[Determination of the content of the main components of flavonoids compounds in raw malt, torrefied malt and ustulate malt].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of Catechin, Myricetin, Quercetin and Kaempferol in barley grain, raw malt, torrefied malt and ustulate malt based on different barley cultivars. METHODS: HPLC method was used. Analysis was performed on Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18 (150 mm x 4. 6 mm, 3.5 microm) column with acetonitrile-0.1% acetic acid as mobile phase. The detection wavelength was 280 nm, flow rate was 0.8 mL/min, and the column temperature was 30 degrees C. RESULTS: Catechin was the main component of barley seeds and its processed products. Slight reduction of catechin was observed in processed and sprouting seeds. Sprouting significantly increased the content of myricetin. Both barley seeds and the processed products were lack of quercetin. The amounts of kaempferol in seed were higher than that in barley grain, but similar to that in ustulate malt. CONCLUSION: The content of flavonoids in raw malt and torrefied malt are significantly affected by sprouting and processing, and significance differences are presented among different varieties.

Chemical variations of the essential oils in flower heads of Chrysanthemum indicum L. from China.

The volatile compositions of hydrodistilled essential oils in the flower heads of Chrysanthemum indicum L. from eight populations in China were analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 169 compounds representing 88.79-99.53% of the oils were identified, and some remarkable differences were found in the constituent percentages of the eight populations. The predominant components of the essential oils were 1,8-cineole (0.62-7.34%), (+)-(1R,4R)-camphor (0.17-27.56%), caryophyllene oxide (0.54-5.8%), ß-phellandrene (0.72-1.87%), (-)-(1S,2R,4S)-borneol acetate (0.33-8.46%), 2-methyl-6-(p-tolyl)hept-2-ene (0.3-8.6%), 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-yl acetate (0.17-26.48%), and hexadecanoic acid (0.72-15.97%). The chemotaxonomic value of the essential-oil compositions was discussed according to the results of cluster analysis (CA) and principal-component analysis (PCA). The eight populations were divided into five groups as different chemotypes (Groups A-E), and the scores together with the loadings revealed clearly different chemical properties of each population. In conclusion, GC/MS in combination with chemometric techniques provided a flexible and reliable method for characterizing the essential oils of different populations of C. indicum L.