The evaluation of bone metabolism in children with renal transplantation.

This study aims to evaluate BMD and bone biomarkers and to investigate the effects of immunosuppressives on bone disease after RTx. Thirty-three RTR aged 16.7 ± 3.7 yr and healthy controls (n = 32) were enrolled. There was no difference between pre-RTx BMD and BMD at the time of study (45.9 ± 30.9 months after RTx), while both values were lower than controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Worst BMD scores were obtained at sixth month after RTx (-0.2 ± 0.9) and best at fourth year (1.4 ± 1.3). 25-hydroxy-(OH) vitamin D and OPG were higher in RTR (p < 0.001). BMD z scores negatively correlated with OPG and cumulative CS doses at the time of study (r = -0.344, p < 0.05 and r = -0.371, p < 0.05, respectively). Regression analysis revealed OPG as the only predictor of BMD (ß -0.78, 95% CI -0.004 to -0.013, p < 0.001). The increase in OPG, a significant predictor of BMD, could either be secondary to graft dysfunction or for protection against bone loss. CS doses should be minimized to avoid their untoward effects on bone metabolism.

Childhood Obesity as a Global Problem: a Cross-sectional Survey on Global Awareness and National Program Implementation

Objective: The rising global epidemic of childhood obesity is a major public health challenge. Despite the urgency, there is a lack of data on the awareness and implementation of preventative measures. The aim of this study was to identify areas for improvement in the prevention and management of childhood obesity worldwide. Methods: A cross-sectional electronic survey was distributed to 132 members of national pediatric societies of the International Pediatric Association. Results: Twenty-eight (21.2%) participants, each from a different country across six World Health Organization (WHO) regions completed the survey. Most participants reported that national prevalence data of childhood obesity is available (78.6%), and the number increased during the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic (60.7%). In most countries (78.6%), the amount of sugar and salt in children's products is provided but only 42.9% enacted regulations on children-targeted advertising. Childhood obesity prevention programs from the government (64.3%) and schools (53.6%) are available with existing support from private or non-profit organizations (71.4%). Participants were aware of WHO's guidance concerning childhood obesity (78.6%), while fewer were aware of The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund's (UNICEF) guidance (50%). Participants reported that WHO/UNICEF guidance acted as a reference to develop policies, regulations and national programs. However, progress was hindered by poor compliance. Lastly, participants provided suggestions on tackling obesity, with responses ranging from developing and reinforcing policies, involvement of schools, and prevention across all life stages. Conclusion: There are different practices in implementing prevention measures to counter childhood obesity globally, particularly in statutory regulation on food advertising and national programs. While support and awareness was relatively high, implementation was hindered. This reflects the need for prompt, country-specific evaluation and interventions.

Acute adrenal crisis mimicking familial Mediterranean fever attack in a renal transplant FMF patient with amyloid goiter.

The most devastating complication of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is amyloidosis which is capable of resulting in chronic renal failure. Although amyloid deposits are frequent in adrenal glands based on the autopsies of FMF patients however; to our knowledge, symptomatic adrenal insufficiency has not been reported yet. We describe a 21-year-old-FMF amyloidosis case with a well-functioning allograft who presented to the emergency clinic with the complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea mimicking FMF attack. adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation test was performed due to resistant hyponatremia and disclosed Addison disease. In countries with a high prevalence of FMF, adrenal crisis should be borne in mind in long standing FMF patients.

The relationship between hypertension and salt intake in Turkish population: SALTURK study.

This population-based epidemiological study was aimed to evaluate the daily salt intake and its relation to blood pressure in a representative group of Turkish population. The enrolled normotensive and hypertensive individuals (n = 1970) completed a questionnaire including demographics, dietary habits, hypertension awareness and drug usage. Blood pressure was measured and to estimate salt consumption, 24-h urine samples were collected. The daily urinary sodium excretion was 308.3 ± 143.1 mmol/day, equal to a salt intake of 18.01 g/day. Salt intake was higher in obese participants, rural residents, participants with lower education levels and elderly. A positive linear correlation between salt intake and systolic and diastolic blood pressures was demonstrated (r = 0.450, p = 0.020; r = 0.406, p = 0.041; respectively), and each 100 mmol/day of salt intake resulted in 5.8 and 3.8 mmHg increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. Salt intake and systolic blood pressure was significantly correlated in normal weight individuals (r = 0.257, p < 0.01). The Turkish population consumes a great amount of salt; salt intake and blood pressure was positively correlated. Efforts in sodium restriction are therefore crucial in the management of hypertension as part of national and global health policies.

Nutritional Status of Syrian Refugees in Early Adolescence Living in Turkey.

This study evaluated the nutritional status of Syrian refugees in the early adolescent period living in different vulnerable settings. Nutritional assessment of Syrian refugee adolescents is often neglected but essential for a healthy physical, pubertal and mental development. Growth parameters of Syrian refugee adolescents going to a public school in an urban area and in a temporary protection center (TPC) were recorded along with the Turkish adolescents. Stunting percentages were similar between the groups (p = 0.811). While the proportion of children with a BMI over 85th percentile were significantly higher among Syrian adolescents living in TPC, Turkish children have the highest percentage of underweight (p = 0.01). Both food insecurity and unhealthy weight gain continue to be major concerns for refugee adolescents after their resettlement to a host country. The findings suggest that nutritional assessment and intervention at early adolescence is critical for Syrian refugees depending on their living conditions.

Sulphasalazine treatment in protracted familial Mediterranean fever arthritis.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by self-limited attacks of fever and polyserositis. Articular involvement in early-onset FMF is a common finding characterized by non-erosive, generally asymmetric monoarthritis in large joints. Protracted FMF arthritis was reported in 2.6% of Turkish patients. An 8-year-old female who has a history of FMF for 5 years applied to our hospital with complaints of persistent swelling and pain of her left knee for 8 months. The patient had been tried to be managed with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as intra-articulary steroids and colchicine. However, arthritis and acute phase response persisted. With sulphasalazine, complete recovery was achieved. It is our belief that sulphasalazine can be a choice of medical treatment in protracted FMF arthritis.

Reference values for urinary calcium, sodium and potassium in healthy newborns, infants and children.

The urinary calcium/creatinine ratio (UCa/Cr) in spot urine samples has been used extensively for screening and diagnosis of hypercalciuria (HC). The aim of this study was to determine the normal values for UCa/Cr, urinary sodium/creatinine (UNa/Cr), urinary potassium/creatinine (UK/Cr) and urinary sodium/potassium (UNa/K) ratios in healthy Turkish children aged 0-5 years. A total of 425 children were enrolled in the study. The urine samples were obtained from the second morning urine in children after breakfast and the first urine after feeding in infants. Urine Ca, Cr, Na and K levels were studied. A positive correlation was found between the UCa/Cr, UNa/Cr, UK/Cr and UNa/K ratios. Our results suggest that UCa/Cr is age-related and declines in the first five years of life except for in the newborn period. It might be concluded that determination of the upper limit of UCa/Cr in children less than five years old for every population can prevent unnecessary laboratory investigations and misdiagnosis of hypercalciuria.

Mental health of Syrian refugee adolescents: how far have we come?

Akgül S, Hüsnü S, Derman O, Özmert E, Bideci A, Hasanoglu E. Mental health of Syrian refugee adolescents: how far have we come? Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 839-845. Among the consequences of war, its impact on the mental health of children and adolescents is one of the most significant. A previous study from our team evaluated the psychiatric symptoms of Syrian refugee adolescents living in one of Turkey`s Temporary Accommodation Centers (TACs) in 2016. Findings suggested that mental health had been compromised in these teens. Since then many measures have been taken to address this problem. The aim of the current study was to re-assess the mental health status of adolescents living in the same center. A total of 76 adolescents (35 female, 41 male) aged between 12-18 years (14.2 ± 0.83 years) received the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) which assessed their anxiety, depression, negative self-concept, somatization and hostility levels in addition to a Global Severity Index (GSI). Results > 1.0 indicated psychopathological symptoms. All BSI sub-scores decreased from 2016 to 2019 showing significant improvement in psychopathological symptoms. The most significant change was in the GSI score which decreased from 2.15 to 0.8. For the 2019 participants a significant correlation was found between years of stay at the camp and the depression subscale. Evaluation to assess gender differences found that adolescent girls reported significantly higher scores than males in anxiety, depression, somatization and the global severity index. This study has shown that interventions designed to tackle post-traumatic stress symptomology may have been effective in improving the mental health status of these teens and can provide a roadmap for tackling existing issues in vulnerable conditions. Additionally, females are under higher risk for psychopathology so gender targeted interventions may specifically be necessary to deal with such issues.

An adolescent case of extensive Behçet`s disease successfully treated with Infliximab.

Isiyel E, Bakkaloglu S, Oguz D, Yenicesu I, Boyunaga Ö, Özdemir Y, Damar Ç, Kandur Y, Akçaboy M, Aslan AT, Sismanlar T, Hasanoglan E, Buyan N. An adolescent case of extensive Behçet`s disease successfully treated with Infliximab. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 585-588. Cardiac involvement is an uncommon and life-threatening complication of Behçet`s Disease. We present a 14-year-old boy, admitted to our hospital for recurrent hemoptysis. In his radiologic evaluation, a right ventricular thrombus and pulmonary arterial aneurysm were identified. He was diagnosed with Behçet`s Disease, and then he received prednisone and cyclophosphamide. However, his cardiac thrombus enlargened. After his treatment was replaced with infliximab, the pulmonary aneurysms regressed, and the cardiac thrombus disappeared. In conclusion, infliximab should be considered as a reliable option for vascular Behçet`s Disease resistant to conventional treatment.

HLA class 1 associations in Henoch Schonlein purpura: increased and decreased frequencies.

Henoch Schonlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood. Susceptibility to HSP and associated clinical heterogeneity in HSP may be conferred by a number of genetic loci, including the major histocompatibility complex. We aimed to investigate the implications of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 alleles in susceptibility to HSP and determine the possible associations with renal, gastrointestinal (GI), and joint manifestations of the disease. 110 children with HSP (66 boys, 44 girls) and 250 unrelated healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 8.65 +/- 3.59 years. HSP was diagnosed on the basis of clinical and laboratory data according to the American College of Rheumatology classification. The diagnosis was supported with skin and/or kidney in most of the patients. Clinical and laboratory findings revealed: skin involvement in 110 (100%), joint manifestations in 82 (74.5%), GI symptoms in 58 (52.7%), and hematuria and/or proteinuria in 36 (32.7%) patients. HLA class 1 alleles were identified by DNA amplification, hybridized with specific primer sequences. Comparison of frequencies between patients and controls were made by using the Fisher's exact test. Odds ratio (OR) was used as the measure of association. HLA A2, A11, and B35 antigens showed an increased risk for predisposition to HSP (OR = 1.714, 95%CI = 1.088-2.700, p = 0.020; OR = 2.185, 95%CI = 1.289-3.703, p = 0.003; and OR = 2.292, 95%CI = 1.451-3.619, p = 0.000, respectively), while HLA A1, B49, and B50 antigens revealed decreased risk for predisposition to HSP (OR = 4.739, 95%CI = 1.828-12.345, p = 0.001; OR = 3.268, 95%CI = 0.955-11.236, p = 0.047; and OR = 7.462, 95%CI = 0.975-55.555, p = 0.024, respectively). Considering the renal involvement and severity of proteinuria, there was no association with HLA class 1 alleles. Our results suggest that the increased frequency of HLA A2, A11, and B35 alleles in unselected pediatric HSP patient population and miscarrying of HLA A1, B49, and B50 could be considered as a risk factor for susceptibility to HSP.

Henoch Schonlein purpura in childhood: clinical analysis of 254 cases over a 3-year period.

We aimed to evaluate the patients who were diagnosed as Henoch Schonlein purpura (HSP) for disease characteristics and prognosis of those with joint, gastrointestinal (GI), and renal involvement. Two hundred and fifty-four children who were followed up with the diagnosis of HSP in the Pediatric Nephrology Clinics of Meram Medical Faculty of Selcuk University and Medical Faculty of Gazi University between January 2003 and June 2006 were retrospectively evaluated. The clinical follow-up and treatment regimens of patients in whom renal biopsy was performed were evaluated in detail. The study group consisted of 254 children, 147 boys (57.8%) and 107 girls (42.2%), and the ratio of boys to girls was 1.37. The percentages of skin, joint, GI, and renal manifestations were 100%, 66%, 56%, and 30%, respectively. Eight patients had intussusception. Five of them recovered with steroid treatment only while three patients were operated on. Sixty-four patients (44%) with GI involvement had severe disease and were successfully treated with steroids. Renal biopsy was performed in 26 patients. Among those 26 patients, two of them recovered spontaneously within 3 and 4 weeks. Ten patients improved with only steroid treatment while 12 patients recovered with steroid and cyclophosphamide treatment. Two patients were resistant to steroid and cyclophosphamide treatment and were treated with cyclosporine A. We believe that steroid therapy given to the HSP patients with GI manifestations might be helpful to prevent probable complications such as GI bleeding and intussusception. In addition, combined therapy with steroid and cyclophosphamide can usually be an appropriate treatment for patients with nephrotic proteinuria.

Successful treatment of a childhood synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with subcutaneous methotrexate: A case report.

Akçaboy M, Bakkaloglu-Ezgü SA, Büyükkaragöz B, Isiyel E, Kandur Y, Hasanoglu E, Buyan N. Successful treatment of a childhood synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with subcutaneous methotrexate: A case report. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 184-188. SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) is defined as a syndrome that is related to various osteoarticular manifestations and chronic dermatological conditions especially severe acne. SAPHO syndrome is a rare and unusual clinical entity in childhood and treatment choices are variable. We report an 11-year-old girl who suffered from SAPHO syndrome and successfully treated with subcutaneous methotrexate. We report our case in order to take attention to this rare clinical condition in evaluating patients and also to point out that treatment options beyond biologic agents should be the first line treatment in childhood.

Cerebral Vasculitis in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura: A Case Report.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a common form of systemic small vessel vasculitis in childhood. Although headache and behavioral changes have been described in a significant proportion of children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura, severe neurological complications are rare. In this article, we report a case of central vasculitis in a four-year-old boy who presented with hemiplegia and aphasia. The treatment options for cerebral vasculitis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura are numerous but controversial in pediatric patients. Our patient was successfully treated by pulse methylprednisolone and pulse cyclophosphamide. The patient was followed-up for four years without any sequel.

Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms: association with susceptibility to Henoch-Schonlein purpura and renal involvement.

The clinical course of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) in children is variable, with some patients having a much more rapidly progressing course than others. We investigated whether polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes are involved in HSP. Three RAS genotypes were examined in 114 children with HSP and in 164 healthy children: the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphism, the M235T mutation in the angiotensinogen gene (Agt), and the A1166C in the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) gene. Significant differences were observed between HSP patients and control group in the frequency of ACE and Agt genotypes (p=0.004 and p=0.003, respectively). The TT genotype of Agt gene was associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk for Henoch-Schönlein nephritis (HSN) compared with the MM/MT genotype (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-10.4). There was a trend to a higher prevalence of the TT genotype of the Agt gene among patients with nephrotic range proteinuria when compared to the patients with mild proteinuria, although the difference did not reach a statistical significance. The results of this study suggest that polymorphisms of ACE gene and Agt gene likely influence the risk of developing HSP. However, among the three genes of the RAS studies, only Agt gene was associated with the susceptibility to HSN. RAS gene polymorphisms studied are not associated with the presence of nephrotic range proteinuria. Additional studies are warranted to verify the correlation between RAS gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HSP.

Attitudes of Pediatricians Regarding Prevention and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency.

To determine the adherence of pediatricians to the nationwide 'Vitamin D Prophylaxis Program' and to evaluate their attitudes about vitamin D intake. The study was conducted using the Turkish National Pediatrics Association network. The pediatricians were asked to respond to an online questionnaire that included five questions on 'What dose of vitamin D they recommend for supplementation?', 'At what age they start vitamin D supplementation?', 'Supplementation method', 'Clichés and truths about vitamin D', and 'High-dose vitamin D therapy indications'. Responses of 167 pediatricians were evaluated in this study. 75.5% of pediatricians indicated that they recommended vitamin D supplementation in a daily dose of 400 IU. 47.1% started vitamin D supplementation by the end of the 2nd week. 7.83% of pediatricians suggested doubling the daily dose of vitamin D supplementation in infants with delayed tooth eruption, 19.9% suggested immediate cessation of vitamin D supplementation in infants with small anterior fontanels. This study showed that the majority of the pediatricians still prescribe vitamin D prophylaxis late, recommend high doses of vitamin D in cases of delayed tooth eruption, and think that low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D level regardless of alkaline or phosphatase parathyroid hormone measurement is an indication for high-dose vitamin D (stoss) therapy. These results suggest a need for new training programs focusing on vitamin D supplementation.

Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in Turkey from 2003 to 2012.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess the current epidemiology of hypertension, including its prevalence, the awareness of the condition and its treatment and control, in Turkey to evaluate changes in these factors over the last 10 years by comparing the results with the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Turkey (PatenT) study data (2003), as well as to assess parameters affecting awareness and the control of hypertension. METHODS: The PatenT 2 study was conducted on a representative sample of the Turkish adult population (n = 5437) in 2012. Specifically trained staff performed the data collection. Hypertension was defined as mean SBP or DBP at least 140/90 mmHg, previously diagnosed disease or the use of antihypertensive medication. Awareness and treatment were assessed by self-reporting, and control was defined as SBP/DBP less than 140/90 mmHg. RESULTS: Although the prevalence of hypertension in the PatenT and PatenT 2 surveys was stable at approximately 30%, hypertension awareness, treatment, and control rates have improved in Turkey. Overall, 54.7% of hypertensive patients were aware of their diagnosis in 2012 compared with 40.7% in 2003. The hypertension treatment rate increased from 31.1% in 2003 to 47.4% in 2012, and the control rate in hypertensives increased from 8.1% in 2003 to 28.7% in 2012. The rate of hypertension control in treated patients improved between 2003 (20.7%) and 2012 (53.9%). Awareness of hypertension was positively associated with older age, being a woman, residing in an urban area, a history of parental hypertension, being a nonsmoker, admittance by a physician, presence of diabetes mellitus, and being obese or overweight; it was inversely associated with a higher amount of daily bread consumption. Factors associated with better control of hypertension were younger age, female sex, residing in an urban area, and higher education level in Turkey. CONCLUSION: Although some progress has been made in recognizing hypertension from 2003 to 2012, there is still a large population of untreated or inadequately treated hypertensives in Turkey. Strengthening of population-based efforts to improve the prevention, early detection, and treatment of hypertension is needed.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of blood pressure (BP) and prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (PatenT). DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional epidemiology survey was carried out in 2003. SETTING: Twenty-six cities from seven geographical provinces of Turkey, with proportional representation of urban and rural populations. PARTICIPANTS: A two-stage stratified sampling method was used to select a sample of the adult population over 18 years of age. The total number of participants was 4910. INTERVENTIONS: Data collection and BP measurements were conducted by specifically trained physicians in the households of the participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean systolic and diastolic BP levels, distribution of blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension (mean systolic BP>or=140 mmHg or mean diastolic BP>or=90 mmHg, or previously diagnosed and/or taking antihypertensive drugs), awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were assessed. RESULTS: The overall age-adjusted and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in Turkey was 31.8%, and it was higher in women than in men (36.1 versus 27.5%, P<0.001). In the whole group, 32.2% had never had their BP measured. Overall, 40.7% of those with hypertension were aware of their diagnosis, only 31.1% were receiving pharmacologic treatment and only 8.1% had their BP under control. The subjects who were aware and treated had a control ratio of 20.7%. CONCLUSIONS: PatenT data indicate that hypertension is a highly prevalent but inadequately managed health problem in Turkey. There is an urgent need for population-based strategies to improve the prevention, early detection and control of hypertension.

Adiponectin levels and atherosclerotic risk factors in pediatric chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic vascular diseases are the major cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD), even in children. Adiponectin (ADPN) is a recently discovered adipocyte-derived plasma protein having anti-atherogenic properties. ADPN levels are elevated in ESRD but it has been reported that ESRD patients with low plasma ADPN levels have a high risk of cardiovascular death. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the atherosclerotic risk and especially the significance of ADPN levels in pediatric patients on CPD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional studyin the pediatric peritoneal dialysis unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: 18 children, aged 12.6 +/- 5.6 years, being treated with CPD and 20 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects were enrolled in this study. METHODS: Serum ADPN levels and other risk factors, including blood pressure, blood glucose, serum lipid/lipoprotein fractions, apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipoprotein(a), and homocysteine levels, were studied in CPD patients and compared to the controls. RESULTS: Serum ADPN levels were three times higher in the CPD group compared to the control subjects, as was previously reported. Apolipoprotein B and CRP levels were also high in the CPD group. No significant difference was found in other atherosclerotic parameters, including lipoprotein(a) and homocysteine levels. Interestingly, we found a negative correlation between log ADPN and creatinine levels among the CPD patients (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between log ADPN and duration of CPD. Creatinine and low-density lipoprotein levels could account for 54% of the total variation in ADPN levels. CONCLUSION: Among pediatric CPD patients, serum levels of the anti-atherogenic protein, ADPN, were inversely associated with creatinine. ADPN level might be a novel marker to predict prognosis in pediatric CPD patients.