 85 of pregnancy, cows were either slaughtered (CON, n = 6 and RES, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12) treatments, or were realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On d 140 of pregnancy, cows were either slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5), or were realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On d 254 of pregnancy, all remaining cows were slaughtered (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5; RRC, n = 6). Mammary hemodynamics and endocrine profile were measured. Serum urea nitrogen, NEFA, as well as fetal parameters were measured in Experiment 1; whereas in Experiment 2, mammary gland development was recorded. In Experiment 1, RRC cows had lower dry matter intake (P = 0.001) and consequently lower BW change (P = 0.06). However, maternal nutrition did not alter mammary hemodynamics, hormonal patterns, and fetal characteristics (P > 0.11). In Experiment 2, CCC cows had increased (P = 0.02) mammary gland blood flow ipsilateral to the gravid horn as well as greater (P = 0.02) mammary gland fat on d 254. Nevertheless, plane of nutrition did not alter hormonal concentrations nor mammary gland characteristics (P > 0.15). These data indicate that nutrient restriction did not alter mammary hemodynamics nor endocrine profile throughout gestation.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais , Doenças dos Bovinos , Neoplasias Renais , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Carcinoma de Células Renais/veterinária , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Neoplasias Renais/veterinária , Nutrientes , GravidezRESUMO
Given modest response and high relapse after treatment for Major Depressive Episodes (MDE), the development and refinement of treatments to target cognitive vulnerabilities is indicated. Memory Specificity Training (MeST) remediates deficits in recalling detailed memories of past experiences through repeated practice of autobiographical memory retrieval. This randomised controlled trial aimed to assess the efficacy of an online, computerized version of MeST (c-MeST) for MDE. Adults (N = 245, 88.4% female; M age = 46.4) with a current MDE were randomised to the c-MeST program or wait-list control group. Significantly fewer participants in the c-MeST group, relative to control, met criteria for an MDE at one-month follow-up (35.7% c-MeST vs. 60.6% control), but not at other time-points. The c-MeST group, relative to the control group, scored significantly higher on memory specificity at all time-points following baseline (d = 0.53-0.93), and lower on depressive symptoms at one (d = 0.57) and three-month follow-up (d = 0.67). Changes in memory specificity mediated the effect of c-MeST on depressive symptoms at follow-up. c-MeST can improve memory specificity and depressive symptoms in people with an MDE, and may speed the rate of recovery. Future studies can further examine the mechanisms through which this occurs.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Memória Episódica , Adulto , Depressão , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The effects of supplemented protein level (PL) during the periconceptional period and their interaction with body condition were evaluated in sheep. Multiparous Rambouillet ewes (n = 12) received two PL of rumen undegradable protein (UIP) during a 30-day pre-mating and 15-day post-mating period: low [LPL, 24% crude protein (CP), 14 g UIP and 36 g/CP animal/day] and high [HPL, 44% CP, 30 g UIP and 50 g/CP animal/day]. While ovulation rate (OR) did not differ between treatments (1.6 +/- 0.5, mean +/- SEM), a lower fertility rate, a decreased embryo number and a reduced uterine pH (UpH) was observed in the HPL group (p < 0.05), irrespective of BC. Luteal tissue weight, volume and progesterone secretion did not differ among treatments. Sheep with lower UpH also had lower conceptus weight (Cwt; p < 0.05, r = 0.65) and conceptuses with lower mass tended to secrete less INF-tau and IGF-1, and the correspondent endometrial explants had a higher basal PGF(2alpha) release. Current study indicates that high protein diets during the periconceptional period in sheep modify uterine and embryonic relationships, increasing early pregnancy losses and inducing embryo growth retardation. Surviving embryos were affected by weight reductions, which could compromise later foetal growth and birth weight. Results evidence the key role of a balanced diet in reproductive success and indicate that the quality and nutrient composition of the maternal diet are essential for an adequate establishment of pregnancy, having paramount effects on the interplay of the embryo and the uterus.
Assuntos
Aborto Animal/etiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Proteínas Alimentares/farmacologia , Prenhez , Ovinos/embriologia , Animais , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/induzido quimicamente , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/veterinária , Gravidez , Ovinos/fisiologia , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/fisiologiaRESUMO
Progesterone (P4)-impregnated intravaginal controlled internal drug-releasing devices (CIDRs) have been used worldwide for estrus synchronization in ruminants. CIDRs serve to place all treated animals in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. The objectives of this study were to compare P4 concentrations in milk from normal reproductively cycling, CIDR-treated, and pregnant goats. CIDRs were placed in treatment goats on day 0 and removed on day 19. Milk was collected daily from day 0 to day 21 from control and CIDR-treated goats and for 5 consecutive days between 40 and 60 days of gestation from pregnant does. Milk P4 was plotted against time (in days) for each individual, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as an estimate of total milk P4. The AUC(day 0-21) for control and CIDR-treated goats were 29.5 ± 11.9 and 33.7 ± 6.6 d·ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.77). The highest single-day and highest 5-day average P4 values for each animal were also compared among groups. Single-day peak P4 levels were 4.8 ± 1.5, 4.0 ± 1.0, and 6.0 ± 0.4 ng/mL for control, CIDR-treated, and pregnant goats (P = 0.42). The highest 5-day average P4 concentrations were 3.6 ± 1.3, 2.9 ± 1.8, and 4.2 ± 0.3 for control, CIDR-treated, and pregnant goats (P = 0.56). The results of this study show that intravaginal P4 CIDR devices inserted for 19 days in healthy goats resulted in milk P4 levels similar to or less than those endogenously produced during diestrus or pregnancy.
Assuntos
Cabras/metabolismo , Leite/química , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Animais , Implantes de Medicamento , Resíduos de Drogas/análise , Estro/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Progesterona/análise , Progesterona/farmacocinética , Radioimunoensaio/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Characteristic of the cardinal symptom of anhedonia, people with clinical depression report lower levels of anticipatory pleasure. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying these deficits are poorly understood. This is the first study to assess whether, and to what extent, phenomenological characteristics of episodic future thinking for positive future events are associated with anticipatory pleasure among depressed individuals. METHODS: Individuals with a Major Depressive Episode (MDE; Nâ¯=â¯117) and without (Nâ¯=â¯47) completed ratings scales for depressive symptoms and trait anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. They then provided descriptions of personally-relevant positive future events and rated them for phenomenological characteristics and state anticipatory pleasure. RESULTS: Between-groups analysis showed that those with MDE reported lower trait anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. They also simulated future events with less specificity, less detail/vividness, less use of mental imagery, less use of first-person perspective, less plausibility/perceived likelihood of occurring, and reported less associated state anticipatory pleasure. In regression analyses in the depressed group, lower scores for detail/vividness, mental imagery, and personal significance all uniquely predicted lower state anticipatory pleasure. LIMITATIONS: Cognitive functioning was not assessed, which may help clarify deficits that underpin these findings. History of previous depressive episodes in the comparison group were not assessed, which may mean the observed between-group effects are underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence of deficits in episodic future thinking and anticipatory pleasure in depressed individuals. It also establishes links between particular characteristics of episodic future thinking and state anticipatory pleasure, and indicates cognitive targets that may be amenable to intervention in order to reduce anhedonia.
Assuntos
Antecipação Psicológica , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Adulto , Anedonia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prazer , Psicologia do EsquizofrênicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Youth depression is highly prevalent and is related to impairments in academic, social and behavioural functioning. Evidence-based treatments are available, but many young people do not respond or sufficiently recover with first-line options, and a significant proportion experience relapse. Consequently, there is clear scope to enhance intervention in this critical period of early-onset depression. Memory specificity training (MeST) is a low-intensity intervention for depression that targets reduced specificity when recalling memories of the past, a common cognitive vulnerability in depression. This randomised controlled trial will assess the efficacy of adding a computerised version of MeST (c-MeST) to usual care for youth depression. METHODS/DESIGN: Young people aged 15-25 years with a major depressive episode (MDE) will be recruited and randomised to have immediate access to the seven session online c-MeST program in addition to usual care, or to usual care and wait-list for c-MeST. The primary outcomes will be diagnostic status of an MDE and self-reported depressive symptoms assessed at baseline, 1-, 3- and 6-month intervals. Autobiographical memory specificity and other variables thought to contribute to the maintenance of reduced memory specificity and depression will be assessed as mediators of change. DISCUSSION: Online provision of c-MeST provides a simple, low-intensity option for targeting a cognitive vulnerability that predicts the persistence of depressive symptoms. If found to be efficacious as an adjunct to usual care for depressed youth, it could be suitable for broader roll-out, as c-MeST is highly accessible and implementation requires only minimal resources due to the online and automated nature of intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12619000234112p. Registered on the 18 February 2019. All items from the WHO Trial Registration Data Set can be found within the protocol. PROTOCOL VERSION: 1.0.
Assuntos
Cognição/fisiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Educação/métodos , Testes de Memória e Aprendizagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Austrália/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Computadores , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Humanos , Intervenção Baseada em Internet , Memória Episódica , Saúde Mental/normas , Prevalência , Recidiva , Autorrelato , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A range of psychiatric disorders are characterised by impairments in episodic future thinking (EFT), and particularly simulating specific, spatiotemporally-located future events. No study has examined whether training can lead to sustained improvement in specific EFT. In this study, participants (N = 60; M age = 31, SD = 13.2) were randomized to a two-session, group-based future thinking program (Future Specificity Training; FeST) or wait-list. At follow-up the training group, relative to wait-list, showed large, statistically-significant improvements in the ability to mentally simulate specific EFT (d = .82), increases in detail (d = 1.32), use of mental imagery (d = 1.32), anticipated (d = 1.78) and anticipatory pleasure (d = 1.07), perceived control (d = 1.20), and likelihood of occurrence (d = 1.09). Some effects were also observed on positive, generalised future self-states. In the context of inherent limitations of subjective reporting in trials, this study provides evidence that EFT specificity can be enhanced, and the effects of FeST indicate a possible avenue to disrupt psychopathological processes.
Assuntos
Antecipação Psicológica , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Previsões , Imaginação , Prazer , Pensamento , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ansiedade/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Depressão/psicologia , Função Executiva , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The effect of beta-carotene supplementation upon luteal activity, measured as number (CLT) and volume (VLT) of corpus luteum, and P4 synthesis in goats, was evaluated. Goats (n = 22, 34 months) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: (i) beta-carotene [Beta, n = 10; body weight (BW = 44.8 +/- 1.45 kg), body condition score (BCS = 3.25 +/- 0.07)], and (ii) Control (Control, n = 12; BW = 45.30 +/- 1.32 kg, BCS = 3.33 +/- 0.06). Upon oestrus synchronization, the Beta group received 50 mg of beta-carotene per day during 35 days pre- and 17 days post-ovulation. The day 4, 8, 12 and 16 post-ovulation, blood samples were collected for quantification of serum P4 concentrations by radioimmmunoassay, and transrectal ultrasonographic scanning was performed at day 18 for evaluating CLT and VLT. Overall, CLT and VLT mean were 3.10 and 2211.1 mm(3) respectively. The Beta-goats depicted both the largest values for CLT (p = 0.07) and serum P4 levels (p = 0.05), with no differences (p = 0.53) for VLT between treatments. Results suggest a higher efficiency within the cellular-enzymatic groups defining the steroidogenic pathways in the beta-carotene-supplemented goats, generating a larger P4 synthesis. The last is essential for ovulation of healthy oocytes, maintenance of uterine quiescence, nourishment and survival of the embryo around implantation; all of them of paramount significance during the maternal recognition of pregnancy process.
Assuntos
Corpo Lúteo/efeitos dos fármacos , Progesterona/biossíntese , beta Caroteno/administração & dosagem , beta Caroteno/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Esquema de Medicação , Sincronização do Estro , Feminino , Cabras , GravidezRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Impairments in the specificity of autobiographical memory (AM) and future thinking are associated with a range of affective and psychopathological states, however, whether these deficits also occur in the context of state anxiety is not well known. We examined the effects of increasing state anxiety on the specificity of AM and future thoughts, as well as whether changes in rumination and executive functioning mediate any observed effects. METHODS: Sixty-four participants (M ageâ¯=â¯29.1, SDâ¯=â¯11.5) were randomized to either an anxiety or neutral mood induction and completed pre and post-measures of the constructs of interest. RESULTS: There were significant decreases observed in AM specificity in the anxiety induction group, relative to the neutral group. No changes were observed for future thinking specificity. Rumination was increased as a result of the anxiety induction, but only a non-significant trend was observed with respect to its association with changes in AM and future thinking specificity. Verbal fluency and working memory were not affected by the induction. LIMITATIONS: Physiological measures of anxiety were not used. State anxiety, although increased, was not high in severity. Future research might use a clinical sample to assess generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Although preliminary, these findings provide first evidence of the causal impact of an anxiety induction on the ability to retrieve specific AM.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Memória Episódica , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Ruminação Cognitiva/fisiologia , Pensamento/fisiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Effects of rumen undegradable intake protein (UIP) supplementation on ovarian activity and serum insulin, GH, and LH were evaluated in goats having low or high body condition (BC). Goats with either low BC (n=16, 28.7+/-0.8 kg BW, BC=2.1+/-0.3) or high BC (n=16, 38.4+/-0.8 kg, BC=3.2+/-0.3) received, during 40-days, one of the two protein supplementation levels: without UIP or with UIP (120 g goat(-1)d(-1)). Oestrus was synchronized with two i.m. doses of PGF(2alpha), and jugular blood samples were collected from 36 to 42 h after the second prostaglandin injection at 15 min intervals. Serum concentrations of insulin, LH, and GH were measured The number of preovulatory follicles and the number of corpora lutea (CL) were evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography at 1 and 4 days after the second prostaglandin dose, respectively. Does with higher BC had more CL than those in the lower condition group (2.8+/-0.2 versus 1.8+/-0.2, P<0.05). Similarly, goats receiving UIP supplementation had more follicles (2.6+/-0.2 versus 1.9+/-0.2, P<0.05) and tended to have more CL (2.6+/-0.2 versus 2.0+/-0.2, P=0.05) than does not receiving UIP. Neither BCS nor UIP supplementation affected serum GH or LH concentrations, pulsatility, or area under the curve. High BC does produced more insulin (1.92+/-0.17 versus 0.81+/-0.17 ng/mL, P<0.01 ng/mL) than lower BC goats; the same for UIP-supplemented (1.69+/-0.18 versus 1.04+/-0.18, P<0.05). Results suggest that the increased ovarian activity observed in both UIP-supplemented and higher BC goats was not the result of changes in LH or GH, suggesting effects at a local level, through changes in insulin in a non-GnRH-gonadotrophin dependent manner.