Interventricular septal thickness on cardiac computed tomography as a novel risk factor for conduction disturbances in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

AIMS: We examined whether thickness of the basal muscular interventricular septum (IVS), as measured by pre-procedural computed tomography (CT), could be used to identify the risk of conduction disturbances following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The IVS is a pivotal region of the electrical conduction system of the heart where the atrioventricular conduction axis is located. METHODS AND RESULTS: Included were 78 patients with severe aortic stenosis who underwent CT imaging prior to TAVR. The thickness of muscular IVS was measured in the coronal view, in systolic phases, at 1, 2, 5, and 10 mm below the membranous septum (MS). The primary endpoint was a composite of conduction disturbance following TAVR. Conduction disturbances occurred in 24 out of 78 patients (30.8%). Those with conduction disturbances were significantly more likely to have a thinner IVS than those without conduction disturbances at every measured IVS level (2.98 ± 0.52 mm vs. 3.38 ± 0.52 mm, 4.10 ± 1.02 mm vs. 4.65 ± 0.78 mm, 6.11 ± 1.12 mm vs. 6.88 ± 1.03 mm, and 9.72 ± 1.95 mm vs. 10.70 ± 1.55 mm for 1, 2, 5 and 10 mm below MS, respectively, P < 0.05 for all). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that pre-procedural IVS thickness (<4 mm at 2 mm below the MS) was a significant independent predictor of post-procedural conduction disturbance (adjOR 7.387, 95% CI: 2.003-27.244, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Pre-procedural CT assessment of basal IVS thickness is a novel predictive marker for the risk of conduction disturbances following TAVR. The IVS thickness potentially acts as an anatomical barrier protecting the underlying conduction system from mechanical compression during TAVR.

DEtection of ProxImal Coronary stenosis in the work-up for Transcatheter aortic valve implantation using CTA (from the DEPICT CTA collaboration).

OBJECTIVES: Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is performed routinely in the work-up for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), and could potentially replace invasive coronary angiography (ICA) to rule out left main (LM) and proximal coronary stenosis. The objectives were to assess the diagnostic yield and accuracy of pre-TAVI CTA to detect LM and proximal coronary stenosis of ≥ 50% and ≥ 70% diameter stenosis (DS). METHODS: The DEPICT CTA database consists of individual patient data from four studies with a retrospective design that analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of pre-TAVI CTA to detect coronary stenosis, as compared with ICA. Pooled data were used to assess diagnostic accuracy to detect coronary stenosis in the left main and the three proximal coronary segments on a per-patient and a per-segment level. We included 1060 patients (mean age: 81.5 years, 42.7% male). RESULTS: On ICA, the prevalence of proximal stenosis was 29.0% (≥ 50% DS) and 15.7% (≥ 70% DS). Pre-TAVI CTA ruled out ≥ 50% DS in 51.6% of patients with a sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 71.2%, PPV of 57.7%, and NPV of 98.0%. For ≥ 70% DS, pre-TAVI CTA ruled out stenosis in 70.0% of patients with a sensitivity of 96.7%, specificity of 87.5%, PPV of 66.9%, and NPV of 99.0%. CONCLUSION: CTA provides high diagnostic accuracy to rule out LM and proximal coronary stenosis in patients undergoing work-up for TAVI. Clinical application of CTA as a gatekeeper for ICA would reduce the need for ICA in 52% or 70% of patients, using a threshold of ≥ 50% or ≥ 70% DS, respectively. KEY POINTS: • Clinical application of CTA as a gatekeeper for ICA would reduce the need for ICA in 52% or 70% of TAVI patients, using a threshold of ≥ 50% or ≥ 70% diameter stenosis. • The diagnostic accuracy of CTA to exclude proximal coronary stenosis in these patients is high, with a sensitivity of 96.4% and NPV of 98.0% for a threshold of ≥ 50%, and a sensitivity of 96.7% and NPV of 99.0% for a threshold of ≥ 70% diameter stenosis. • Atrial fibrillation and heart rate did not significantly affect sensitivity and NPV. However, a heart rate of < 70 b/min during CTA was associated with a significantly improved specificity and PPV.

The clinical value of the endocarditis team: insights from before and after guidelines implementation strategy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary the "Endocarditis Team" (ET) on the course and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) patients. METHODS: A retrospective before-after study, including hospitalized patients with definite IE, managed before (01.2013-12.2015) and after (01.2016-07.2019) the introduction of an ET. The primary outcomes were defined as 30-day and 1-year mortality and the secondary as conservative vs. invasive strategy, the interval from clinical suspicion of IE to the performance of echocardiography, utilization of multimodality evaluation, time to an invasive procedure, and the duration of hospitalization. RESULTS: Study population included 92 pre-ET and 128 post-ET implementation patients. Baseline characteristics were similar. During the post-ET period compared with pre-ET, we found higher rates of abscesses and extra-cardiac emboli (27.8% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.048); and a higher invasive procedures rate, including lead extraction (15.6% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.035) and noncardiac surgeries (14.8% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.05). Patients managed during the post-ET period had reduced short (8.5% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.048) and long-term mortality (Log-rank = 0.001). In multivariate analysis of risk factors for long-term mortality, period (pre- or post-ET) was not found to be significantly associated with the mortality. CONCLUSION: Establishment of an ET was associated with faster and more intensive evaluation of patients with IE. During the period of an ET activity, mortality rates were reduced compared with the previous period.

Detecting Coronary Artery Disease Using Exhaled Breath Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and there is an unmet need for a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive tool aimed at CAD detection. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the possible use of breath analysis in detecting the presence of CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, breath from patients with no history of CAD who presented with acute chest pain to the emergency room was sampled using a designated portable electronic nose (eNose) system. First, breath samples from 60 patients were analyzed and categorized as obstructive, nonobstructive, and no-CAD according to the actual presence and extent of CAD as was demonstrated on cardiac imaging (either computerized tomography angiography or coronary angiography). Classification models were built according to the results, and their diagnostic performance was then examined in a blinded manner on a new set of 25 patients. The data were compared with the actual results of coronary arteries evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for each model. RESULTS: Obstructive CAD was correctly distinguished from nonobstructive and no-CAD with 89% sensitivity, 31% specificity, 83% negative predictive value (NPV), 42% positive predictive value (PPV), and 52% accuracy. In another model, any extent of CAD was successfully distinguished from no-CAD with 69% sensitivity, 67% specificity, 54% NPV, 79% PPV, and 68% accuracy. CONCLUSION: This proof-of-concept study shows that breath analysis has the potential to be used as a novel rapid, noninvasive diagnostic tool to help identify presence of CAD in patients with acute chest pain.

The Effect of Tafamidis on Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.

AIMS: Endothelial microvascular dysfunction is a known mechanism of vascular pathology in cardiac amyloidosis (CA). Scientific evidence regarding the possible protective role of the amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) stabilizer, tafamidis, is lacking. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (cEPCs) have an important role in the process of vascular repair. We aimed to examine the effect of tafamidis on cEPCs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Study population included patients with ATTR-CA. cEPCs were assessed using flow cytometry by the expression of CD34(+)/CD133(+) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2(+) and by the formation of colony-forming units (CFUs) and production of VEGF. Tests were repeated at pre-specified time-points up to 12 months following the initiation of tafamidis. Included were 18 ATTR-CA patients at a median age of 77 (IQR 71, 85) years and male predominance (n = 15, 83%). Following the initiation of tafamidis and during 12 months of drug treatment, there was a gradual increase in the levels of CD34(+)/VEGFR-2(+) (0.43 to 2.42% (IQR 1.53, 2.91)%, p = 0.002) and CD133(+)/VEGFR-2(+) (0.49 to 1.64% (IQR 0.97, 2.90)%, p = 0.004). Functionally, increase in EPCs-CFUs was microscopically evident following treatment with tafamidis (from 0.5 CFUs (IQR 0.0, 1.0) to 3.0 (IQR 1.3, 3.8) p < 0.001) with a concomitant increase in EPC's viability as demonstrated by an MTT assay (from 0.12 (IQR 0.03, 0.16) to 0.30 (IQR 0.18, 0.33), p < 0.001). VEGF levels increased following treatment (from 54 (IQR 52, 72) to 107 (IQR 62, 129) pg/ml, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Tafamidis induced the activation of the cEPCs pathway, possibly promoting endothelial repair in ATTR-CA.

A computational framework for post-TAVR cardiac conduction abnormality (CCA) risk assessment in patient-specific anatomy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac conduction abnormality (CCA)- one of the major persistent complications associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may lead to permanent pacemaker implantation. Localized stresses exerted by the device frame on the membranous septum (MS) which lies between the aortic annulus and the bundle of His, may disturb the cardiac conduction and cause the resultant CCA. We hypothesize that the area-weighted average maximum principal logarithmic strain (AMPLS) in the MS region can predict the risk of CCA following TAVR. METHODS: Rigorous finite element-based analysis was conducted in two patients (Balloon expandable TAVR recipients) to assess post-TAVR CCA risk. Following the procedure one of the patients required permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation while the other did not (control case). Patient-specific aortic root was modeled, MS was identified from the CT image, and the TAVR deployment was simulated. Mechanical factors in the MS region such as logarithmic strain, contact force, contact pressure, contact pressure index (CPI) and their time history during the TAVR deployment; and anatomical factors such as MS length, implantation depth, were analyzed. RESULTS: Maximum AMPLS (0.47 and 0.37, respectively), contact force (0.92 N and 0.72 N, respectively), and CPI (3.99 and 2.86, respectively) in the MS region were significantly elevated in the PPM patient as compared to control patient. CONCLUSION: Elevated stresses generated by TAVR devices during deployment appear to correlate with CCA risk, with AMPLS in the MS region emerging as a strong predictor that could be used for preprocedural planning in order to minimize CCA risk.

Developing nitrate-nitrogen transport models using remotely-sensed geospatial data of soil moisture profiles and wet depositions.

Nutrients loads in aquatic systems are dynamic and highly influenced by changing the land, soil, and atmospheric conditions. This study enhances water quality modeling by providing novel nitrate transport models using remotely-sensed geospatial data, allowing for dynamic predictions of nitrate loads in watersheds. One factor at a time, sensitivity analysis was employed in the classical nitrate transport model to incorporate the impacts of 1) nitrates in the soil moisture profiles 2) wet deposition of nitrates and 3) the synergistic effects of multiple atmospheric and soil effects on nitrate-nitrogen in catchments. The study found that the effects of soil moisture profiles were dominant than the wet deposition in the evaluation of nitrate-nitrogen in catchments. The addition of nitrates from soil moisture profile, wet deposition and both together effectively increased the annual average nitrates in the Fish River catchment from 0.180 kg/ha to 0.187 kg/ha, 0.396 kg/ha and 0.381 kg/ha respectively. Their additions consistently increased the nitrate loads from spring to winter seasons but exhibited different seasonal trends for soils such as silty sand and fine sand. The models developed in this study can be utilized in water quality assessment tools for effective dynamic predictions of nutrients loads into water bodies.

Correction to: Applicability and accuracy of pretest probability calculations implemented in the NICE clinical guideline for decision making about imaging in patients with chest pain of recent onset.

The original version of this article, published on 19 March 2018, unfortunately contained a mistake. The following correction has therefore been made in the original: The names of the authors Philipp A. Kaufmann, Ronny Ralf Buechel and Bernhard A. Herzog were presented incorrectly.

Applicability and accuracy of pretest probability calculations implemented in the NICE clinical guideline for decision making about imaging in patients with chest pain of recent onset.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the implementation, applicability and accuracy of the pretest probability calculation provided by NICE clinical guideline 95 for decision making about imaging in patients with chest pain of recent onset. METHODS: The definitions for pretest probability calculation in the original Duke clinical score and the NICE guideline were compared. We also calculated the agreement and disagreement in pretest probability and the resulting imaging and management groups based on individual patient data from the Collaborative Meta-Analysis of Cardiac CT (CoMe-CCT). RESULTS: 4,673 individual patient data from the CoMe-CCT Consortium were analysed. Major differences in definitions in the Duke clinical score and NICE guideline were found for the predictors age and number of risk factors. Pretest probability calculation using guideline criteria was only possible for 30.8 % (1,439/4,673) of patients despite availability of all required data due to ambiguity in guideline definitions for risk factors and age groups. Agreement regarding patient management groups was found in only 70 % (366/523) of patients in whom pretest probability calculation was possible according to both models. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pretest probability calculation for clinical decision making about cardiac imaging as implemented in the NICE clinical guideline for patients has relevant limitations. KEY POINTS: • Duke clinical score is not implemented correctly in NICE guideline 95. • Pretest probability assessment in NICE guideline 95 is impossible for most patients. • Improved clinical decision making requires accurate pretest probability calculation. • These refinements are essential for appropriate use of cardiac CT.

A New Growth Model for Aortic Valve Calcification.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a progressive disease in which minerals accumulate in the tissue of the aortic valve cusps, stiffening them and preventing valve opening and closing. The process of valve calcification was found to be similar to that of bone formation including cell differentiation to osteoblast-like cells. Studies have shown the contribution of high strains to calcification initiation and growth process acceleration. In this paper, a new strain-based calcification growth model is proposed. The model aims to explain the unique shape of the calcification and other disease characteristics. The calcification process was divided into two stages: Calcification initiation and calcification growth. The initiation locations were based on previously published findings and a reverse calcification technique (RCT), which uses computed tomography (CT) scans of patients to reveal the calcification initiation point. The calcification growth process was simulated by a finite element model of one aortic valve cusp loaded with cyclic loading. Similar to Wolff's law, describing bone response to stress, our model uses strains to drive calcification formation. The simulation grows calcification from its initiation point to its full typical stenotic shape. Study results showed that the model was able to reproduce the typical calcification growth pattern and shape, suggesting that strain is the main driving force behind calcification progression. The simulation also sheds light on other disease characteristics, such as calcification growth acceleration as the disease progresses, as well as sensitivity to hypertension.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Models of Bicuspid Aortic Valves: The Effects of Nonfused Cusp Angles.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common type of congenital heart disease, occurring in 0.5-2% of the population, where the valve has only two rather than the three normal cusps. Valvular pathologies, such as aortic regurgitation and aortic stenosis, are associated with BAVs, thereby increasing the need for a better understanding of BAV kinematics and geometrical characteristics. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the nonfused cusp (NFC) angle in BAV type-1 configuration on the valve's structural and hemodynamic performance. Toward that goal, a parametric fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling approach of BAVs is presented. Four FSI models were generated with varying NFC angles between 120 deg and 180 deg. The FSI simulations were based on fully coupled structural and fluid dynamic solvers and corresponded to physiologic values, including the anisotropic hyper-elastic behavior of the tissue. The simulated angles led to different mechanical behavior, such as eccentric jet flow direction with a wider opening shape that was found for the smaller NFC angles, while a narrower opening orifice followed by increased jet flow velocity was observed for the larger NFC angles. Smaller NFC angles led to higher concentrated flow shear stress (FSS) on the NFC during peak systole, while higher maximal principal stresses were found in the raphe region during diastole. The proposed biomechanical models could explain the early failure of BAVs with decreased NFC angles, and suggests that a larger NFC angle is preferable in suture annuloplasty BAV repair surgery.

Reconnoitering the linkage between cardiovascular disease mortality and long-term exposures to outdoor environmental factors in the USA using remotely-sensed data.

This ecological study aimed to assess the association between long-term exposures to outdoor environmental factors and mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a diverse and spatially distributed population from 3,094 counties within the U.S. (n > 3,780,000 CVD deaths) using satellite-derived data of PM2.5 concentrations, sunlight, and maximum heat index. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine whether PM2.5, sunlight and maximum heat index were related to the odds of the total CVD death rate based on gender, race, and age taking into consideration the confounding risk factors of diabetes, obesity, leisure- time physical inactivity, smoking and socioeconomic status. The study has shown that elevated levels of PM2.5, sunlight and heat long-term exposures are significantly associated with an increase in the odds ratio of the total CVD mortality. The results suggest a 9.8% (95% CI = 6.3% - 13.4%), 0.9% (95% CI = 0.5% - 1.2%), and 0.7% (95% CI = 0.5% - 11.2%) increase in total CVD mortality associated with 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations, 1,000 kJ/m2 increases in sunlight, and 1 oF increase in heat index, respectively. The odds ratios for the CVD death rate due to long-term exposures of PM2.5, sunlight, and heat index were significantly greater than 1.0 for all categories except for Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians, indicating that the effect of long-term exposures to particulate matter, sunlight radiation, and maximum heat on CVD mortality is trivial for Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians. Among the categories of age, the group of 65 years and older had the highest odds ratios, suggesting that the age group of 65 years and older are the most vulnerable group to the environmental exposures of PM2.5 (OR = 1.179, 95% CI = 1.124 - 1.237), sunlight (OR = 1.047, 95% CI = 1.041 - 1.053), and maximum heat (OR = 1.014, 95% CI = 1.011 - 1.016). The odds ratios of CVD mortality due to the environmental exposures were higher for Blacks than those for Whites. The odds ratios for all categories were attenuated with the inclusion of diabetes, obesity, leisure-time physical inactivity, smoking, and income covariates, reflecting the effect of other medical conditions, lifestyle, behavioral and socioeconomic factors on the CVD death rate besides the environmental factors.

The association of remotely sensed outdoor fine particulate matter with cancer incidence of respiratory system in the USA.

This study aimed to assess the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and respiratory system cancer incidence in the US population (n = 295,404,580) using a satellite-derived estimate of PM2.5 concentrations. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether PM2.5 was related to the odds of respiratory system cancer (RSC) incidence based on gender and race. Positive linear regressions were found between PM2.5 concentrations and the age-adjusted RSC incidence rates for all groups (Males, Females, Whites, and Blacks) except for Asians and American Indians. The linear relationships between PM2.5 and RSC incidence rate per 1 µg/m3 PM2.5 increase for Males, Females, Whites, Blacks, and all categories combined had slopes of, respectively, 7.02 (R2 = 0.36), 2.14 (R2 = 0.14), 3.92 (R2 = 0.23), 5.02 (R2 = 0.21), and 4.15 (R2 = 0.28). Similarly, the logistic regression odds ratios per 10 µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 were greater than one for all categories except for Asians and American Indians, indicating that PM2.5 is related to the odds of RSC incidence. The age-adjusted odds ratio for males (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.56-3.01) was higher than that for females (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.09-2.06), and it was higher for Blacks (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.43-3.14) than for Whites (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.23-2.42). The odds ratios for all categories were attenuated with the inclusion of the smoking covariate, reflecting the effect of smoking on RSC incidence besides PM2.5.

Vascular complications in steroid treated patients undergoing transfemoral aortic valve implantation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of Vascular complications in steroid treated patients undergoing transfemoral aortic valve implantation (TAVI). BACKGROUND: Steroid therapy has been associated with increased post-surgical bleeding. Vascular complications are a major concern in patients undergoing TAVI. However, the effect of corticosteroids on vascular complications has not been assessed in these patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 220 consecutive patients undergoing transfemoral TAVI at our institute between 2009 and 2013. Patients who were on steroids at the time of the procedure (n = 25) were compared with those who were not (n = 195). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics between groups were similar except for greater incidence of chronic renal failure (52 vs. 25%, P = 0.05) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (50.3 vs. 55.8%, P = 0.037) in the steroid group. The rate of procedural success and nonvascular complication were similar in both groups with the exception of more temporary AV block in the steroid group (24 vs. 8%, P = 0.016). Patients treated with steroids had significantly more minor vascular complication (44 vs. 23%, P = 0.024), and significantly more femoral artery stenosis (16 vs. 5%, P = 0.036), occlusion (8 vs. 1%, P = 0.014), need for femoral artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) (32 vs. 12%, P = 0.009), and femoral artery PTA or stenting (32% vs. 15%, P = 0.031). On multivariate analysis steroid treatment was the only predictor of minor vascular complications (RR=2.65, 95% CI 1.04-6.8, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent corticosteroid treatment is associated with a higher rate of minor vascular complication following transfemoral TAVI. Operators should be aware of this risk when assessing patients for the procedure.

Comparison of acute kidney injury classifications in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Predictors and long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) was demonstrated to adversely affect outcome in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We compared predictors for AKI and associated outcomes according to various definitions among patients undergoing TAVI in a tertiary medical center. METHODS: Two-hundred and seventeen TAVI patients were evaluated for the occurrence of AKI according to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)/Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-2) and Risk Injury Failure Loss End-Stage (RIFLE) definitions. Multivariate analysis was conducted to assess predictors of AKI. Cox hazard ratio was used to evaluate long-term mortality in this patient population. RESULTS: AKI occurred in 23 and 21% of patients (n = 49, n = 46) according to KDIGO/VARC-2 and RIFLE definitions, respectively, with an approximate 10% of disagreement between both systems. Predictors of AKI according to KDIGO/VARC-2 were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; OR = 2.66, P = 0.01), PVD (OR = 3.45, P = 0.02) and a lower baseline eGFR (OR = 1.03 per 1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) decrease, P = 0.02). While BMI (OR = 1.12, P = 0.01), prior ischemic heart disease (OR = 2.35, P = 0.04) and COPD (OR = 2.18, P = 0.04) were associated with AKI as defined by the RIFLE definition. AKI defined by either classification was independently associated with long-term mortality (HR = 1.63, for the KDIGO/VARC-2 definition and HR = 1.60 for RIFLE definition, P = 0.04 for both models), with borderline superiority of the KDIGO/VARC-2 classification. CONCLUSIONS: Different clinical characteristics predict the occurrence of AKI after TAVI when RIFLE and KDIGO/VARC-2 classifications are used. Both classification systems of AKI identify patients with increased risk for long-term mortality, with superiority of the KDIGO/VARC-2 definition, which should be used for AKI grading.

Clinical impact of diabetes mellitus in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and aortic stenosis (AS) are frequent findings in the elderly population. Data regarding the influence of DM on the outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) due to AS are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of DM on TAVR outcomes. METHODS: We investigated 443 patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR. Subjects were divided into insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus (IDDM) patients (N = 44), non-dependent insulin diabetic mellitus (NIDDM) patients (N = 114) and non-diabetics (N = 285) of whom 31 (74%), 86 (79%) and 209 (76%) respectively had trans-femoral TAVR. Peri-procedural complications and outcomes were recorded according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria. RESULTS: Patients with IDDM as well as NIDDM demonstrated similar complication rates compared with non-diabetic patients, except for acute kidney injury (AKI) grade 3 [4 (2%) and 3 (3%) vs. 1 (0.4%) respectively, p = 0.032]. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that DM, regardless of the type of treatment, was not associated with increased 2 years mortality (Log-rank p value 0.44). Multivariate cox regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, coronary artery disease, DM, AKI3, hypertension, chronic renal failure and peripheral vascular disease found that AKI3 was associated with increased risk of 2 years mortality [HR = 7.35, 95% CI 2.16-25.07, p = 0.001] whereas female gender was found as a protective factor [HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.28-0.8, p = 0.005], and DM was not associated with increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: Following TAVR, DM patients seem to have similar peri-procedural and mid-term outcomes compared with patients without DM, while IDDM patients seem to suffer greater incidence of AKI. Further research in larger cohorts of patients is needed to validate our results.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for bicuspid aortic valve stenosis.

In Preprocedural CT, patients with BAV have larger aortic annulus perimeters, and more calcified valves compared with TAV. In patients with BAV, self-expandable valves were under-expand and balloon-expandable valves have a trend toward increased rates of postimplantation AR grade. Self-expandable valves have higher postprocedural gradient in BAV compared with TAV.

Non-Valvular Findings before Trans-Catheter Aortic Valve Implantation and their Impact on the Procedure.

UNLABELLED: Background: Trans-cathetervalve implantation (TAVI) is a non- surgical alternative for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Pre-procedural computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows accurate "road mapping," aortic annulus sizing and the detection of incidental findings. OBJECTIVES: To document the prevalence of non-valvular extracardiac findings on CTA prior to TAVI and the impact of these findings on the procedure. METHODS: Ninety AS patients underwent CTA as part of pre-TAVI planning. Scans extended from the clavicles to the groin. Non-vascular non-valvular findings were documented and graded as follows: (A) significant findings causing TAVI cancellation or postponement, (B) significant findings leading to a change in the TAVI procedure approach, (C) non-significant findings not affecting the TAVI procedure. RESULTS: TAVI was planned for 90 patients; their average age was 80.2 ± 7.5 years, 53% were females. Overall, non-valvular cardiac, extracardiac and extravascular significant and non-significant incidental findings were documented in 97% of scans (87/90). Significant pathologies causing TAVI cancellation or postponement (category A) were documented in 8%. Significant findings affecting the TAVI procedure (category B) were found in 16% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-TAVI CTA detected non-valvular extravascular pathologies leading to procedure cancellation/postponement or procedure modification in 8% and 16%, respectively. Comprehensive CTA evaluation that acknowledges the importance of such findings is of major importance since it might alter the TAVI procedure or even render it inappropriate.

The Israel Nationwide Heart Failure Survey: Sex differences in early and late mortality for hospitalized heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Current data on the influence of sex on the prognosis of heart failure (HF) are conflicting, possibly owing to the use of different end points and a heterogeneous heart failure population in earlier studies. We sought to evaluate the effect of sex on the risk of early and late mortality outcomes after hospitalization for acute heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prospective cohort study population comprised 2,212 hospitalized patients with acute HF enrolled in a multicenter national survey in Israel. Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling was used to evaluate the effect of sex on the risk of early (≤6 months) and late (>6 months to 4 years) mortality after the index hospitalization. Among the study patients, 998 (45%) were women. Women with HF displayed significantly different clinical characteristics compared with men, including older age, higher frequency of HF with preserved ejection fraction and hypertensive heart disease, and lower percentage of coronary artery disease (all P < .001). The fully adjusted multivariable analyses for mortality outcomes showed that women tended toward an increased risk for early (≤6 months) mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-1.41; P = .13), whereas men had significantly increased risk for late (>6 months) mortality (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.43; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: There are important differences in the clinical characteristics and the short- and long-term outcomes between men and women hospitalized with acute HF after adjusting for multiple confounding variables.

The role of cardiac computed tomography in infants with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) have a high incidence of extracardiac vascular and non-vascular malformations. Those additional abnormalities may have an impact on the precise planning of surgical or non-surgical treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of electrocardiography-gated CT-angiography (ECG-CTA) in the routine evaluation of CHD in neonates and infants particularly for the assessment of extracardiac findings. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 40 consecutive patients who underwent trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) and ECG-CTA. TTE and ECG-gated CTA findings regarding extracardiac vascular structures, coronary arteries and airways were compared with surgical or cardiac catheterization findings. Scans were evaluated for image quality using a subjective visual scale (from 1 to 4). Effective radiation dose was calculated for each scan. RESULTS: Median age was 28 +/- 88 days and mean weight 3.7 +/- 1.5 kg. Diagnostic quality was good or excellent (visual image score 3-4) in 39 of 40 scans (97.5%). ECG-CTA provided important additional information on extracardiac vascular structures and airway anatomy, complementing TTE in 75.6% of scans. Overall sensitivity of ECG-gated CTA for detecting extracardiac findings as compared with operative and cardiac catheterization findings was 97.6%. The calculated mean effective radiation dose was 1.4 +/- 0.07 mSv (range 1.014-2.3 mSv). CONCLUSIONS: ECG-CTA is an accurate modality for demonstrating extracardiac structures in complex CHD. It provides important complementary information to TTE with regard to extracardiac vascular structures and coronary artery anatomy. This modality may obviate the need for invasive cardiac catheterization, thus exposing the patient to a much lower radiation dose.