Plaque morphology predictors of side branch occlusion after provisional stenting in coronary bifurcation lesion: Results of optical coherence tomography bifurcation study (ORBID).

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the predictors of side branch (SB) ostial stenosis developed after provisional stenting of the main vessel (MV) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). BACKGROUND: Provisional stenting remains the main approach to treatment of bifurcation lesions; however, it may result in the narrowing of SB ostium. There is little information about underlying plaque morphology of the MV lesion and its potential impact on the SB after provisional stenting. METHODS: Patients with stable coronary disease with angiographic MV lesion not involving SB were included in a prospective single center study. The primary outcome was significant SB ostium stenosis (SBOS), defined as residual stenosis of >50% after MV stenting. RESULTS: Thirty bifurcation lesions in 30 patients were analyzed in the study. Poststenting significant SBOS was observed in 30% of patients. The MV lesions with SBOS > 50% were characterized by a higher prevalence of lipid rich plaques (100 vs. 64%, p = 0.040) and spotty calcifications (60 vs. 0%, p = 0.005). Maximal lipid arcs were greater (257° vs. 132°, p = 0.001) and lipid volume index was higher (1380 vs. 574, p = 0.012) in the SBOS >50% group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified maximal lipid arc (odds ratio (OR): 1.014, p = 0.038) and the presence of lipid plaque contralateral to SB ostium (OR: 8.14, p = 0.046) before stenting as independent predictors of significant SBOS after PCI. CONCLUSIONS: High lipid content of the MV lesion and a contralateral location of lipid in the bifurcation area may contribute to SBOS after provisional stenting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Gageopeptins A and B, new inhibitors of zoospore motility of the phytopathogen Phytophthora capsici from a marine-derived bacterium Bacillus sp. 109GGC020.

The motility of zoospores is critical in the disease cycles of the peronosporomycetes that cause devastating diseases in plants, fishes, vertebrates, and microbes. In the course of screening for secondary metabolites regulating the motility of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici, we discovered two new inhibitors from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of a marine-derived strain Bacillus sp. 109GGC020. The structures of these novel metabolites were elucidated as new cyclic lipopeptides and named gageopeptins A (1) and B (2) by spectroscopic analyses including high resolution MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR. The stereoconfigurations of 1 and 2 were assigned based on the chemical derivatization studies and reviews of the literature data. Although compounds 1 and 2 impaired the motility of zoospores of P. capsici in dose- and time-dependent manners, compound 1 (IC50 = 1 µg/ml) was an approximately 400-fold stronger motility inhibitor than 2 (IC50 = 400 µg/ml). Interestingly, the zoospores halted by compound 1 were subsequently lysed at higher concentrations (IC50 = 50 µg/ml). Compounds 1 and 2 were also tested against some bacteria and fungi by broth dilution assay, and exhibited moderate antibacterial and good antifungal activities.

Crispene E, a cis-clerodane diterpene inhibits STAT3 dimerization in breast cancer cells.

Crispene E, a new clerodane-type diterpene, inhibited STAT3 dimerization in a cell-free fluorescent polarisation assay and was found to have significant toxicity against STAT3-dependent MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line and selectively inhibited the expression of STAT3 and STAT3 target genes cyclin D1, Fascin and bcl-2. Molecular docking studies suggest the molecule inhibits STAT3 by interacting with its SH2 domain. The compound has been isolated from Tinospora crispa and characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques.

Two rare flavonoid glycosides from Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.: experimental and computational approaches endorse antidiabetic potentiality.

BACKGROUND: Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. belongs to the Litsea genus and is categorized under the family of Lauraceae. The study aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents and pharmacological properties of methanol extract of leaves of Litsea glutinosa, focusing on antidiabetic activity via in vivo and in silico techniques. METHODS: Extensive chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques were applied to isolate and characterize the constituents from the L. glutinosa plant species. The antidiabetic activity was studied in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice, and the computational study of the isolated compounds was carried out by utilizing AutoDock Vina programs. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicological profiles of the isolated compounds were examined via in silico techniques. RESULTS: In the present study, two flavonoid glycosides 4΄-O-methyl (2 ̋,4 ̋-di-E-p-coumaroyl) afzelin (1) and quercetin 3-O-(2 ̋,4 ̋-di-E-p-coumaroyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2) were isolated from the leaves of L. glutinosa and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and mass spectral data. Although compounds 1 and 2 have been reported twice from Machilis litseifolia and Lindera akoensis, and Machilis litseifolia and Mammea longifolia, respectively, this is the first report of this isolation from a Litsea species. Administering the methanolic extract of L. glutinosa at doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg/day to mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin led to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) starting from the 7th day of treatment. Besides, the computational study and PASS analysis endorsed the current in vivo findings that the both isolated compounds exerted higher binding affinities to human pancreatic α-amylase and aldose reductase than the conventional drugs. The in silico ADMET analysis revealed that the both isolated compounds have a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile suitable for human consumption. CONCLUSION: According to the current outcomes obtained from in vivo and in silico techniques, the leaf extract of L. glutinosa could be a natural remedy for treating diabetes, and the isolated phytoconstituents could be applied against various illnesses, mainly hyperglycemia. However, more investigations are required for extensive phytochemical isolation and pharmacological activities of these phytoconstituents against broader targets with exact mechanisms of action.

Four new isoflavones from Derris scandens and their in vitro antiproliferative effects.

Four new compounds (derriscandenon D (1), E (2), F (3), G (4)) and six known isoflavones (warangalone (5), millewanin E (6), rhynedlin A (7), 6,8-diprenylgenistein (8), isolupalbigenin (9), isoscandinone (10)) were isolated from the acetone extract of the branches of Derris scandens. These compounds were assayed for cell viability using the human lung carcinoma cell line A549, colorectal carcinoma cell line Colo205, epidermoid carcinoma cell line KB, the human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line NALM-6, and human dermal fibroblasts. Compounds 2 and 3 significantly decreased the viability of KB cells, with IC50 values of 2.7 and 12.9 µM, respectively. In addition, compounds 2 and 3 reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in KB cells. Compounds 2 and 3 strongly down-regulated the cell viability of cell lines KB and NALM-6, achieving IC50 values of 2.7 and 0.9 µM, respectively, compared with the positive control staurosporine at 1.25 and 0.01 µM, respectively.

Three isoflavones from Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth and their cancer chemopreventive activity and in vitro antiproliferative effects.

Three undescribed isoflavones, derriscandenon A, B, and C, together with seven known isoflavones were isolated and structurally characterized during a study of the chemical constituents in the leaves of Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth (Leguminosae, Fabaceae) collected in Bangladesh. The inhibitory activity of the compounds against activation of Epstein-Barr virus antigen (EBV-EA) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbo-13-acetate (TPA) was measured to identify possible chemopreventive agents. Mild inhibitory effects (IC50 278-290 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA) against EBV-EA induction compared with curcumin (IC50 341 mol ratio/32 pmol TPA) were observed for four known compounds (lupalbigenin, isopalbigenin, glyurallin, and isangustone A). Next, we focused on antitumor effects and investigated cell viability, cell proliferation, and mitochondria membrane potential by using an MTT assay, a live cell monitoring system, and fluorescence staining. Of the seven isoflavones tested for cell viability, a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed for four isoflavones (derriscandenon B and C, derrubone, and glyurallin) in KB cells and two compounds (derriscandenon B and isochandaisone) in NALM6-MSH+ cells. In addition, the proliferation of KB cells was significantly inhibited by these four compounds at a concentration of 5 µM. The mitochondria membrane potentials of KB cells treated with derriscandenon C, derrubone, and glyurallin at the IC50 concentration were decreased by about 55%, whereas undescribed compound derriscandenon B had no effect. Our results show that some of the compounds isolated from D. scandens may be suitable as seed compounds for cancer prevention and therapy.

Stereochenols A and B, two quinones from Stereospermum chelonoides.

Two quinones, stereochenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated from a methanol extract of the stem bark of Stereospermum chelonoides, in addition to the known naphthoquinones, sterekunthal B (3) and sterequinone C (4). The structures of these compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds.

Macrocyclic diarylheptanoids from Garuga pinnata.

Three macrocyclic diarylheptanoids, 6'-hydroxygaruganin V (1), 9'-desmethylgarugamblin I (2) and 1,9'-didesmethylgaruganin III (3) were isolated from the petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts of the stem bark of Garuga pinnata. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic studies, including high field NMR and MS measurements.

Meta-Analysis of Radial Versus Femoral Access for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Radial access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to reduce mortality and vascular complications compared to femoral access in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, efficacy and safety of radial access PCI in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) is not well understood. A systematic search of electronic databases was performed through July 2015 to search and identify relevant studies. We evaluated the following short-term outcomes: all-cause mortality, major bleeding, access site bleeding, and need for blood transfusions. In addition, we evaluated 1-year mortality. Studies were pooled using random effects model. Nine studies including a total of 220,126 patients (radial approach: 94,663 patients [43%], femoral approach: 125,463 patients [57%]) were included in the analysis. On pooled analysis, no significant difference in incidence of short-term all-cause mortality was found between radial and femoral access (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.07, p = 0.12). Radial access was associated with significant reduction in major bleeding (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.73, p = 0.0002), access-site bleeding (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.78, p = 0.007), and need for blood transfusions (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91, p = 0.02). Furthermore, the 1-year mortality was significantly lower in radial approach (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.95, p = 0.02). In conclusion, in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI, radial access is associated with decreased bleeding and access-site complications.

Guaiane sesquiterpenes from Amoora rohituka.

The petroleum ether extract of the stem bark of Amoora rohituka afforded two novel guaiane-derived sesquiterpenoids, 6beta,7beta-epoxyguai-4-en-3-one (1) and 6beta,7beta-epoxy-4beta,5-dihydroxyguaiane (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by extensive NMR and MS analyses and by comparison of their spectral data with related compounds. The relative stereochemistry of the asymmetric centers in 1 and 2, except at C-5 of 2, were determined by selective 1D-NOESY experiments.

Antimicrobial activity of Toona ciliata and Amoora rohituka.

The extracts of two Bangladeshi medicinal plants, Toona ciliata (stem bark) and Amoora rohituka (stem bark), along with siderin, a major coumarin from T. ciliata, exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity. The extracts also demonstrated mild antifungal effect.

Steroids and polyketides from Uvaria hamiltonii stem bark.

Two known steroids, stigmasterol and 6b-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one (1) and two unusual polyketides, cis-4-hydroxymellein (2) and trans-4-hydroxymellein (3) were isolated from the stem bark of Uvaria hamiltonii. The structures of the compounds were elucidated independently by high-resolution 2D-NMR techniques and confirmed by comparison with previously reported values.

Gageotetrins A-C, noncytotoxic antimicrobial linear lipopeptides from a marine bacterium Bacillus subtilis.

Gageotetrins A-C (1-3), a unique class of linear lipopeptides, consisting of di- and tetrapeptides and a new fatty acid were isolated from a Marine Bacillus subtilis. The structures of 1-3 were assigned by spectroscopic data and their absolute stereochemistries were ascertained by chemical derivatization. Compounds 1-3 displayed good antimicrobial activities with MIC values of 0.01-0.06 µM. However, these compounds failed to register any cytotoxicity (GI50 > 30 µg/ml) against human cancer cell lines.

Non-cytotoxic antifungal agents: isolation and structures of gageopeptides A-D from a Bacillus strain 109GGC020.

Antifungal resistance and toxicity problems of conventional fungicides highlighted the requirement of search for new safe antifungal agents. To comply with the requirement, we discovered four new non-cytotoxic lipopeptides, gageopeptides A-D, 1-4, from a marine-derived bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The structures and stereochemistry of gageopeptides were determined by NMR data analysis and chemical means. Gageopeptides exhibited significant antifungal activities against pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, and Colletotrichum acutatum with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.02-0.06 µM. In addition, these lipopeptides showed significant motility inhibition and lytic activities against zoospores of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora capsici. These compounds also showed potent antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MIC values of 0.04-0.08 µM. However, gageopeptides A-D did not exhibit any cytotoxicity (GI50 > 25 µM) against cancer cell lines in sulforhodamine B (SRB), 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and WST-1 ((4-[3-4-iodophenyl]-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio)-1,3-benzene disulfonate)) assays, demonstrating that these compounds could be promising candidates for the development of non-cytotoxic antifungal agents.

Secondary metabolites from the stem of Ravenia spectabilis Lindl.

BACKGROUND: Ravenia spectabilis is a medium tall shrub found widespread in South America. It also found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. Few alkaloid and steroid compounds were reported from the plant previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanol extract from the stems of Ravenia spectabilis were partitioned into n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions, respectively. The crude methanol extract, carbon tetrachloride fraction and chloroform fraction were fractionated by column chromatography of Silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 for isolation and purification of compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectral analysis, including 2D NMR, mass spectroscopy etc. RESULTS: Ten compounds, γ-fagarine (1), ravenoline (2), N-methyl atanine (3),2,3,3,5-tetramethyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydrofurano [3,2-c] quinolin-4-one (4), arborinine (5), 3-geranyl indole (6), atanine (7), steroids sitosta-4-en- 3-one (8), stigmasterol (9) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (10) were isolated from the stems of Ravenia spectabilis. CONCLUSION: Compounds N-methyl atanine (3), 2,3,3,5-tetramethyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofurano [3,2-c] quinolin-4-one (4), 3-geranyl indole (6), sitosta-4-en-3-one (8) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (10) were isolated from this plant for the first time. 3-geranyl indole (6) was also isolated second time from natural sources.

The prenylated dioxopiperazine alkaloid Cristatin A has selective telomeric DNA G-quadruplex stabilising properties.

Cristatin A (1a/b), a prenylated dioxopiperazine alkaloid, has been shown to bind selectively to telomeric quadruplex DNA using a FRET-based DNA melting assay. Crucially, the molecule is more drug-like than most previously identified quadruplex-binding agents, and provides a unique chemical scaffold for future chemical biology and drug discovery studies.

An unusual bisnor-clerodane diterpenoid from Polyalthia simiarum.

The stem bark of Polyalthia simiarum has yielded a new bisnor-type clerodane diterpenoid, 2-oxo-14,15-bisnor-3,11E-kolavadien-13-one (1), and three previously known clerodane derivatives, kolavenic acid (2), 16beta-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)Z-dien-15,16-olide (3), and 16-oxocleroda-3,13(14)E-dien-15-oic acid (4). The structures of these compounds were unambiguously determined by extensive NMR studies as well as by comparison with related compounds. Till now this is the second report of the occurrence of any unusual C-18 clerodane diterpenoid from nature. The crude light petroleum extract and the purified compound 3 demonstrated moderate free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 21.5 and 23.5 microg/mL, respectively.

Antimicrobial and cytotoxic constituents from leaves of Sapium baccatum.

Six compounds, namely, Lupeol (1), Betulin (2), beta-Taraxerol (3), Taraxerone (4), Stigmasterol (5) and beta-Sitosterol (6) were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Sapium baccatum based on spectroscopic evidence. Lupeol (1), Betulin (2) and Stigmasterol (5) were isolated for the first time from this plant. The cytotoxic potential of the different solvent extracts (methanol, petroleum ether, carbon-tetrachloride and dichloromethane); six column fractions (F-4, F-7, F-10, F-12, F-18 and F-22) of petroleum ether extract and three pure compounds 1, 4 and 6 were determined by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The LC50 of all the tested samples were showed to be lethal to brine shrimp nauplii. However, petroleum ether, carbon-tetrachloride extract, column fractions F-4 and F-18 of petroleum ether extract and pure compound 6 showed quite potent activity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay with LC50 1.33, 1.35, 1.40, 1.58 and 1.58 microg/ml, respectively. These result suggested that they might be contain antitumor or pesticidal activity. Further, the methanol extract and four column fractions (F-7, F-12, F-18 and F-22) of petroleum ether showed significant activity against the tested microorganisms.

Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq., Rubiaceae, extract shows hypoglycemic effect and eases oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The hydroethanolic extract of the flowering tops of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq., Rubiaceae, a Bangladeshi medicinal plant, was studied for its potential hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant property in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract induced significant reduction in serum glucose, and transaminases, e.g. aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP), activities. Significant changes in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxidase and catalase levels during the experimental period were also observed. The results established that the hydroethanolic extract of the flowering tops of A. cadamba possesses hypoglycemic property and is able to protect liver and brain from oxidative damages caused by diabetes.