Postpartum haemorrhage requiring transfusion and risk of cardiovascular disease later in life: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), including cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease beyond the peripartum period. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Merged databases of the Korea National Health Insurance (KNHI) claims, National Health Screening Examination and National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children. POPULATION: Women who gave birth in 2007 in the Republic of Korea and who were tracked through to 2015 for the occurrence of CVD. METHODS: Patients were identified and the occurrences of PPH and transfusion were determined using the KNHI claims database. The occurrence of CVD was tracked through 2015 using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The risk of CVD after PPH. RESULTS: Among 150 381 women who gave birth during the study period, 9107 were diagnosed with PPH and 899 were treated with transfusion. The risk of CVD in women with PPH was no different than in women without PPH, after adjustment (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.93-1.13). The risk of CVD in women with PPH requiring transfusion was significantly increased compared with women without PPH, after adjustment (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.25-2.06). The risk of CVD in women with PPH without transfusion was not significantly different compared with women without PPH (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.86-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) requiring transfusion is associated with an increased risk of CVD. Guidelines for management should be established, and further studies on the mechanisms involved should be conducted. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: PPH requiring transfusion is associated with an increased risk of CVD.

Shear-wave velocity for colorectal cancer liver metastases as a potential prognostic factor after chemotherapy: a preliminary study.

AIM: To evaluate whether shear-wave velocity (SWV) can be used for predicting the prognoses of patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLMs) after chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our institutional review board approved this prospective study, and written informed consent was obtained. SWV of CRLMs were obtained using point shear-wave elastography using acoustic radiation force impulse from 25 patients prior to and 2, 7, and 14 days after chemotherapy. Progression-free survival (PFS) after chemotherapy was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine significant predictive factors for PFS. For measurement reproducibility, an additional 37 patients with CRLMs were enrolled and assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). RESULTS: After chemotherapy, 10 and 15 patients were classified into responder and non-responder groups, respectively. The estimated 1- and 3-year PFS values in the whole cohort were 36% and 8%, respectively. A decrease in the SWV value on day 2 relative to the initial value was a significant predictive factor for better PFS outcome (hazard ratio = 0.20, 95% confidence interval = 0.07-0.57, p=0.003). The estimated 1 and 3-year PFS rates were 66.7% and 22.2%, respectively, in nine patients with decreased SWV values on day 2 and significantly higher than 18.8% and 0% of 16 patients with increased SWV values on day 2. The ICC value of SWV of CRLMs in the additional 37 patients was 0.823 (95% CI = 0.685-0.905), indicating good agreement. CONCLUSION: SWV values of CRLMs could provide prognostic information in patients with CRLMs treated with chemotherapy, as decreased SWV values on day 2 after chemotherapy was a significant predictive factor for better PFS.

Association between body mass index and stroke severity in acute ischaemic stroke with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and both initial stroke severity at presentation and functional outcomes after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS: Patients were categorized on the basis of their BMI into underweight (BMI <18.5, n = 111), normal (18.5 ≤ BMI <25, n = 1036) and overweight to obese (BMI ≥25, n = 472) groups. Initial stroke severity was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and functional outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale score at discharge. The differences in stroke severity and functional outcomes were compared between groups using robust log-linear regression with a Poisson distribution and binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1619 AIS patients with NVAF from six hospitals were included. Compared with the NIHSS scores [median 5, interquartile range (IQR) 2-14] of normal-weight patients, the NIHSS scores (median 9, IQR 4-19) of underweight patients were more likely to be higher, whereas those of overweight to obese patients were lower (median 4, IQR 1-12) (P < 0.001). In terms of functional outcomes after stroke, underweight patients had a higher risk of poor functional outcomes (odds ratio 1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.09-2.56, P = 0.01) but overweight to obese patients had no significant difference in functional outcomes compared with normal-weight patients. CONCLUSION: An inverse association was found between BMI and stroke severity in AIS patients with NVAF. This suggests the presence of an obesity paradox for short-term outcomes in patients with NVAF.

Women with threatened preterm labour followed by term delivery have an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of a history of threatened preterm labour (TPL) followed by term delivery with the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD) in subsequent pregnancy. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: Data of the National Health Insurance Claims Database and a national health-screening programme for infants and children in South Korea. POPULATION: Women who had their first singleton delivery in 2010 and a subsequent second singleton delivery between 2011 and 2015. METHODS: Multivariable analysis adjusting for maternal age and interval between first and second deliveries was used to assess the risk of PTD based on PTD, TPL followed by term delivery, and term delivery in the first pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The risk of PTD during the second pregnancy. RESULTS: This study included 115 629 women with two consecutive deliveries during the study period. Spontaneous PTD rates in the second pregnancy were 7.71, 2.22 and 1.02% in women with PTD, TPL followed by term delivery, and term delivery in the first pregnancy, respectively. Threatened preterm labour followed by term delivery in the first pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PTD in the subsequent pregnancy after adjustment for potential confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio 2.21; 95% CI 1.76-2.78). CONCLUSION: Although women with a history of TPL followed by term delivery had a lower risk of PTD during a subsequent pregnancy compared with those with history of previous PTD, they still had a significantly increased risk of PTD compared with those who delivered at term without TPL. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: The history of threatened preterm labour followed by term delivery is related to increased risk of subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery.

Quantitative proteomic analysis of HER2 expression in the selection of gastric cancer patients for trastuzumab treatment.

Background: A wide range of response rates have been reported in HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC) patients treated with trastuzumab. Other HER2-targeted therapies for GC have yet to show efficacy in clinical trials. These findings raise question about the ability of standard HER2 diagnostics to accurately distinguish between GC patients who would and would not benefit from anti-HER2 therapies. Patients and methods: GC patients (n = 237), including a subset from the Trastuzumab in GC (ToGA) trial were divided into three groups based on HER2 status and history of treatment with standard chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. We applied mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to quantify HER2 protein expression in formalin-fixed tumor samples. Using HER2 expression as a continuous variable, we defined a predictive protein level cutoff to identify which patients would benefit from trastuzumab. We compared quantitated protein level with clinical outcome and HER2 status as determined by conventional HER2 diagnostics. Results: Quantitative proteomics detected a 115-fold range of HER2 protein expression among patients diagnosed as HER2 positive by standard methods. A protein level of 1825 amol/µg was predicted to determine benefit from the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy. Trastuzumab treated patients with HER2 protein levels above this cutoff had twice the median overall survival (OS) of their counterparts below the cutoff (35.0 versus 17.5 months, P = 0.011). Conversely, trastuzumab-treated patients with HER2 levels below the cutoff had outcomes similar to HER2-positive patients treated with chemotherapy. (Progression-free survival = 7.0 versus 6.5 months: P = 0.504; OS = 17.5 versus 12.6 months: P = 0.520). HER2 levels were not prognostic for response to chemotherapy. Conclusions: Proteomic analysis of HER2 expression demonstrated a quantitative cutoff that improves selection of GC patients for trastuzumab as compared with current diagnostic methods.

Impact of caudal block on postoperative complications in children undergoing tubularised incised plate urethroplasty for hypospadias repair: a retrospective cohort study.

This study aimed to assess the association between caudal block and postoperative complications after tubularised incised plate urethroplasty. The medical records of 388 paediatric patients who underwent urethroplasty at a tertiary medical centre were analysed retrospectively. Among the 342 patients included, 216 patients received a caudal block and 72 (21.1%) patients suffered surgical complications. The number of patients having surgical complications was significantly greater among patients who received a caudal block than among patients who did not receive a caudal block (53 (24.5%) versus 19 (15.1%), respectively, p = 0.04). Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, duration of surgery, caudal block and hypospadias types were independent risk factors for the surgical complications. Patients with caudal block had an odds ratio of 2.1 (95% CI, 1.14-3.81, p = 0.018) for the development of postoperative complications compared with patients without caudal block. This analysis demonstrates that caudal block is associated with surgical complications after tubularised incised plate urethroplasty.

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre phase III trial of XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus simvastatin for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this randomised phase III trial was to evaluate whether the addition of simvastatin, a synthetic 3-hydroxy-3methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, to XELIRI/FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimens confers a clinical benefit to patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS: We undertook a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of 269 patients previously treated for metastatic colorectal cancer and enrolled in 5 centres in South Korea. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to one of the following groups: FOLFIRI/XELIRI plus simvastatin (40 mg) or FOLFIRI/XELIRI plus placebo. The FOLFIRI regimen consisted of irinotecan at 180 mg m(-2) as a 90-min infusion, leucovorin at 200 mg m(-2) as a 2-h infusion, and a bolus injection of 5-FU 400 mg m(-2) followed by a 46-h continuous infusion of 5-FU at 2400 mg m(-2). The XELIRI regimen consisted of irinotecan at 250 mg m(-2) as a 90-min infusion with capecitabine 1000 mg m(-2) twice daily for 14 days. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included response rate, duration of response, overall survival (OS), time to progression, and toxicity. RESULTS: Between April 2010 and July 2013, 269 patients were enrolled and assigned to treatment groups (134 simvastatin, 135 placebo). The median PFS was 5.9 months (95% CI, 4.5-7.3) in the XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus simvastatin group and 7.0 months (95% CI, 5.4-8.6) in the XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus placebo group (P=0.937). No significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to OS (median, 15.9 months (simvastatin) vs 19.9 months (placebo), P=0.826). Grade⩾3 nausea and anorexia were noted slightly more often in patients in the simvastatin arm compared with with the placebo arm (4.5% vs 0.7%, 3.0% vs 0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 40 mg simvastatin to the XELIRI/FOLFIRI regimens did not improve PFS in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer nor did it increase toxicity.

CXC chemokine ligand 12a enhances chondrocyte proliferation and maturation during endochondral bone formation.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the roles of CXC chemokine ligand 12a (CXCL12a), also known as stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), in endochondral bone growth, which can give us important clues to understand the role of CXCL12a in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Primary chondrocytes and tibial explants from embryonic 15.5 day-old mice were cultured with recombinant mouse CXCL12a. To assess the role of CXCL12a in chondrogenic differentiation, we conducted mesenchymal cell micromass culture. RESULTS: In tibia organ cultures, CXCL12a increased total bone length in a dose-dependent manner through proportional effects on cartilage and bone. In accordance with increased length, CXCL12a increased the protein level of proliferation markers, such as cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), in primary chondrocytes as well as in tibia organ culture. In addition, CXCL12a increased the expression of Runx2, Col10 and MMP13 in primary chondrocytes and tibia organ culture system, implying a role of CXCL12a in chondrocyte maturation. Micromass cultures of limb-bud mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) revealed that CXCL12a has a limited effect on early chondrogenesis, but significantly promoted maturation of chondrocytes. CXCL12a induced the phosphorylation of p38 and Erk1/2 MAP kinases and IκB. The increased expression of cyclin D1 by CXCL12a was significantly attenuated by inhibitors of MEK1 and NF-κB. On the other hand, p38 and Erk1/2 MAP kinase and NF-κB signaling were associated with CXCL12a-induced expression of Runx2 and MMP13, the marker of chondrocyte maturation. CONCLUSION: CXCL12a promoted the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes, which strongly suggest that CXCL12a may have a negative effect on articular cartilage and contribute to OA progression.

Long-term outcome of transanal irrigation for children with spina bifida.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, prospective study. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the long-term clinical efficacy of transanal irrigation (TAI) and its effect on the quality of life of spina bifida children and their caregivers. SETTING: Republic of Korea. METHOD: Forty-four spina bifida pediatric patients with constipation, fecal incontinence or both, underwent a TAI program at our spina bifida clinic between December 2010 and October 2013. The children and their caregivers were evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire before TAI and at 3 months and 3 years after initiation of the program. RESULTS: Successful treatment outcome was achieved in 38 (86.4%) children after a mean follow-up duration of 33 months (range, 30-36). The mean number of fecal incontinence episodes per week, the number of diaper changes and the total time for bowel care per day before the program decreased at the latest follow-up examination from 7.3 to 0.4 (P<0.001), 1.6 to 0.2 (P<0.001) and 29.2 to 19.4 min (P=0.038), respectively. These results remained constant from short-term follow-up at 3 months to 3 years. Caregivers and children could go out more often (P=0.002), and the emotional impact of bowel care on caregivers decreased (P<0.001). The reported mean overall satisfaction with TAI was 8/10. The common adverse effect during TAI was abdominal discomfort (60.5%). CONCLUSION: We observed a sustained significant improvement in defecation symptoms and quality of life for 3 years in spina bifida children who underwent continuous TAI.

Prognostic implication of mucinous histology in colorectal cancer patients treated with adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: There have been controversies in prognostic impact of mucinous histology on colorectal cancer, and its implication in patients treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) is unclear. METHODS: Stage II and III colorectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant FOLFOX were included. Patients were grouped according to the mucinous content: >50%, mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC); <50%, adenocarcinoma with intermediated mucinous component (AIM); and without any mucinous component, non-MAC (NMA). Clinicopathological features and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared. RESULTS: Among a total of 521 patients, 27 patients (5.2%) had MAC, 41 patients (7.9%) had AIM, and 453 patients (86.9%) had NMA. Mucinous adenocarcinoma and AIM had higher frequency of proximal location and microsatellite instability, but lower frequency of angiolymphatic invasion. Disease-free survival was significantly worse in the MAC compared with NMA (3-year DFS 57% and 86%, respectively; P<0.001) and AIM (3-year DFS 87%, P=0.01 vs MAC). Multivariate analysis revealed MAC as an independent negative prognostic factor of DFS (adjusted hazard ratio 7.96, 95% confidence interval 3.76-16.8). CONCLUSION: Adenocarcinoma with intermediated mucinous component and MAC have distinct clinicopathological features compared with NMA. Mucinous adenocarcinoma has an adverse prognostic impact on stage II or III colorectal cancer treated with adjuvant FOLFOX.

The beneficial effect of palliative resection in metastatic colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the role of palliative resection in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and ascertain which patient populations would benefit most from this treatment. METHODS: A total of 1015 patients diagnosed with mCRC at Seoul National University Hospital between 2000 and 2009 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Of the 1015 patients, 168 patients with only liver and/or lung metastasis received curative resection. The remaining 847 patients were treated with palliative chemotherapy and/or palliative resection combined with best supportive care. Palliative resection was performed in 527 (62.2%) cases (complete resection with negative margin (R0) in 93, R1/2 in 434). Resected patients had a more prolonged median overall survival (OS) than unresected patients (21.3 vs 14.1 months; P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, R0 resection was found to be associated with a superior OS compared with R1/2 resection (51.3 vs 19.1 months; P<0.001) and no resection (51.3 vs 14.1 months; P<0.001). When we performed propensity score matching, palliative resection was found to be related to prolonged OS (hazard ratio=0.72, 95% confidence interval=0.59-0.89; P=0.003). CONCLUSION: Palliative resection without residual disease and chemotherapy confers a longer-term survival outcome than palliative chemotherapy alone in mCRC patient subset.

Orientation-dependent local structural properties of Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O nanorods studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure.

The orientation-dependent structural properties of Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O nanorods with different Mg concentrations were investigated quantitatively using polarization-dependent extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements at the Zn K edge. Vertically-aligned Zn(1-x)Mg(x)O nanorods were synthesized on Si substrates using catalyst free metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Polarization-dependent EXAFS measurements showed that Mg ions mainly occupied the Zn sites of the nanorods. EXAFS revealed that the distance between Zn-Mg pairs in all directions is - 0.2 angstroms shorter than that of Zn-Zn pairs and that there is a substantial amount of disorder in the Mg sites of the nanorods, independent of Mg concentrations.

The effects of transanal irrigation as a stepwise bowel management program on the quality of life of children with spina bifida and their caregivers.

STUDY DESIGN: Experimental, prospective study. OBJECTIVES: Fecal incontinence and constipation affect the quality of life (QOL) of children with spina bifida and their caregivers. We evaluated the clinical efficacy of a stepwise bowel management program on QOL for children with spina bifida and their caregivers. SETTING: Republic of Korea. METHODS: Between December 2010 and April 2011, 53 children with constipation, fecal incontinence or both underwent a stepwise bowel management program at our spina bifida clinic. The children and their caregivers were evaluated before and after this program using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the children, 11.3% received only oral laxatives and controlled well, 88.7% received transanal irrigation. After this program, the mean number of episodes of fecal incontinence per week, number of diaper changes and total time for bowel care decreased from 6.9 to 0.5 (P=0.004), from 1.6 to 0.2 (P=0.001) and from 27 to 15.9 min (P=0.003), respectively. Caregivers and children were able to leave their houses more often (P=0.006), and caregivers' bothersomeness, anxiety and depression due to bowel care decreased (P<0.001). Factors related to family relationships (P=0.265) and financial impact (P=0.071) improved, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: We observed significant improvement in defecation symptoms and QOL scores of spina bifida patients who underwent this program. We recommend that this simple therapeutic method be considered as a safe and valid choice for the treatment of chronic constipation and fecal incontinence.

A polymorphism in the regulatory region of APOE associated with risk for Alzheimer's dementia.

The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) has been associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD; refs 1,2). However, it is apparent that the APOEepsilon4 allele alone is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause the disease. We have recently found three new polymorphisms within the APOE transcriptional regulatory region (M.J.A. et al., manuscript submitted) and now establish an association between one of these polymorphisms (-491A/T) and dementia as observed in Alzheimer's disease, in two independent clinical populations. The results suggest that homozygosity of a common variant (-491A) is associated with increased risk for AD, and that this association is independent of APOEepsilon4 status. In vitro studies suggest that the -491A/T polymorphism may increase risk for AD by altering the level of ApoE protein expression.

Gaining new understanding of sarcomere length non-uniformities in skeletal muscles.

Sarcomere lengths are non-uniform on all structural levels of mammalian skeletal muscle. These non-uniformities have been associated with a variety of mechanical properties, including residual force enhancement and depression, creep, increased force capacity, and extension of the plateau of the force-length relationship. However, the nature of sarcomere length non-uniformities has not been explored systematically. The purpose of this study was to determine the properties of sarcomere length non-uniformities in active and passive muscle. Single myofibrils of rabbit psoas (n = 20; with 412 individual sarcomeres) were subjected to three activation/deactivation cycles and individual sarcomere lengths were measured at 4 passive and 3 active points during the activation/deactivation cycles. The myofibrils were divided into three groups based on their initial average sarcomere lengths: short, intermediate, and long average sarcomere lengths of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.6 µm. The primary results were that sarcomere length non-uniformities did not occur randomly but were governed by some structural and/or contractile properties of the sarcomeres and that sarcomere length non-uniformities increased when myofibrils went from the passive to the active state. We propose that the mechanisms that govern the systematic sarcomere lengths non-uniformities observed in active and passive myofibrils may be associated with the variable number of contractile proteins and the variable number and the adjustable stiffness of titin filaments in individual sarcomeres.

CCR5 gene polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for radiographic severity of rheumatoid arthritis.

The chemokine receptor [C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)] is expressed on diverse immune effecter cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CCR5 gene and their haplotypes were associated with susceptibility to and severity of RA. Three hundred fifty-seven patients with RA and 383 healthy unrelated controls were recruited. Using a pyrosequencing assay, we examined four polymorphisms -1118 CTAT(ins) (/del) (rs10577983), 303 A>G (rs1799987), 927 C>T (rs1800024), and 4838 G>T (rs1800874) of the CCR5 gene, which were distributed over the promoter region as well as the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. No significant difference in the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the four selected SNPs was observed between RA patients and controls. CCR5 polymorphisms of -1118 CTAT(del) (P = 0.012; corrected P = 0.048) and 303 A>G (P = 0.012; corrected P = 0.048) showed a significant association with radiographic severity in a recessive model, and, as a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, were found to be an independent predictor of radiographic severity. When we separated the erosion score from the total Sharp score, the statistical significance of CCR5 polymorphisms showed an increase; -1118 CTAT(ins) (/del) (P = 0.007; corrected P = 0.028) and 303 A>G (P = 0.007; corrected P = 0.028). Neither SNPs nor haplotypes of the CCR5 gene showed a significant association with joint space narrowing score. These results indicate that genetic polymorphisms of CCR5 are an independent risk factor for radiographic severity denoted by modified Sharp score, particularly joint erosion in RA.

Postoperative chemoradiotherapy for gallbladder cancer.

PURPOSE: The goal of this work was to analyze the outcome of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients with gallbladder cancer who underwent surgical resection and to identify the prognostic factors for these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between August 1989 and November 2006, 47 patients with gallbladder cancer underwent surgical resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. There were 21 males and 26 females, and median age was 60 years (range 44-75 years). Postoperative radiotherapy was delivered to the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes up to 40-50 Gy at 2 Gy/fraction; 41 patients also received intravenous 5-fluorouracil as a radiosensitizer. Median follow-up duration was 48 months for survivors. RESULTS: There were 2 isolated locoregional recurrences, 14 isolated distant metastases, and 7 combined locoregional and distant relapses. The 5-year overall survival rate was 43.7%. According to the extent of resection, the 5-year overall survival rates were 52.8%, 20.0%, and 0% in R0-, R1-, and R2-resected patients, respectively (p = 0.0038). On multivariate analysis incorporating extent of resection, T stage, N stage, performance of lymph node dissection, and histologic differentiation, extent of resection was the only prognostic factor associated with overall survival (p = 0.0075). Among the 37 patients with R0 resection, there was no difference of 5-year overall survival rates in patients with N0, N1, and Nx diseases (46.2%, 60.0%, and 44.4%, respectively, p = 0.6246). As for significant treatment-related morbidity, there was only 1 patient with grade 4 gastric ulcer. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after R0 resection can achieve a good long-term survival rate in gallbladder cancer patients, even in those with lymph node metastases, and may play a role for patients who underwent R0 resection of primary tumor without lymph node dissection.

Utility of a palatal speech appliance combined with the five-point eight-line segment technique in total tongue reconstruction.

The aim of this study was to explore a new total tongue reconstruction strategy based on the five-point eight-line segment (FIPELS) technique and a palatal speech appliance, and to evaluate the functional and aesthetic outcomes. Twenty patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma were included in this study. All patients underwent total tongue resection followed by tongue reconstruction with an anterolateral thigh flap. The patients were divided randomly into two groups according to the reconstruction strategy: FIPELS group (10 patients) and traditional flap design group (10 patients). All 10 patients in the FIPELS group received a palatal speech appliance 1 month after the surgery. A Likert scale was used to assess swallowing function, speech articulation, and the aesthetic outcome of the reconstructed tongue in the traditional and FIPELS (with and without the palatal speech appliance) groups. Compared with the traditional group, swallowing function (1 month, P = 0.016; 3 months, P = 0.021) and the aesthetic outcome (1 month, P = 0.016; 3 months, P = 0.020) were significantly better in the FIPELS group (without the palatal speech appliance); however, there was no significant difference in speech articulation (1 month, P = 0.549; 3 months, P = 0.513). Within the FIPELS group, significantly better speech articulation was obtained with the palatal speech appliance than without it (1 month, P = 0.031; 3 months, P = 0.015).

Enhancement of sciatic nerve regeneration after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene therapy.

AIMS: Recent studies have emphasized the beneficial effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on neurone survival and Schwann cell proliferation. VEGF is a potent angiogenic factor, and angiogenesis has long been recognized as an important and necessary step during tissue repair. Here, we investigated the effects of VEGF on sciatic nerve regeneration. METHODS: Using light and electron microscopy, we evaluated sciatic nerve regeneration after transection and VEGF gene therapy. We examined the survival of the neurones in the dorsal root ganglia and in lumbar 4 segment of spinal cord. We also evaluated the functional recovery using the sciatic functional index and gastrocnemius muscle weight. In addition, we evaluated the VEGF expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) fluorescence of nerves and muscles revealed intense staining in the VEGF-treated group. Quantitative analysis showed that the numbers of myelinated fibres and blood vessels were significantly higher in VEGF-treated animals. VEGF also increased the survival of neurone cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia and in spinal cord. The sciatic functional index and gastrocnemius muscle weight reached significantly higher values in VEGF-treated animals. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate a positive relationship between increased vascularization and enhanced nerve regeneration, indicating that VEGF administration can support and enhance the growth of regenerating nerve fibres, probably through a combination of angiogenic, neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects.

Endoplasmic reticulum calcium release engages Bax translocation in cortical astrocytes.

Apoptosis is a highly complex form of cell death that can be triggered by alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis. Members of the Bcl-2 family may regulate apoptosis and modulate Ca(2+) distribution within intracellular compartments. Bax, a proapoptotic member of the family, is constitutively expressed and soluble in the cytosol and, under apoptotic induction, translocates to mitochondrial membranes. However, it is not clear if the intracellular Ca(2+) stores and selective Ca(2+) releases can modulate or control Bax translocation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with Bax translocation in rat cortical astrocytes. Results show that the classical apoptotic inducer, staurosporine, caused high elevations of cytosolic Ca(2+) that precede Bax translocation. On the other hand, agents that mobilize Ca(2+) from endoplasmic reticulum such as noradrenaline or thapsigargin, induced Bax translocation, while mitochondrial Ca(2+) release evoked by carbonyl cyanide-p-(trifluoromethoxyphenyl) hydrazone was not able to cause Bax punctation. In addition, microinjection of inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate induced Bax translocation. Taken together, our results show that in Bax overexpressing cortical astrocytes, endoplasmic reticulum-Ca(2+) release may induce Bax transactivation and specifically control apoptosis.