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Tranexamic acid (TXA) has long been utilized in spine surgery and can be administered through intravenous (IV) and topical routes. Although, topical and IV administration of TXA are both effective in decreasing blood loss during spine surgery, complications like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism have been reported with the use of intravenous TXA (ivTXA). These potential complications may be mitigated through the use of topical TXA (tTXA). To assess optimal dosing protocols and efficacy of topical TXA in spine surgery, Embase, Ovid-MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov were queried for original research on the use of tTXA in adult patients undergoing spine surgery. Data parameters analyzed included blood loss, transfusion rate, thromboembolic, and other complications. Data was synthesized and confidence evaluated according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Nineteen studies were included in the final analysis with 2197 patients. Of the 18 published studies, 9 (50%) displayed high levels of evidence. Topical TXA showed a trend towards a lower risk of transfusion and complications. Protocols that used 1g tTXA showed a significantly reduced risk for transfusion when compared to controls (risk ratio -1.05, 95% CI (-1.62, -0.48); P = 0.94, I2 = 0%). Complications associated with tTXA included DVTs and wound infections. Topical TXA was non-inferior to intravenous TXA with similar efficacy and complication profiles for bleeding control in spine surgery; however, more studies are needed to discern benefits and risks.
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Embolia Pulmonar , Ácido Tranexâmico , Adulto , Humanos , Ácido Tranexâmico/uso terapêutico , Razão de ChancesRESUMO
PURPOSE: Operative treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD) has been shown to improve patient health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Selection of the uppermost instrumented vertebra (UIV) in either the upper thoracic (UT) or lower thoracic (LT) spine is a pivotal decision with effects on operative and postoperative outcomes. This review overviews the multifaceted decision-making process for UIV selection in ASD correction. METHODS: PubMed was queried for articles using the keywords "uppermost instrumented vertebra", "upper thoracic", "lower thoracic", and "adult spinal deformity". RESULTS: Optimization of UIV selection may lead to superior deformity correction, better patient-reported outcomes, and lower risk of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and failure (PJF). Patient alignment characteristics, including preoperative thoracic kyphosis, coronal deformity, and the magnitude of sagittal correction influence surgical decision-making when selecting a UIV, while comorbidities such as poor body mass index, osteoporosis, and neuromuscular pathology should also be taken in to account. Additionally, surgeon experience and resources available to the hospital may also play a role in this decision. Currently, it is incompletely understood whether postoperative HRQOLs, functional and radiographic outcomes, and complications after surgery differ between selection of the UIV in either the UT or LT spine. CONCLUSION: The correct selection of the UIV in surgical planning is a challenging task, which requires attention to preoperative alignment, patient comorbidities, clinical characteristics, available resources, and surgeon-specific factors such as experience.
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Fusão Vertebral , Vértebras Torácicas , Humanos , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Fusão Vertebral/instrumentação , Cifose/cirurgia , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , AdultoRESUMO
PURPOSE: AI algorithms have shown promise in medical image analysis. Previous studies of ASD clusters have analyzed alignment metrics-this study sought to complement these efforts by analyzing images of sagittal anatomical spinopelvic landmarks. We hypothesized that an AI algorithm would cluster preoperative lateral radiographs into groups with distinct morphology. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of a multicenter, prospectively collected database of adult spinal deformity. A total of 915 patients with adult spinal deformity and preoperative lateral radiographs were included. A 2 × 3, self-organizing map-a form of artificial neural network frequently employed in unsupervised classification tasks-was developed. The mean spine shape was plotted for each of the six clusters. Alignment, surgical characteristics, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Qualitatively, clusters C and D exhibited only mild sagittal plane deformity. Clusters B, E, and F, however, exhibited marked positive sagittal balance and loss of lumbar lordosis. Cluster A had mixed characteristics, likely representing compensated deformity. Patients in clusters B, E, and F disproportionately underwent 3-CO. PJK and PJF were particularly prevalent among clusters A and E. Among clusters B and F, patients who experienced PJK had significantly greater positive sagittal balance than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: This study clustered preoperative lateral radiographs of ASD patients into groups with highly distinct overall spinal morphology and association with sagittal alignment parameters, baseline HRQOL, and surgical characteristics. The relationship between SVA and PJK differed by cluster. This study represents significant progress toward incorporation of computer vision into clinically relevant classification systems in adult spinal deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with the consistently applied reference standard and blinding.
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Inteligência Artificial , Lordose , Adulto , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Lordose/diagnóstico por imagem , Lordose/cirurgia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVEPseudarthrosis can occur following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery and can lead to instrumentation failure, recurrent pain, and ultimately revision surgery. In addition, it is one of the most expensive complications of ASD surgery. Risk factors contributing to pseudarthrosis in ASD have been described; however, a preoperative model predicting the development of pseudarthrosis does not exist. The goal of this study was to create a preoperative predictive model for pseudarthrosis based on demographic, radiographic, and surgical factors.METHODSA retrospective review of a prospectively maintained, multicenter ASD database was conducted. Study inclusion criteria consisted of adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with spinal deformity and surgery for the ASD. From among 82 variables assessed, 21 were used for model building after applying collinearity testing, redundancy, and univariable predictor importance ≥ 0.90. Variables included demographic data along with comorbidities, modifiable surgical variables, baseline coronal and sagittal radiographic parameters, and baseline scores for health-related quality of life measures. Patients groups were determined according to their Lenke radiographic fusion type at the 2-year follow-up: bilateral or unilateral fusion (union) or pseudarthrosis (nonunion). A decision tree was constructed, and internal validation was accomplished via bootstrapped training and testing data sets. Accuracy and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated to evaluate the model.RESULTSA total of 336 patients were included in the study (nonunion: 105, union: 231). The model was 91.3% accurate with an AUC of 0.94. From 82 initial variables, the top 21 covered a wide range of areas including preoperative alignment, comorbidities, patient demographics, and surgical use of graft material.CONCLUSIONSA model for predicting the development of pseudarthrosis at the 2-year follow-up was successfully created. This model is the first of its kind for complex predictive analytics in the development of pseudarthrosis for patients with ASD undergoing surgical correction and can aid in clinical decision-making for potential preventative strategies.
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Simulação por Computador/normas , Diagnóstico por Computador/normas , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/normas , Pseudoartrose/diagnóstico por imagem , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Simulação por Computador/tendências , Bases de Dados Factuais/normas , Bases de Dados Factuais/tendências , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Diagnóstico por Computador/tendências , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/tendências , Estudos Prospectivos , Pseudoartrose/cirurgia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE Depression and anxiety have been demonstrated to have negative impacts on outcomes after spine surgery. In patients with cervical deformity (CD), the psychological and physiological burdens of the disease may overlap without clear boundaries. While surgery has a proven record of bringing about significant pain relief and decreased disability, the impact of depression and anxiety on recovery from cervical deformity corrective surgery has not been previously reported on in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of depression and anxiety on patients' recovery from and improvement after CD surgery. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective review of a prospective, multicenter CD database. Patients with a history of clinical depression, in addition to those with current self-reported anxiety or depression, were defined as depressed (D group). The D group was compared with nondepressed patients (ND group) with a similar baseline deformity determined by propensity score matching of the cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA). Baseline demographic, comorbidity, clinical, and radiographic data were compared among patients using t-tests. Improvement of symptoms was recorded at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. All health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores collected at these follow-up time points were compared using t-tests. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were matched for baseline radiographic parameters: 33 with a history of depression and/or current depression, and 33 without. Depressed patients had similar age, sex, race, and radiographic alignment: cSVA, T-1 slope minus C2-7 lordosis, SVA, and T-1 pelvic angle (p > 0.05). Compared with nondepressed individuals, depressed patients had a higher incidence of osteoporosis (21.2% vs 3.2%, p = 0.028), rheumatoid arthritis (18.2% vs 3.2%, p = 0.012), and connective tissue disorders (18.2% vs 3.2%, p = 0.012). At baseline, the D group had greater neck pain (7.9 of 10 vs 6.6 on a Numeric Rating Scale [NRS], p = 0.015), lower mean EQ-5D scores (68.9 vs 74.7, p < 0.001), but similar Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores (57.5 vs 49.9, p = 0.063) and myelopathy scores (13.4 vs 13.9, p = 0.546). Surgeries performed in either group were similar in terms of number of levels fused, osteotomies performed, and correction achieved (baseline to 3-month measurements) (p < 0.05). At 3 months, EQ-5D scores remained lower in the D group (74.0 vs 78.2, p = 0.044), and NDI scores were similar (48.5 vs 39.0, p = 0.053). However, neck pain improved in the D group (NRS score of 5.0 vs 4.3, p = 0.331), and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores remained similar (14.2 vs 15.0, p = 0.211). At 6 months and 1 year, all HRQOL scores were similar between the 2 cohorts. One-year measurements were as follows: NDI 39.7 vs 40.7 (p = 0.878), NRS neck pain score of 4.1 vs 5.0 (p = 0.326), EQ-5D score of 77.1 vs 78.2 (p = 0.646), and mJOA score of 14.0 vs 14.2 (p = 0.835). Anxiety/depression levels reported on the EQ-5D scale were significantly higher in the depressed cohort at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months (all p < 0.05), but were similar between groups at 1 year postoperatively (1.72 vs 1.53, p = 0.416). CONCLUSIONS Clinical depression was observed in many of the study patients with CD. After matching for baseline deformity, depression symptomology resulted in worse baseline EQ-5D and pain scores. Despite these baseline differences, both cohorts achieved similar results in all HRQOL assessments 6 months and 1 year postoperatively, demonstrating no clinical impact of depression on recovery up until 1 year after CD surgery. Thus, a history of depression does not appear to have an impact on recovery from CD surgery.
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Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Pescoço/cirurgia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Lordose/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Período Pós-Operatório , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doenças da Medula Espinal/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques are gaining popularity in the treatment of adult spinal deformity (ASD). The premise is that MIS techniques will lead to equivalent outcomes and a reduction in perioperative complications when compared with open techniques. Potential issues with MIS techniques are a limited capacity to correct lumbar lordosis, unknown long-term efficacy, and the potential need for revision surgery. This study compares reoperation rates and reasons for reoperation following MIS, hybrid, and open surgery for ASD through multicenter database analysis. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective multicenter ASD database comparing open and MIS correction techniques. Inclusion criteria were: age > 18 years with minimum 20° coronal lumbar Cobb angle, a minimum of three levels fused, and minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients were propensity matched for preoperative sagittal vertebral axis (SVA), pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL), and number of levels fused. We included 189 patients from three propensity-matched subgroups of 63 patients each: (1) MIS: lateral or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) and percutaneous pedicle instrumentation, (2) Hybrid: MIS LIF with open posterior segmental fixation (PSF), and (3) OPEN: open posterior fixation ± osteotomies. RESULTS: With propensity matching, there were significant differences between groups in pre-op SVA or PI-LL (p > 0.05). The MIS group had significantly fewer levels fused (5.4) (0-14) than the OPEN group (7.4) (p = 0.002) (0-17). The rate of revision surgery was significantly different between the groups with a higher rate of revision (27 %) amongst the HYB group versus MIS = 11.1 %, and OPEN = 12.0 %. The most common reason for reoperation in the OPEN and HYB groups was a postoperative neurological deficit (7.9 and 11.1 %), respectively. The most common reason for reoperation in the MIS group was pseudoarthrosis (7.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: Reoperation rates were not statistically different among the MIS, and OPEN surgical groups, but differed significantly on multivariate analysis with HYB group. The incidence of reoperations was twice as high in the Hybrid group compared to OPEN and MIS.
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Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Reoperação/estatística & dados numéricos , Curvaturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fusão Vertebral/efeitos adversos , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Fusão Vertebral/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In deformity surgery, anterior lumbar interbody fusion provides excellent biomechanical support, creates a broad surface area for arthrodesis, and induces lordosis in the lower lumbar spine. Preoperative MRI, plain radiographs, and, when available, CT scan should be carefully assessed for sacral slope as it relates to pubic symphysis, position of the great vessels (especially at L4/5), disc space height, or contraindication to an anterior approach. This video demonstrates the steps in an anterior surgical procedure with minimal open exposure. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/r3bC4_vu1hQ .
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Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Humanos , Fixadores Internos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Região Lombossacral , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomógrafos ComputadorizadosRESUMO
STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review. OBJECTIVE: To study time to development, clinical and radiographic characteristics, and management of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) following thoracolumbar instrumented fusion for adult spinal deformity (ASD). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: PJK continues to be a common mode of failure following ASD surgery. Although literature exists on possible risk factors, data on management remain limited. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records of 289 consecutive ASD patients who underwent posterior segmental instrumentation incorporating at least 5 segments was conducted. PJK was defined as proximal kyphotic angle >10 degrees. RESULTS: PJK occurred in 32 patients (11%) at a mean follow-up of 34 months (range, 1.3-61.9±19 mo). Sixteen (50%) patients were revised (mean, 1.7 revisions; range, 1-3) at a mean follow-up of 9.6 months (range, 0.7-40 mo); primary indications for revision were pain (n=16), myelopathy (n=6), instability (n=4), and instrumentation protrusion (n=2). Comparison of preindex and postindex surgery radiographic parameters demonstrated significant improvement in mean lumbar lordosis (24 vs. 42 degrees, P<0.001), pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (30 vs. 11 degrees, P<0.001), and pelvic tilt (29 vs. 23 degrees, P<0.011). The mean T5-T12 kyphosis worsened (30 vs. 53 degrees, P<0.001) and the mean global sagittal spinal alignment failed to improve (9.6 vs. 8.0 cm, P=0.76). There was no apparent relationship between the absolute PJK angle and revision surgery (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The patients in this series who developed PJK had substantial preoperative positive sagittal malalignment that remained inadequately corrected following surgery, likely resulting from a combination of inadequate surgical correction and a significant compensatory increase in thoracic kyphosis. In the absence of direct relationship between a greater PJK angle and worse clinical outcome, clinical symptoms and neurological status rather than absolute reliance on radiographic parameters should drive the decision to pursue revision surgery.
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Cifose/terapia , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Lombares/patologia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Torácicas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Parafusos Ósseos , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Cifose/diagnóstico por imagem , Cifose/patologia , Lordose/cirurgia , Vértebras Lombares/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ossos Pélvicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/patologia , Radiografia , Reoperação/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fusão Vertebral/efeitos adversos , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Falha de Tratamento , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECT: The authors evaluated the efficacy of posterior instrumentation for the management of spontaneous spinal infections. Standard surgical management of spontaneous spinal infection is based on debridement of the infected tissue. However, this can be very challenging as most of these patients are medically debilitated and the surgical debridement requires a more aggressive approach to the spine either anteriorly or via an expanded posterior approach. The authors present their results using an alternative treatment method of posterior-only neuro-decompression and stabilization without formal debridement of anterior tissue for treating spontaneous spinal infection. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients were treated surgically by 2 of the authors. All patients had osteomyelitis and discitis and were treated postoperatively with intravenous antibiotics for at least 6 weeks. The indications for surgery were failed medical management, progressive deformity with ongoing persistent spinal infection, or neurological deficit. Patients with simple epidural abscess without bony instability were treated with laminectomy and were not included in this series. Fourteen patients were treated with posterior-only decompression and long-segment rigid fixation, without formal debridement of the infected area. One patient was treated with staged anterior and posterior surgery due to delay in treatment related to medical comorbidities. The authors examined as their outcome the ambulatory status and recurrence of deep infection requiring additional surgery or medical treatment. RESULTS: Of the initial 15 patients, 10 (66%) had a minimum 2-year follow-up and 14 patients had at least 1 year of followup. There were no recurrent spinal infections. There were 3 unplanned reoperations (1 for loss of fixation, 1 for early superficial wound infection, and 1 for epidural hematoma). Nine (60%) of 15 patients were nonambulatory at presentation. At final followup, 8 of 15 patients were independently ambulatory, 6 required an assistive device, and 1 remained nonambulatory. CONCLUSIONS: Long-segment fixation, without formal debridement, resulted in resolution of spinal infection in all cases and in significant neurological recovery in almost all cases. This surgical technique, when combined with aggressive antibiotic therapy and a multidisciplinary team approach, is an effective way of managing serious spinal infections in a challenging patient population.
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Discite/cirurgia , Osteomielite/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos , Idoso , Desbridamento , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Vértebras Torácicas/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: In adults, primary spinal cord tumors account for 5% of all primary tumors of the central nervous system, with schwannomas making up about 74% of all nerve sheath tumors. Thoracic schwannomas can pose a threat to neurovasculature, presenting a significant challenge to safe and complete surgical resection. For patients presenting with complex pathologies including tumors, a dual surgeon approach may be used to optimize patient care and improve outcomes. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old female previously diagnosed with a nerve sheath tumor of the fourth thoracic vertebra presented with significant thoracic pain and a history of falls. Imaging showed that the tumor had doubled in size ranging from T3 to T5. Augmented reality volumetric rendering was used to clarify anatomic relationships of the mass for perioperative evaluation and decision-making. A dual surgeon approach was used for complete resection. First, a ventrolateral left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed with robotic assistance followed by a posterior tumor resection and thoracic restabilization. The patient did well postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Although surgical treatment of large thoracic dumbbell tumors presents a myriad of risks, perioperative evaluation with augmented reality, new robotic surgical techniques, and a dual surgeon approach can be implemented to mitigate these risks.
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Art in neurosurgery has been a critical part of the discipline for centuries. Numerous cultures, such as ancient India, China, and Egypt, and more contemporary scientists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Max Brödel, and Norman Dott, have significantly contributed to medical illustration. Today, advancements in three-dimensional technology have allowed for the creation of detailed neuroanatomy models for surgical planning and education. Medical illustrations are also used for research and outcome documentation as they help visualize anatomy and surgical procedures. Its use in education, surgical planning, and navigation remains integral to the advancement of neurosurgery. This review demonstrates the invaluable contribution of art in neurosurgery and how it has enabled continuous progress in the field.
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Ilustração Médica , Neurocirurgia , Humanos , Ilustração Médica/história , Neurocirurgia/história , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/história , Neuroanatomia/história , ChinaRESUMO
Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) can offer revolutionary advances in their application to the field of spine surgery. Within the past 5 years, novel applications of ML have assisted in surgical decision-making, intraoperative imaging and navigation, and optimization of clinical outcomes. ML has the capacity to address many different clinical needs and improve diagnostic and surgical techniques. This review will discuss current applications of ML in the context of spine surgery by breaking down its implementation preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Ethical considerations to ML and challenges in ML implementation must be addressed to maximally benefit patients, spine surgeons, and the healthcare system. Areas for future research in augmented reality and mixed reality, along with limitations in generalizability and bias, will also be highlighted.
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Inteligência Artificial , Cirurgiões , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Coluna Vertebral/cirurgiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Craniocervical junction (CCJ) pathologies with ventral neural element compression are poorly understood, and appropriate management requires accurate understanding, description, and a more uniform nomenclature. The aim of this study was to evaluate patients to identify anatomical clusters and better classify CCJ disorders with ventral compression and guide treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of adult and pediatric patients with ventral CCJ compression from 2008 to 2022 at a single center was performed. The incidence of anatomical abnormalities and compressive etiologies was assessed. Surgical approach, radiographic data, and outcomes were recorded. Association rules analysis (ARA) was used to assess variable clustering. RESULTS: Among 51 patients, the main causes of compression were either purely bony (retroflexed dens [n = 18]; basilar invagination [BI; n = 13]) or soft tissue (degenerative pannus [n = 16]; inflammatory pannus [n = 2]). The primary cluster in ARA was a retroflexed dens, platybasia, and Chiari malformation (CM), and the secondary cluster was BI, C1-2 subluxation, and reducibility. These, along with degenerative pannus, formed the three major classes. In assessing the optimal treatment strategy, reducibility was evaluated. Of the BI cases, 12 of the 13 patients had anterolisthesis of C1 that was potentially reducible, compared with 2 of the 18 patients with a retroflexed dens (both with concomitant BI), and no pannus cases. The mean C1-2 facet angle was significantly higher in BI at 32.4°, compared with -2.3° in retroflexed dens and 8.1° in degenerative pannus (p < 0.05). Endonasal decompression with posterior fixation was performed in 48 (94.0%) of the 51 patients, whereas posterior reduction/fixation alone was performed in 3 patients (6.0%). Of 16 reducible cases, open posterior reduction alone was successful in 3 (60.0%) of 5 cases, with all successes containing isolated BI. Reduction was not attempted if vertebral anatomy was unfavorable (n = 9) or the C1 lateral mass was absent (n = 5). The mean follow-up was 28 months. Symptoms improved in 88.9% of patients and were stable in the remaining 11.1%. Tracheostomy and percutaneous G-tube placement occurred in 7.8% and 11.8% of patients, respectively. Reoperation for an endonasal CSF leak repair or posterior cervical wound revision both occurred in 3.9% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In classifying, one cluster caused decreased posterior fossa volume due to an anatomical triad of retroflexed dens, platybasia, and CM. The second cluster caused pannus formation due to degenerative hypertrophy. For both, endonasal decompression with posterior fixation was ideal. The third group contained C1 anterolisthesis characterized by a steep C1-2 facet angle causing reducible BI. Posterior reduction/fixation is the first-line treatment when anatomically feasible or endonasal decompression with in situ posterior fixation when anatomical constraints exist.
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Malformação de Arnold-Chiari , Processo Odontoide , Platibasia , Adulto , Humanos , Criança , Platibasia/complicações , Platibasia/diagnóstico , Platibasia/cirurgia , Descompressão Cirúrgica , Malformação de Arnold-Chiari/diagnóstico por imagem , Malformação de Arnold-Chiari/cirurgia , Malformação de Arnold-Chiari/complicações , Processo Odontoide/cirurgia , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Internet has become a primary source of health information, leading patients to seek answers online before consulting health care providers. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in neurosurgery by assessing the accuracy and helpfulness of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated responses to common postsurgical questions. METHODS: A list of 60 commonly asked questions regarding neurosurgical procedures was developed. ChatGPT-3.0, ChatGPT-3.5, and ChatGPT-4.0 responses to these questions were recorded and graded by numerous practitioners for accuracy and helpfulness. The understandability and actionability of the answers were assessed using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool. Readability analysis was conducted using established scales. RESULTS: A total of 1080 responses were evaluated, equally divided among ChatGPT-3.0, 3.5, and 4.0, each contributing 360 responses. The mean helpfulness score across the 3 subsections was 3.511 ± 0.647 while the accuracy score was 4.165 ± 0.567. The Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool analysis revealed that the AI-generated responses had higher actionability scores than understandability. This indicates that the answers provided practical guidance and recommendations that patients could apply effectively. On the other hand, the mean Flesch Reading Ease score was 33.5, suggesting that the readability level of the responses was relatively complex. The Raygor Readability Estimate scores ranged within the graduate level, with an average score of the 15th grade. CONCLUSION: The artificial intelligence chatbot's responses, although factually accurate, were not rated highly beneficial, with only marginal differences in perceived helpfulness and accuracy between ChatGPT-3.0 and ChatGPT-3.5 versions. Despite this, the responses from ChatGPT-4.0 showed a notable improvement in understandability, indicating enhanced readability over earlier versions.
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Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the academic attributes of the presidents of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) over the past four decades to elucidate the trajectories of these societies' leaderships. Methods: Forty-three AANS and 43 CNS presidents of the past four decades were identified. Demographic and research productivity data were collected from publicly available sources. Results: Compared to AANS presidents, CNS presidents were younger (median = 48 years vs. 59.5 years; p < 0.001), had fewer years of practice prior to their election (15 years vs. 28 years; p < 0.001), had higher NIH funding rate (37.2% vs. 11.6%; p = 0.01), and higher rate of practicing at academic institutions (93% vs. 74.4%; p = 0.04). The CNS presidents had a comparable median number of publications at election (AANS: 72 vs. CNS: 94 publications, p = 0.78) but a higher median h-index scores (AANS: 28 vs. CNS: 59; p = 0.04). In the multiple linear regression analysis, vascular subspecialty (ß = 0.21 [95% CI: 0.09-0.34]; p = 0.002) and practicing in a non-academic institution (ß = 0.23 [95% CI: 0.08-0.39]; p = 0.007) were predictors for later election for AANS presidency. Conclusions: We characterized the attributes of AANS and CNS presidents to serve as useful references for career trajectories for junior neurosurgeons and trainees. Research and academic presence seem to be associated with early election to both societies.
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Objective: To elucidate the current academic, demographic, and professional factors influencing the career trajectories of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) William P. Van Wagenen (VW) fellows while also identifying trends that may influence future fellow selection. Methods: Fifty-five VW fellows were identified from 1968 to 2022 from the AANS website, along with corresponding institutions, countries, and continents of study. Additional variables such as age at selection, accruing additional degrees, neurosurgical subspecialty, the number of publications at the time of selection, funding, and h-index were collected from various publicly available sources. Results: Eighty-five percent of VW fellows were male and had a mean age of 34 ± 2.4 years. Ninety-one percent of fellows chose to study in Europe, and 40% had earned additional degrees. Univariate linear regression demonstrated a positive relationship between the year of selection and both age at selection (p = 0.0094) and the number of publications at hire (p < 0.001), while logistic regression revealed that more recently selected fellows were less likely to study in Europe (p = 0.037) and be of the white race (p = 0.0047). Logistic regression also exhibited a positive trend between the year of selection and both the likelihood that the VW fellow was currently enrolled in another fellowship (p = 0.019) and possessed additional degrees (p = 0.0019). Females were shown to have fewer publications at hire compared to males (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Most Van Wagenen fellows are academically productive members of the neurosurgical community. Increased attention is likely to be placed on both academic, research, and individualized factors when selecting future fellows.
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BACKGROUND: Proper documentation is essential for patient care. The popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) offers the potential for improvements in neurosurgical note-writing. The study aimed to assess how AI can optimize documentation in neurosurgical procedures. METHODS: Thirty-six notes were included. All identifiable data were removed. Essential information, such as perioperative data and diagnosis, was sourced from these notes. ChatGPT 4.0 was trained to draft notes from surgical vignettes using each surgeon's note template. One hundred forty-four surveys, with a surgeon or AI note, were shared with three surgeons to evaluate accuracy, content, and organization using a five-point scale. Accuracy was the factual correctness. Content was the comprehensiveness. Organization was the arrangement of the note. Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) scores quantified each note's readability. RESULTS: The mean AI accuracy (4.44) was not different from the mean surgeon accuracy (4.33, p = 0.512). The mean AI content (3.73) was lower than the mean surgeon content (4.42, p < 0.001). The mean AI organization (4.54) was greater than the mean surgeon organization (4.24, p = 0.064). The mean AI note's FKGL (13.13) was greater than the mean surgeon FKGL (9.99, p <0.001). The mean AI FRE (21.42) was lower than the mean surgeon FRE (41.70, p <0.001). CONCLUSION: AI notes were on par with surgeon notes in accuracy and organization, but lacked in content. Additionally, AI notes utilized language at an advanced reading level. These findings underscore the potential for ChatGPT to enhance the efficiency of neurosurgery documentation.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The "July Effect" hypothesizes increased morbidity and mortality after the addition of inexperienced physicians at the beginning of an academic year. However, the impact of newer members on neurosurgical teams managing patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) has yet to be examined. This study conducted a nationwide analysis to evaluate the existence of the "July Effect" in the setting of patients with TBI. METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Central Distributor's National Inpatient Sample data set was queried for patients with TBI using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes. Discharges were included for diagnoses of traumatic epidural, subdural, or subarachnoid hemorrhages. Only patients treated at teaching hospitals were included to ensure resident involvement in care. Patients were grouped into July admission and non-July admission cohorts. A subgroup of patients with neurotrauma undergoing any form of cranial surgery was created. Perioperative variables were recorded. Rates of different complications were assayed. Groups were compared using χ2 tests (qualitative variables) and t-tests or Mann-Whitney U-tests (quantitative variables). Logistic regression was used for binary variables. Gamma log-linked regression was used for continuous variables. RESULTS: The National Inpatient Sample database yielded a weighted average of 3 160 452 patients, of which 312 863 (9.9%) underwent surgical management. Patients admitted to the hospital in July had a 5% decreased likelihood of death (P = .027), and a 5.83% decreased likelihood of developing a complication (P < .001) compared with other months of the year. July admittance to a hospital showed no significant impact on mean length of stay (P = .392) or routine discharge (P = .147). Among patients with TBI who received surgical intervention, July admittance did not significantly affect the likelihood of death (P = .053), developing a complication (P = .477), routine discharge (P = .986), or mean length of stay (P = .385). CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that there is no "July Effect" on patients with TBI treated at teaching hospitals in the United States.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy, outcomes, and complications of surgical intervention performed within 24 hours (≤ 24 hours) versus after 24 hours (> 24 hours) in managing acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS). METHODS: Articles pertinent to the study were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment procedures and outcomes according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIMSA) guidelines. RESULTS: Seven articles comprising 488 patients were included, with 188 (38.5%) patients in the ≤ 24-hour group and 300 (61.5%) in the > 24-hour group. Significant differences were not found between groups in terms of demographic characteristics, injury mechanism, spinal cord compression level, neuroimaging features, and the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score at admission. Both groups had a similar approach to surgery and steroid administration. The surgical complication rate was significantly higher in the > 24-hour group (4.5%) compared to the ≤ 24-hour group (1.2%) (p = 0.05). Clinical follow-up duration was similar at 12 months (interquartile range 3-36) for both groups (p > 0.99). The ≤ 24-hour group demonstrated a not statistically significant greater improvement in ASIA motor score, with a mean difference of 12 (95% CI -20.7 to 44.6) compared to the > 24-hour group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates potential advantages of early (≤ 24 hours) surgery in ATCCS patients, specifically in terms of lower complication rates. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings and their clinical implications.
Assuntos
Síndrome Medular Central , Humanos , Síndrome Medular Central/cirurgia , Tempo para o Tratamento , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preoperative symptom severity in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) can be variable. Radiomic signatures could provide an imaging biomarker for symptom severity in CSM. This study utilizes radiomic signatures of T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images to correlate with preoperative symptom severity based on modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores for patients with CSM. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with CSM were identified. Preoperative T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images for each patient were segmented from C2-C7. A total of 205 texture features were extracted from each volume of interest. After feature normalization, each second-order feature was further subdivided to yield a total of 400 features from each volume of interest for analysis. Supervised machine learning was used to build radiomic models. RESULTS: The patient cohort had a median mJOA preoperative score of 13; of which, 30 patients had a score of >13 (low severity) and 32 patients had a score of ≤13 (high severity). Radiomic analysis of T2-weighted imaging resulted in 4 radiomic signatures that correlated with preoperative mJOA with a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 78%, 89%, and 83%, respectively (P < 0.004). The area under the curve value for the ROC curves were 0.69, 0.70, and 0.77 for models generated by independent T1 texture features, T1 and T2 texture features in combination, and independent T2 texture features, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Radiomic models correlate with preoperative mJOA scores using T2 texture features in patients with CSM. This may serve as a surrogate, objective imaging biomarker to measure the preoperative functional status of patients.