Nocturia in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: evaluating the significance of ageing, co-morbid illnesses, lifestyle and medical therapy in treatment outcome in real life practice.

AIM: The aim of study was to evaluate the influence of ageing, lifestyle, and co morbid illnesses on treatment outcome of nocturia among men with BPH. METHODS: Patients with BPH on medical therapy of least 6 months and up to 48 months were interviewed. Nocturia episodes, co morbid illnesses, beverage intake frequency, medications and work history were documented. Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), prostate volume, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) were recorded. Treatment failure is defined as persistent nocturia despite on medical therapy for BPH. RESULTS: In 156 patients, the prevalence of nocturia was 96.7% while nocturia of 2 or more was 85.9%. Factors associated with treatment failure was older age (p < 0.01), usage of diuretics (p = 0.03), and antimuscarinics (p < 0.01), while active working status (p < 0.01), use of desmopression (p = 0.01), and increased coffee intake (p = 0.02) were associated with nocturia improvement. Co-morbid illnesses, obesity, WC, alcohol intake, PSA, prostate volume, and use of BPH medical therapy did not influence treatment outcome. CONCLUSION: Advancing age has a significance negative outcome on nocturia treatment, while standard BPH medical therapy and co morbid illnesses have an insignificant impact. However, alleviation of bothersome symptoms is possible with the understanding of its patho-physiology and individual-based approach to treatment and expected outcome.

Comminuted sternal fracture -- a sternotomy wire fixation: report of 2 cases.

Various techniques of sternal stabilization via either metal plates or wires have been described. We describe an alternative technique of simple median sternotomy followed by reduction and wire fixation of the sternal fracture. The 2 patients described in this report had traumatic comminuted and displaced sternal fractures. Even though wire repair was deemed to be tedious and achieved poor approximation of the bone, we performed median sternotomy and achieved simple wire fixation with an excellent result.

The surgical treatment of carbuncles: a tale of two techniques.

The treatment of carbuncles is early administration of antibiotics and surgery. The commonest surgical approaches are saucerization, and incision and drainage (I&D). Although these two techniques are vastly different, there is a lack of evidence to determine which one produces a better outcome. Three cases of carbuncles are presented to illustrate the contrasting surgical techniques and their results. Three consecutive patients who presented to this hospital with carbuncles were treated with either saucerization or I&D. They were followed up for 8 weeks to assess their outcome. One patient had saucerization while two other patients underwent I&D of their carbuncles. Saucerization produced the shortest length of hospital stay. I&D resulted in earlier wound healing. A randomized controlled is needed to determine the best surgical approach for the treatment of carbuncles.

Stratifying patients with haematuria into high or low risk groups for bladder cancer: a novel clinical scoring system.

Haematuria is a common presentation of bladder cancer and requires a full urologic evaluation. This study aimed to develop a scoring system capable of stratifying patients with haematuria into high or low risk groups for having bladder cancer to help clinicians decide which patients need more urgent assessment. This cross- sectional study included all adult patients referred for haematuria and subsequently undergoing full urological evaluation in the years 2001 to 2011. Risk factors with strong association with bladder cancer in the study population were used to design the scoring system. Accuracy was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A total of 325 patients with haematuria were included, out of which 70 (21.5%) were diagnosed to have bladder cancer. Significant risk factors associated with bladder cancer were male gender, a history of cigarette smoking and the presence of gross haematuria. A scoring system using 4 clinical parameters as variables was created. The scores ranged between 6 to 14, and a score of 10 and above indicated high risk for having bladder cancer. It was found to have good accuracy with an area under the ROC curve of 80.4%, while the sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% and 55.7%, respectively. The scoring system designed in this study has the potential to help clinicians stratify patients who present with haematuria into high or low risk for having bladder cancer. This will enable high-risk patients to undergo urologic assessment earlier.

Outcomes and Safety of Retrograde Intra-Renal Surgery for Renal Stones Less Than 2 cm in Size.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) has been used to remove stones of less than 2 cm in the kidney. However, its role is not well defined. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and safety of RIRS, used either as a primary or secondary procedure, and to analyze factors predicting the stonefree rate (SFR). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from patients who underwent RIRS over a 10-year period (2002-2012). Stone size was measured as the surface area and was calculated according to the EAU guidelines. In cases of multiple stones, the total stone burden was calculated as the sum of each stone size. Stone burden was then classified as ≤ 80 mm(2) or > 80 mm(2). RIRS was classified as primary procedure or secondary procedure (after failed extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy).Stone clearance was defined as a complete absence of stones or stones < 4 mm, which were deemed insignificant on ultrasonography and plain radiography. RESULTS: The overall SFR for renal stones treated with RIRS in our center was 55.4%, and the complication rate was 1.5%, which consisted of one case of sepsis. The only factor affecting SFR in this study was the indication for RIRS. When performed as a primary operation, RIRS showed a significantly better SFR (64.3%). The SFR for lower pole stones was only 44.4%. There were no statistically significant effects of stone burden, radio-opacity, or combination with ureteral stones on SFR. CONCLUSIONS: RIRS should be used as the primary treatment for renal stones whenever possible.