Effects of running with surgical masks on cardiopulmonary function in healthy male university students.

[Purpose] In Japan, one measure against the novel coronavirus disease-2019 infection involves the public use of surgical masks. Research indicates that exercising while wearing a mask increases the physical burden, particularly affecting young people during high-intensity exercise. This study examined the effects of wearing masks while running in male university students. [Participants and Methods] The participants were 20 healthy male university students (21.6 ± 1.6 years). The participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise tests with the masks on and off on different days until exhaustion. The following parameters were measured: exercise duration, Borg Scale rating (respiratory or lower extremities), surface temperature around the mouth, time to sweat onset, metabolic reaction, pulmonary ventilation, and cardiovascular reaction parameters. [Results] The results showed that VO2 max remained consistent between the mask-on and mask-off conditions. However, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, and heart rate decreased in the mask-on condition, which correlated with a reduction in exercise duration. Furthermore, running with the mask significantly decreased the VE/VO2, VE/ VO2, Borg Scale rating of the lower extremities, and the time to sweat onset. [Conclusion] Running with a surgical mask affected respiratory function and decreased exercise duration in healthy male university students. However, it did not induce any changes in VO2 max.

Association between generalized joint laxity and knee joint movement in female university students.

[Purpose] This study investigated the association between generalized joint laxity and knee joint movement in female university students. [Participants and Methods] The study included 21 female university students. Generalized joint laxity was measured using the Beighton criteria for joint hypermobility. Acceleration and angular velocities of the tibia during knee extension were measured along three axes using a triaxial accelerometer. Sampling data were expressed as root mean squares. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences in the acceleration and angular velocities along each axis between the generalized joint laxity and non-generalized joint laxity groups. Spearman's rank correlations were used to confirm the association between these parameters. [Results] The rotational angular velocity was greater in the generalized joint laxity than in the non-generalized joint laxity group, and we observed a significant correlation between Beighton scores and the X-axis angular velocity. Furthermore, rotational angular velocity was positively correlated with anterior-posterior acceleration and extension angular velocity. [Conclusion] These findings suggest that rotational angular velocity of the tibia during knee extension is associated with generalized joint laxity in female university students.

A path analysis of the interdependent relationships between life space assessment scores and relevant factors in an elderly Japanese community.

[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of factors influencing the risk of life space assessment using path analysis. [Participants and Methods] A sample of 212 elderly residents (at least 65 years old) with no clear indications of cognitive dysfunction, visual impairment, and physical dysfunction were recruited for the study. Data on these factors were collected from the participants at a community gathering using measures of life space assessment, skeletal muscle mass, lower extremity muscle strength, mobility, cognitive function, and fear of falling. Correlational and path analyses were used to investigate the relationships between these variables. [Results] The final path model satisfied the requisite statistical criteria, and subsequently, the relationships between the physiological and psychological factors associated with life space assessment were structured and represented visually. Age, skeletal muscle mass, fear of falling, and mobility had a direct effect on life space assessment, whereas lower extremity muscle strength and cognitive function affected it indirectly. [Conclusion] In this study, direct and indirect effects of physiological and psychological factors related to risk of life space assessment of the elderly were clarified using path analysis.

Gender Differences in Life-space Mobility-associated Factors and Structures in Community-dwelling Older People.

Objectives: This cross-sectional study sought to examine gender dissimilarities in factors and structures associated with life-space mobility (LSM) in community-dwelling older people. Methods: This study included a total of 294 older people living in Okawa, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. The subjects' body mass index (BMI) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) were evaluated. Furthermore, the age, gender, and LSM of the participants were assessed. LSM was assessed using a framework based on social isolation, fall self-efficacy, mobility, cognitive function, and lower limb muscle strength. Path analysis was performed to assess LSM-associated factors and their respective effect sizes (ESs), and male and female LSM models were established. Results: Path analysis identified SMI and social isolation as direct factors and cognitive function as an indirect factor associated with LSM in both men and women. In the male LSM model, the direct factors in descending order of ES were BMI, social isolation, SMI, and lower limb muscle strength. In the female model, the direct factors in descending order of ES were age, fall self-efficacy, mobility, social isolation, and SMI; age was noted as having an indirect effect on the remaining associated factors. Conclusions: This study clarified the gender differences in factors influencing LSM and the underlying structure of LSM mediation by these factors. Therefore, gender differences should be considered when planning interventions aimed at improving the LSM and general well-being of older people, particularly for community-dwelling individuals.