RESUMO
Emotional reactions to a partner's extradyadic romantic interests are assumed to be negative and characterized by jealousy, an emotional state that arises over a perceived threat to one's relationship. Yet, reactions may also be positive, and involve compersion, or taking joy in one's partner's pleasure in other sexual and relational encounters. Although some have argued that compersion is the opposite of jealousy, research suggests that compersion and jealousy may not be opposing constructs, despite being treated this way in both theoretical and empirical research. Using a convenience sample of polyamorous (N = 3530) and monogamous (N = 1358) individuals, we draw on theories of jealousy, emotional ambivalence, and emotional forecasting to examine people's anticipated affective responses to hypothetical situations involving a partner's extradyadic relations and assess whether experience with having a partner engage in extradyadic relations was associated with anticipating less jealousy and more compersion. Results suggest that people in polyamorous relationships report less jealousy and more compersion with their partners, and that personal experience involving a partner's extradyadic romantic interests predicted more compersion and less jealousy, with experience predicting greater increases in compersion among monogamous than polyamorous participants. Finally, while anticipated compersion was associated with greater relationship satisfaction, neither jealousy nor ambivalence was associated with relationship satisfaction. These results further demonstrate that individuals can experience both positive and negative reactions to a partner's extradyadic relations, both based on actual experience and projection of responses to future events, and that real-life experiences are important in anticipating these emotions.
Assuntos
Ciúme , Parceiros Sexuais , Emoções , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Casamento , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
Polyamory is the practice of having multiple emotionally close relationships that may or may not be sexual. Research concerning polyamory has just begun to determine how relationships among partners in polyamorous arrangements may vary. Most of the research assessing perceptions of polyamorous partners has focused on primary-secondary configurations; however, non-hierarchical configurations exist and can involve having multiple primary partners or having only non-primary partners. The current research is the first to examine perceptions of partners and relationship quality in various polyamorous configurations and compares results for each configuration to monogamous partners. Results from online convenience samples suggest that co-primary and non-primary configurations are common among polyamorous participants, with approximately 38% identifying with one of these configurations in 2013 and 55% in 2017. Furthermore, our results suggest that while relationships with partners in co-primary and non-primary structures still differ in some ways (e.g., investment, acceptance, secrecy, time spent having sex), they are closer to their ideals on several psychologically meaningful indicators of relationship quality (e.g., commitment and satisfaction). In other words, despite rejecting hierarchical primary-secondary labels, many of the same relationship qualities differ systematically among partners in non-hierarchical relationships. Furthermore, pseudo-primary partners and primary partners in these relationships are more comparable to monogamous partners than they are to secondary partners. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of polyamorous and monogamous relationships and suggest future directions based on these findings.
Assuntos
Casamento/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Humanos , Relações InterpessoaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite marked improvements over the last few decades, maternal mortality in Tanzania remains among the world's highest at 454 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Many factors contribute to this disparity, such as a lack of attendance at antenatal care (ANC) services and low rates of delivery at a health facility with a skilled provider. The Wazazi Nipendeni (Love me, parents) social and behavioral change communication campaign was launched in Tanzania in 2012 to improve a range of maternal health outcomes, including individual birth planning, timely ANC attendance, and giving birth in a healthcare facility. METHODS: An evaluation to determine the impact of the national Wazazi Nipendeni campaign was conducted in five purposively selected regions of Tanzania using exit interviews with pregnant and post-natal women attending ANC clinics. A total of 1708 women were interviewed regarding campaign exposure, ANC attendance, and individual birth planning. RESULTS: Over one third of interviewed women (35.1%) reported exposure to the campaign in the last month. The more sources from which women reported hearing the Wazazi Nipendeni message, the more they planned for the birth of their child (ß = 0.08, p = .001). Greater numbers of types of exposure to the Wazazi Nipendeni message was associated with an increase in ANC visits (ß = 0.05, p = .004). Intervention exposure did not significantly predict the timing of the first ANC visit or HIV testing in the adjusted model, however, findings showed that exposure did predict whether women delivered at a health care facility (or not) and whether they tested for HIV with a partner in the unadjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: The Wazazi Nipendeni campaign shows promise that such a behavior change communication intervention could lead to better pregnancy and childbirth outcomes for women in low resource settings. For outcomes such as HIV testing, message exposure showed some promising effects, but demographic variables such as age and socioeconomic status appear to be important as well.
Assuntos
Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Instalações de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Promoção da Saúde , Saúde Materna , Parto , Cuidado Pré-Natal/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Comunicação , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Modelos Lineares , Modelos Logísticos , Programas de Rastreamento , Mortalidade Materna , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Tanzânia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Through this exploratory study, we sought to better understand Nepali female commercial sex workers' (FCSWs') experiences in order to inform HIV prevention and health promotion interventions for this vulnerable and hard-to-reach population. Data were collected through phenomenological interviews with eight FCSWs. Through analysis we reveal promising intervention points to enhance FCSW health, empowerment, and overall well-being. Researchers suggest a combination of structural and individual programs is essential to improving the circumstances of Nepali FCSWs and preventing the spread of HIV. Given Nepal's limited resources and complex environment, it is imperative future prevention programs are focused and guided by FCSWs' lived experiences.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Trabalho Sexual , Profissionais do Sexo/psicologia , Estigma Social , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Nepal/epidemiologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , ViolênciaRESUMO
Rising rates of HIV in Nepal signal an impending epidemic. In order to develop culturally appropriate and effective actions and programmes to reduce HIV transmission, it is necessary to understand attitudes, behaviours and norms surrounding sexual networking and safer-sex practices in Nepal. Nepali women are thought to be at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, sexual violence and exploitation and other sexual health disparities due to cultural scripts limiting access to education, ability to control sexual relationships and acceptability in discussing sex and sexual health. The present study comprises a series of interviews with 25 women living in Kathmandu (13 individual interviews and 2 focus-group discussions) about their knowledge and experiences related to sex and sexual health. Interviews were translated and transcribed and two independent coders conducted a thematic analysis. Overall, the women described sex as primarily a male domain. Sex and sexual health were viewed as taboo discussion topics and formal sex education was perceived as minimally available and far from comprehensive in its scope. This formative study can inform future interventions aimed at reducing the spread of STIs/HIV in Nepal and empowering women on issues of sexual health and well-being.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Saúde Reprodutiva , Comportamento Sexual , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Nepal , Sexo Seguro , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Normas Sociais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
This study's objective was to describe awareness of, access to, belief in, and utilization of the healing tea Kikombe cha babu and other alternative treatments for HIV in Tanzania. Associations with HIV testing, treatment, and prevention behaviors are also explored. A survey with questions about alternative medicine was administered to a sample in Tanzania using a stratified, multistage random selection method. Adults were interviewed face-to-face. Items concerning alternative HIV treatments addressed awareness, access, beliefs, and treatment-seeking behaviors. Questions about HIV prevention and treatment were also asked. Results showed participants indicated a high awareness of alternative treatments available in Tanzania, with 95.3% of 2313 adults having heard of these treatments. Of those, 6.0% had actually sought the treatment, and 46.8% had an acquaintance seek it. However, 81.0% indicated these treatments were not easily accessible. There is a high level of belief in the ability of these alternative treatments to cure HIV, with 44.0% of people who had heard of these treatments indicating they believe such treatments can cure HIV. Additionally, many people indicated having these alternative treatments available would result in decreased condom use (15.6%), no need to use condoms (94.9%), and no need to take antiretroviral therapy (81.7%). However, 57.4% indicated they would be more likely to get tested for HIV if alternative treatments were available. Belief in the ability of alternative treatments to cure HIV in Tanzania is high and should be further explored due to its implications for potentially sidelining HIV prevention and treatment initiatives.
Assuntos
Apocynaceae , Características Culturais , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Adulto , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Masculino , Fitoterapia/métodos , Folhas de Planta/química , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tanzânia , CháRESUMO
This study is an evaluation of a pilot of the Let's Talk Intervention for Nepali women for effectiveness in increasing sexual health communication between women and the men in their lives. The intervention included 88 women in Kathmandu and spanned three 2-hour group sessions. Baseline, posttest, and follow-up knowledge, attitude, and behavior surveys were completed. Results showed women at posttest and follow-up spoke with more women and men about sex than they had at baseline. Attitudes regarding gender norms about sex improved as a result of the intervention, and shame about sex and sexuality for women decreased after intervention. Women also reported greater comfort discussing sex after the intervention. HIV knowledge scores increased after intervention but dropped again at follow-up, likely because of time constraints in addressing this topic in sufficient detail. This is the first program in Nepal that addresses communication about sexual health while focusing on education and prevention for HIV/STIs for women.
Assuntos
Comunicação , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Sexo Seguro , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nepal , Projetos Piloto , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The information-motivation-behavioral skills model was used to investigate which factors were associated with condom accessibility among undergraduate college aged adults. Our aim was to also examine moderating effects of erotophobia/erotophilia and alcohol use, as these have been related to sexual risk and prevention behaviors among young adults. METHOD: Participants completed survey questionnaires on personal computers. RESULTS: Support was found for the paths of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Alcohol use moderated the mediating effect of behavioral skills between motivation and condom accessibility, and erotophobia/erotophilia moderated the effect of motivation and behavioral skills on condom accessibility. Higher alcohol use was associated with a lower likelihood of having condoms accessible, and individuals with higher levels of erotophobia had weaker paths between motivation and behavioral skills than those with lower levels. DISCUSSION: Discussion centers on the role of individual differences on protective behaviors that require planning and how intervention efforts can be tailored to promote these changes.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Medo , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos , Motivação , UniversidadesRESUMO
Theory and research have described developmental processes leading to damaged parent-child relationships, such as those that occur during a divorce. However, scholars dispute the scientific status of the literature on children who form unhealthy alliances with one parent against the other-termed parental alienation (PA). This comprehensive literature review tests competing descriptions of the PA literature. Accessing four electronic databases, we identified 213 documents with empirical data on PA published in 10 languages through December 2020. The results confirmed that the current state of PA scholarship meets three criteria of a maturing field of scientific inquiry: an expanding literature, a shift toward quantitative studies, and a growing body of research that tests theory-generated hypotheses. Nearly 40% of the PA literature has been published since 2016, establishing that PA research has moved beyond an early stage of scientific development and has produced a scientifically trustworthy knowledge base. This literature review documents the value of multiple research methodologies to this knowledge base. In addition, the growing body of research described in this review enhances our understanding of the association between interparental conflict and the breakdown of parent-child relationships in families where conflict differentially affects children's relationship with and behavior toward each parent. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Conflito Familiar , Psicologia do Desenvolvimento , Divórcio/psicologia , Conflito Familiar/psicologia , Humanos , Relações Pais-Filho , Pais/psicologiaRESUMO
Parental alienation occurs when a child aligns with one parent and unjustifiably rejects the other as a result of parental alienating behaviors. This article provides an overview of current research and theory regarding the losses alienated children endure. Parental alienating behaviors alter the child's beliefs, perceptions, and memories of the alienated parent, triggering a cascade of profound losses for the child. These losses include loss of individual self, childhood experiences, extended family, community, and activities and relationships essential for healthy development. Consequently, alienated children often experience ongoing and ambiguous losses and thereby suffer disenfranchised grief in isolation.
Assuntos
Relações Pais-Filho , Pais , Criança , Nível de Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
The use of heuristic biases and the false consensus effect can lead individuals to misperceive risk of HIV infection. The current paper presents the results of two studies which sought to examine whether individuals, (a) weigh risk relevant information accurately in their assessments of HIV risk, and (b) are susceptible to the false consensus effect in their assessments of actual intimate partner risk behaviors. The results of the first study support the hypothesis that individuals do not use objective risk information based on probability statistics in their assessments of HIV risk. In addition, the results of the second study find that female partners exhibit the false consensus effect regarding sexual risk behaviors, whereas male partners did not. Discussion centers on the role of perceptual biases in HIV risk behaviors among individuals in intimate relationships.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Variações Dependentes do Observador , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Masculino , Percepção , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a single-session peer-led safer sex intervention, based on the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills theoretical model, for college students residing in campus residence halls. Participants (N = 108) were assigned to either an hour long control or 5-module intervention session. Compared to the control condition, the intervention increased participants' information and women's subjective norms about preventative behavior. Both the control and intervention sessions increased intentions to perform preventative behaviors (e.g., keep condoms available). These preliminary results suggest that this intervention is promising for increasing constructs associated with safer sexual behavior and could easily be implemented by residence hall staff.
Assuntos
Grupo Associado , Sexo Seguro , Universidades , Adolescente , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Research on polyamorous relationships has increased substantially over the past decade. This work has documented how polyamory is practiced and why individuals might pursue such arrangements. However, there is a lack of a systematic investigation of who is in polyamorous relationships and how they might differ from individuals in monogamous relationships. The present study is one of the first to address this by comparing the demographic backgrounds of individuals in polyamorous (N = 2,428) and monogamous (N = 539) relationships in the United States. Compared to participants in monogamous relationships, those in polyamorous relationships were more likely to report minority sexual identities. Despite similar age distributions, individuals in polyamorous relationships were more likely to report being in a civil union, being divorced, and earning less than $40,000 per year compared to individuals in monogamous relationships. People in polyamorous relationships were also more likely to select "other" options for most demographic characteristics, suggesting that they tend to choose less traditional response options in general. The current research highlights several demographic differences that need to be considered and potentially controlled for in future comparisons of polyamorous and monogamous relationships.
Assuntos
Demografia , Relações Extramatrimoniais , Casamento , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Scientific rigor in intervention trials is frequently used in systems that identify effective interventions for dissemination. In these systems, and in work that synthesizes bodies of research, percent attrition is often considered a fatal threat to validity. However, differential attrition, versus percent total, is of primary concern. Key methodologic, design, and analytic issues pertaining to scientific rigor in longitudinal designs were identified, and the current literature on antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions (k = 51) was evaluated in relation to these. Although results suggest that this body of literature has progressed in rigor, improvements are needed in transparency of reporting participant flow, retention strategies, handling of missing data, and characterization of retained and lost cohorts. Attrition averaged 30% total, and differential by study arm was estimated at 9%. Differential attrition continues to be underreported and is not well represented by the more frequently used, though arguably less appropriate, metric of overall percent attrition.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Suboptimal adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may have serious consequences for HIV patients, and for public health overall. The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) model of HAART adherence can be used to understand the dynamics of HAART adherence and to intervene with patients to promote more optimal levels of adherence. This article reviews the core hypotheses of the IMB model of HAART adherence and describes available correlational and experimental evaluations of the model, outcomes of adherence intervention trials that applied the model, and IMB model-based interventions that are currently under evaluation. It then explores one potential promising application of the model that uses a protocol originally developed and demonstrated as a structured patient-centered, provider-delivered risk reduction intervention to deliver information, motivation, and behavioral skills-based adherence-promotion strategies. This protocol could be incorporated into clinical practice as a valuable tool in working with patients individually.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Psicológicos , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , HIV-1 , Humanos , Disseminação de Informação , Motivação , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Despite affecting millions of families around the world, parental alienation has been largely unacknowledged or denied by legal and health professionals as a form of family violence. This complex form of aggression entails a parental figure engaging in the long-term use of a variety of aggressive behaviors to harm the relationship between their child and another parental figure, and/or to hurt the other parental figure directly because of their relationship with their child. Like other forms of family violence, parental alienation has serious and negative consequences for family members, yet victims are often blamed for their experience. In order to be recognized as a form of family violence and to secure protection for victims under law and social policies, a formal review and comparison of parental alienating behaviors and outcomes to child abuse and intimate partner violence has been sorely needed. The result of this review highlights how the societal denial of parental alienation has been like the historical social and political denial or other forms of abuse in many parts of the world (e.g., child abuse a century ago). Reframing parental alienating behaviors as a form of family violence also serves as a desperate call to action for social scientists to focus more theoretical and empirical attention to this topic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Violência Doméstica , Conflito Familiar , Relações Pais-Filho , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
This study draws on a social norms framework to examine the influence of interview context-specifically the presence of other women and men-on women's reported attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia, where IPV rates are among the highest in the world. The sample (16,515 women, ages 15-49) was taken from Ethiopia's 2011 Demographic and Health Survey. Results showed the odds of women "justifying" IPV to be nearly twice as great when other women were present during the interview, and nearly half in the presence of men. Implications for more sensitive interview methodology are discussed.
Assuntos
Atitude , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Normas Sociais , Adolescente , Adulto , Etiópia , Feminino , Humanos , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Civil/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
In consensually non-monogamous relationships there is an open agreement that one, both, or all individuals involved in a romantic relationship may also have other sexual and/or romantic partners. Research concerning consensual non-monogamy has grown recently but has just begun to determine how relationships amongst partners in consensually non-monogamous arrangements may vary. The current research examines this issue within one type of consensual non-monogamy, specifically polyamory, using a convenience sample of 1,308 self-identified polyamorous individuals who provided responses to various indices of relationship evaluation (e.g. acceptance, secrecy, investment size, satisfaction level, commitment level, relationship communication, and sexual frequency). Measures were compared between perceptions of two concurrent partners within each polyamorous relationship (i.e., primary and secondary partners). Participants reported less stigma as well as more investment, satisfaction, commitment and greater communication about the relationship with primary compared to secondary relationships, but a greater proportion of time on sexual activity with secondary compared to primary relationships. We discuss how these results inform our understanding of the unique costs and rewards of primary-secondary relationships in polyamory and suggest future directions based on these findings.
Assuntos
Relações Interpessoais , Casamento/psicologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Comunicação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
HIV-positive persons who do not maintain consistently high levels of adherence to often complex and toxic highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens may experience therapeutic failure and deterioration of health status and may develop multidrug-resistant HIV that can be transmitted to uninfected others. The current analysis conceptualizes social and psychological determinants of adherence to HAART among HIV-positive individuals. The authors propose an information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of HAART adherence that assumes that adherence-related information, motivation, and behavioral skills are fundamental determinants of adherence to HAART. According to the model, adherence-related information and motivation work through adherence-related behavioral skills to affect adherence to HAART. Empirical support for the IMB model of adherence is presented, and its application in adherence-promotion intervention efforts is discussed.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Disseminação de Informação , Motivação , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Pesquisa Empírica , Humanos , PsicologiaRESUMO
We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate behavioral HIV risk reduction interventions targeting people who inject drugs. We included 37 RCTs evaluating 49 independent HIV risk reduction interventions with 10,190 participants. Compared to controls, intervention participants reduced injection drug use (IDU) and non-IDU, increased drug treatment entry, increased condom use, and decreased trading sex for drugs. Interventions were more successful at reducing IDU when participants were non-Caucasians, when content focused equivalently on drug-related and sex-related risks, and when content included interpersonal skills training specific for safer needle use. Condom use outcomes improved when two intervention facilitators were used instead of one. IDU outcomes did not decay, but condom use outcomes did. Behavioral interventions reduce risk behaviors among people who inject drugs, especially when interventions target both drug risk and sexual risk behaviors, and when they include certain behavioral skills components. Implications for future interventions are presented.