Baseline Albumin-Bilirubin grade as a predictor of response and outcome of regorafenib therapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of regorafenib in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widespread. Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) has been shown to be a potential prognostic marker for regorafenib treatment, but its prognostic value remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the value of the baseline ALBI grade in predicting the efficacy and survival outcomes of HCC patients after regorafenib treatment. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wan Fang Data, and Vip Database were searched from January 2010 to October 2022. Studies treating HCC patients with regorafenib and with ALBI as a categorical variable, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) as outcome indicators were included. After applying Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to evaluate the quality of the included studies, Review Manager 5.4 was used to statistically analyze. Chi-square Q test and I2 statistics were used to detect heterogeneity. Funnel plot asymmetry, Egger's and Begg's test were used to evaluate publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 12 studies, comprising 1,918 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The included studies were all evaluated as high quality. Compared to the high-grade baseline ALBI group, patients in the low-grade group had a longer survival time after receiving regorafenib and also more suitable for regorafenib treatment [odds ratio (OR) = 6.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.22-18.96, P < 0.01]. The low-grade baseline ALBI group before sorafenib treatment was significantly correlated with better OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.68-3.31, P < 0.00001] and PFS (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.16-2.08, P = 0.003). Likewise, the low-grade baseline ALBI group before regorafenib was also significantly correlated with better OS (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.15-2.13, P = 0.005) and PFS (HR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.37-3.11, P = 0.0005). In addition, the ALBI grade was significantly correlated with disease control rate (DCR) (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.45-5.79, P = 0.003), but not the objective response rate (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 0.71-5.46, P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: The baseline ALBI grade could be a valuable prognostic indicator for predicting response and outcomes in HCC patients treated with regorafenib.

Utility of Pretreatment Blood Platelet-To-Lymphocyte Ratio in Prediction of Clinical Outcomes and Chemosensitivity in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND The results of previous studies that evaluated the association between pretreatment blood platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and clinical outcomes and chemosensitivity in patients with advanced gastric cancer are inconsistent. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the association between pretreatment blood PLR and clinical outcomes and chemosensitivity in advanced gastric cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to Mar 9, 2021. Hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were pooled for meta-analysis. The quality of the included studies was measured by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS We included 17 studies comprising 3499 patients with advanced GC in this meta-analysis. Pooled results demonstrated that high PLR was correlated with poor OS (HR=1.429, 95% CI=1.246-1.639, P<0.001) and DFS (HR=1.47, 95% CI=1.14-1.88, P=0.003) compared with low PLR in patients with advanced GC. Moreover, high PLR was associated with a lower response to chemotherapy in patients with advanced GC (OR=1.395, 95% CI=1.056-1.841, P=0.019). However, there was no significant correlation between PLR and clinicopathological features. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that high PLR is a risk factor for unfavorable OS, DFS, and chemosensitivity in patients with advanced GC.

The efficacy and safety of anlotinib for subsequent line treatment of small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Anlotinib is one of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that exhibits promising anti-tumor effect in several cancers. However, the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in pre-treated small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is not well determined. Herein, we performed this meta-analysis to summarize the effectiveness and safety of anlotinib in the treatment of pre-treated SCLC. METHODS: The databases, such as PubMed and Embase, were searched to identify eligible studies. Clinical studies reporting the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in the treatment of patients with pre-treated SCLC were included. The main endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events. The Review Manager 5.4 and STATA 14 statistical software were used to perform the meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were included, involving 779 patients with SCLC. The ORR and DCR for the anlotinib group were 0.21 (95%CI: 0.12- 0.31; p < 0.01) and 0.76 (95%CI: 0.69- 0.83; p < 0.01), respectively. The summarized PFS and OS for the anlotinib group were 3.46 (95%CI: 2.68-4.24), and 6.86 (95%CI: 5.79-7.93) months, respectively. Compared with control group, the PFS in the anlotinib group was significantly longer standard mean difference(SMD)=0.76, 95%CI: 0.11, 1.41; p = 0.02). In terms of safety, the most common grade 3 or higher adverse events in the anlotinib group were hypertension (9%; 95%CI: 6%-13%), hand-foot syndrome (6%; 95%CI: 2%-9%), and fatigue (4%; 95%CI: 2%-7%). CONCLUSIONS: Anlotinib may be associated with favorable efficacy outcomes in pre-treated SCLC patients with acceptable safety.

Assessing Potential Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors with Radiation in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: Recent evidence suggests that combining radiotherapy (RT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may result in better outcomes. In this study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of ICI plus radiation versus ICI alone and explored potential factors affecting its efficacy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: The databases including PubMed and Embase were searched to retrieve eligible studies comparing the efficacy and safety outcomes in advanced NSCLC patients after ICIs ± RT treatments. We performed subgroup analyses to identify potential prognostic factors from radiation details and study types. The odds ratio (OR) of objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR), hazard ratio (HR) of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and risk ratio (RR) of adverse events were used to represent the outcome effects. Results: 26 eligible studies with 14192 cases were included. The results showed that the ORR (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.93; p = 0.02) and DCR (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.82; p < 0.01) of RT + ICIs groups were significantly higher than those of the ICIs alone group. The median PFS and OS for ICIs versus RT + ICIs were 2.2 versus 4.4 months and 9.0 versus 13.4 months, respectively. Patients in the ICIs plus RT group had a significantly better PFS (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.81; p < 0.01) and OS (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.83; p < 0.01) when compared to those in the ICIs group. In terms of adverse events, the risk of pneumonia was not significantly increased in patients treated with both ICIs and RT when compared to ICIs group alone (risk ratio = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.44; p = 0.63). The correlation analysis found that PFS was significantly correlated with OS (p = 0.02). The subgroup analysis results showed that significant improvements in OS were observed in non-palliative RT group (HR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.65; p < 0.01) and extracranial RT group (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.83; p < 0.01). RT type could also be a prognostic factor associated with the OS (for conventional RT: HR = 0.68 and p = 0.22; for stereotactic body radiation therapy: HR = 0.77 and p < 0.01). However, concerning RT timing, the results showed a similar trend in reducing mortality risk (for previous RT: HR = 0.64 and p = 0.21; for concurrent RT: HR = 0.35 and p = 0.16). Conclusion: RT plus ICIs is associated with improved survival for advanced NSCLC patients, especially for those with non-palliative RT. Further clinical trials are needed to validate its effect on survival outcomes.

Prognostic and Clinical Significance of Aspartate Aminotransferase-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Index in Individuals with Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at exploring the prognostic and clinicopathological roles of aspartate aminotransferase-to-lymphocyte ratio index (ALRI) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma via a meta-analysis. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and VIP databases were comprehensively searched from inception to November 20, 2021. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the relationship between ALRI and overall survival (OS) as well as progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% CI were also used to investigate correlations between clinical factors and ALRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS: A total of 3914 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from eleven retrospective cohorts were included in this meta-analysis. The combined results revealed that patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with elevated ALRI tended to have unfavorable OS (HR 1.53 [95% CI 1.25-1.82]; P < 0.001). Pooled HRs revealed that high ALRI was an independent risk factor for inferior PFS in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.10-1.63]; P < 0.001). In addition, high ALRI was strongly associated with male sex (OR 1.32 [95% CI 1.02-1.70]; P = 0.035), presence of cirrhosis (OR 1.68 [95% CI 1.01-2.81]; P = 0.046), larger tumor size (OR 2.25 [95% CI 1.31-3.88]; P < 0.001), presence of portal vein tumor thrombus (OR 2.50 [95% CI 1.52-4.11]; P < 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR 1.72 [95% CI 1.05-2.82]; P = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Elevated ALRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma predicted inferior survival outcomes and was strongly associated with some important features of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Prognostic Value of Blood Urea Nitrogen to Serum Albumin Ratio in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the prognostic ability of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to serum albumin ratio (BAR) to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with lung cancer in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV v1.0) database was used to identify patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariate COX regression was used to investigate the association between BAR and in-hospital mortality and propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) were also used to ensure the robustness of our findings. eICU-CRD database (validation cohort) was also applied to validate our findings. RESULTS: The optimal cut-off value for BAR was 6.8mg/g. Among 1202 patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer, 287 high-BAR group (≥6.8mg/g) patients and 287 low-BAR group (<6.8mg/g) patients, who had similar propensity scores were included in this study. After matching, the high-BAR group had significantly higher in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio, HR, 2.24, 95% confidence index, 95% CI, 1.57-3.19, P<0.001) even after adjustment for confounding factors. Moreover, the performance of BAR was superior to that of BUN and serum albumin alone and could add net benefit in predicting in-hospital mortality. Those results were further confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: As an easily accessible and cost-effective parameter, BAR could serve as a good prognostic predictor for lung cancer patients in ICU.

Upregulation of phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class C is associated with unfavorable survival prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor, and is the second highest cause of cancer-associated mortality, behind lung carcinoma. It is urgent to identify novel genes that can be used to confirm the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with HCC. The present study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class C (PIGC) in HCC and assess its clinical prognostic significance. Bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate PIGC mRNA expression levels in HCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples. Furthermore, the present study detected the expression levels of PIGC protein in HCC and matched normal tissue samples via immunohistochemistry, and evaluated the prognostic significance of PIGC protein in HCC. The levels of PIGC mRNA and protein were found to be significantly higher in tissue from patients with HCC compared with non-cancerous liver tissue. The survival analysis showed that the expression levels of PIGC mRNA or protein were associated with the survival of patients with HCC. PIGC protein expression was significantly associated with Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. A negative correlation between PIGC DNA methylation and mRNA expression was observed (Spearman r=-0.453). PIGC is an oncogene that is negatively regulated by DNA methylation, and high levels of PIGC mRNA or protein may predict an unfavorable prognosis in patients with HCC.

Zingiberene targets the miR-16/cyclin-B1 axis to regulate the growth, migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered as one of the most frequent malignancies with significantly high morbidity and mortality across the globe. MicroRNAs (miRs) are regarded as important regulators of liver cancer formation and its development. However, the full biochemical mechanism of their role is still very less understood. The main objective of the current research work was to examine the role of miR-16/cyclin-B1 axis in liver cancer regulation and how this pathway along with liver cancer migration and invasion are targeted by zingiberene molecule. METHODS: Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate miR-16 expression in HCC cell lines. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of the miR-16 target genes. Effects on cell migration and invasion were evaluated by in vitro wound healing assay and transwell Matrigel assay, respectively. Effects of zingiberene on HCC cell viability were evaluated by MTT assay. RESULTS: Zingiberene treatment led to downregulation of miR-16 in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, accompanied by induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest targeting cyclin B1 as direct target. These effects were also accompanied by inhibition of cell migration and invasion, indicating that miR-16 can have a significant role as liver cancer suppressor after zingiberene treatment. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-16, which was one of HCC downregulated miRs, directly targeted Cyclin B1 in HCC cells. CONCLUSION: The current study indicates miR-16/cyclin B1 axis might have significant applications as a therapeutic target for patients with liver cancer.

Anticancer effects of Lanostane against human gastric cancer cells involves autophagy, apoptosis and modulation of m-TOR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.

PURPOSE: Gastric carcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related morbidity throughout the globe. There are limited clinical therapies for gastric cancer due to lack of effective drugs and ambiguity in molecular mechanisms. As such there is a pressing need for novel and effective anticancer drugs for gastric cancer. The main aim of the current research work was to investigate the anticancer effects of Lanostane natural product in MKN-45 human gastric cancer cells along with evaluating its effects on cell autophagy, apoptosis, and m-TOR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. METHODS: MTT cytotoxicity assay was used to evaluate cell viability of MKN-45 human gastric cancer cells. Apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using Hoechst 33258 and Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) assay using flow cytometry. Autophagy was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot method. Effects on m-TOR/PI3K/AKT related protein expression were evaluated by western blot method. RESULTS: Lanostane molecule led to substantial and dose-dependent growth inhibitory effects onMKN-45 human gastric cancer cells. Clonogenic assay showed significant decrease in MKN-45 cell colonies. Hoechst 33258 and annexin V/PI revealed that lanostane induced dominant apoptotic effects in these cells and exhibited dose-dependence. TEM revealed that lanostane induced autophagy in MKN-45 cells by forming autophagosomes and autophagic vacuoles. Lanostane also targeted m-TOR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by altering the expression of some key proteins. CONCLUSION: Lanostane displayed strong anticancer effects in MKN-45 human gastric cancer cells by triggering apoptosis and autophagy and targeting m-TOR/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway.

The prognostic role of obesity is independent of sex in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A pooled analysis of 4090 cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest obesity is associated with improved survival of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the impact of obesity on survival of these patients with regard to the cutoff value of body mass index (BMI) as well as sex. METHODS: Electronic databases including Pubmed, Emabse, and the Cochrane library were systematically searched until April 2019, without language limitation. Clinical studies evaluating the association between BMI and survival of cancer patients treated with ICIs were included. The main endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Data from individual studies were extracted by two researchers, independently. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 11 software were used to perform the analysis. RESULTS: 16 retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 4090 patients. The OS (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.51-1.02; P = 0.06) and PFS (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.95; P = 0.02) of the high BMI group were improved compared with the low BMI group. Dose-response analysis showed that the risk of death decreased by 3.6% when the BMI increased every 1 kg/m2. Subgroup analysis revealed that BMI > 30 was a reliable value for determining significantly better OS (HR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.43-0.96; P = 0.03). The prognostic effect of BMI on OS was significant regardless of gender (For male, HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.86; P < 0.01. For female, HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43-0.92; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is associated with better outcomes in cancer patients treated with ICIs, and this clinical benefit may be independent of sex.

Evaluation of the prognostic role of platelet-lymphocyte ratio in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Whether platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a prognostic factor for cancer patients treated with immunotherapy is under debate. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PLR and survival of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: A systematical search was performed in databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library to retrieve potential eligible clinical studies assessing the prognosis of cancer patients with high versus low PLR after immunotherapy, from the establishment of the database to June 2019. Quality evaluation of included studies was performed, and meta-analyses with regards to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were conducted using RevMan 5.3 and STATA 11. RESULTS: A total of 12 eligible studies with 1340 cancer patients were included. Combined results showed that elevated PLR was a negative factor affecting the efficacy of ICIs in cancer patients. Patients with high PLR had a significantly shorter OS compared to those with low PLR (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46 to 2.80, P < 0.0001), as well as PFS (HR = 1.74, 95%CI: 1.27 to 2.38, P = 0.0006). Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses. Subgroup analyses revealed that the prognostic role of PLR on OS and PFS was dependent on cancer type, region, and cutoff value. For NSCLC patients, the disease stage, ICIs agent, and line of treatment may not influence the prognostic role of PLR. CONCLUSION: PLR could be a routinely potential prognostic factor for ICIs. Low PLR may be associated with better survival for cancer patients when treated with immunotherapy.

The Impact of Javanica Oil Emulsion Injection on Chemotherapy Efficacy and Cellular Immune Indicators in Patients with Advanced NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Javanica oil emulsion injection (JOI) combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Electronic databases including EMBASE, PUBMED, the Cochrane library, and Chinese Biological Medical disc (CBM) were searched until May 2018. The clinical trials reporting efficacy and immune function of JOI combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Stata 11 and RevMan 5.3 were used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies involving 2089 cases were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that there were significant differences in objective response rate (risk ratio (RR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.29; P < 0.05), improvement in Karnofsky Performance Status (standard mean difference (SMD) = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.41-1.77; P < 0.01), incidence of adverse events (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.7-0.87; P < 0.05), percentage changes of CD3 + cells (SMD = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.49-2.50; P < 0.01), CD4 + cells (SMD = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9; P < 0.01), natural killer cells (SMD = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.15-2.82; P < 0.01), but not CD8 + (SMD = -1.44; 95% CI: -4.53-1.65; P=0.36), and value of CD4 +/CD8 + (SMD = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.28-0.36; P < 0.01) between the JOI combination group and control group. Funnel plot and Begg's and Egger's analysis indicated that there was no significant publication bias (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: JOI may be effective to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients, accompanied with better levels of immune cells.

A new tumor suppressor lncRNA RP11-190D6.2 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of epithelial ovarian cancer cells.

At present, a large number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from the human genome have been discovered. Meanwhile, emerging evidence has indicated that lncRNAs could play a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes such as cancer progression and metastasis. However, the functions of some new lncRNAs in the complex transcriptional process are mostly unknown at present. Existing studies suggest that loss of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) expression is linked with poor prognosis in numerous cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, the functional role of its antisense transcript RP11-190D6.2 is not clear to date. In this study, WWOX antisense transcript RP11-190D6.2 was analyzed specifically in EOC cells using real-time polymerase chain reaction and gain-/loss-of-function studies. We found that RP11-190D6.2 expression was positively correlated with WWOX expression. The RP11-190D6.2 expression was markedly downregulated in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues, but the RP11-190D6.2 expression was significantly downregu-lated in four EOC cell lines compared with human ovarian surface epithelial cell line. RP11-190D6.2 overexpression resulted in the increase of WWOX expression, whereas its knockdown led to the decrease of WWOX expression. We also found that RP11-190D6.2 was restored by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment in EOC. In addition, the RP11-190D6.2 overexpression and knockdown experiments revealed that RP11-190D6.2 overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities in HO8910-PM cells, whereas RP11-190D6.2 knockdown in HEY-A8 cells had the opposite effect. The analyses in EOC implicate that RP11-190D6.2 may play a pivotal role in the regulation of tumor metastasis, suggesting that RP11-190D6.2 may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for EOC.

Efficacy of S-1 vs capecitabine for the treatment of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis.

AIM: To rationally evaluate the effect of S-1 vs capecitabine for the treatment of gastric cancer. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Google Scholar, and China Journal Full Text Database were accessed to collect clinical randomized controlled trials regarding the effect of S-1 vs capecitabine for the treatment of gastric cancer patients. Statistical analysis was performed by meta-analysis. Four randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Compared with capecitabine regimens, the 1-year survival rate in gastric cancer patients was 0.80 (95%CI: 0.52-1.21, P = 0.29). The overall response rate of S-1 vs capecitabine was 0.94 (95%CI: 0.59-1.51, P = 0.93). Compared with capecitabine regimens, the most frequent hematologic toxicities were neutropenia (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.65-1.49, P = 0.94) and thrombocytopenia (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.31-1.67, P = 0.44). The most frequent non-hematologic toxicities included nausea (OR = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.56-1.28, P = 0.43) and hand-foot syndrome (OR = 0.16, 95%CI: 0.10-0.27, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSION: The existing studies suggest that S-1 is not more effective than capecitabine in the treatment of gastric cancer patients, but does exhibit less toxicity with regard to hand-foot syndrome.