A dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist inhibits pain behavior and reduces cartilage pathology in an osteoarthritis rat model.

OBJECTIVES: Pain and disability are the main clinical manifestations of osteoarthritis, for which only symptomatic therapies are available. Hence, there is a need for therapies that can simultaneously alter disease progression and provide pain relief. KBP is a dual amylin- and calcitonin-receptor agonist with antiresorptive and chondroprotective properties. In this study we investigated the effect of KBP in a rat model of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Medial meniscectomy (MNX) was performed in 39 rats, while 10 underwent sham surgery. Rats were treated with KBP and/or naproxen. Nociception was assessed by mechanical and cold allodynia, weight bearing asymmetry, and burrowing behavior. Blood samples were collected for biomarker measurements, and knees for histology. Cartilage histopathology was evaluated according to the advanced Osteoarthritis Research International (OARSI) score and KBPs in vitro antiresorptive effects were assessed using human osteoclasts cultured on bone. RESULTS: The MNX animals displayed an increased nociceptive behavior. Treatment with KBP attenuated the MNX-induced osteoarthritis-associated joint pain. The cartilage histopathology was significantly lower in rats treated with KBP than in MNX animals. Bone and cartilage degradation, assessed by CTX-I and CTX-II plasma levels, were decreased in all KBP-treated groups and KBP potently inhibited bone resorption in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of KBP in ameliorating osteoarthritis-associated joint pain and in protecting the articular cartilage, suggesting KBP as a potential drug candidate for osteoarthritis.

Role of biochemical markers in the management of osteoporosis.

Estrogen and bone health form a cornerstone of osteoporosis management. Diagnosis of osteoporosis is performed using bone mineral density (BMD), despite the limitations associated with this. Within the last 25 years, numerous bone turnover markers (BTM) have been developed, and this has led to a marked improvement in drug development for osteoporosis and understanding of fast bone losers. Estrogen research has provided landmark research on understanding the relationship between osteoporosis and BTMs. Clinical studies have illustrated how measurement of BTMs can assist in prediction of rapid bone loss, future fractures and, most importantly, the fracture efficacy of drugs. The BTMs provide information independent of BMD and fracture history. In addition, changes in bone turnover within 1 month predict later changes in BMD, which allows for early efficacy and prognostic measures. The aim is to provide a careful review of the possibilities that implementation of BTMs into clinical practice have provided, while placed in a historical context. The primary focus is on how the BTMs have revolutionized clinical trials on osteoporosis drugs through their ability to supplement bone mass measurements and fracture efficacy endpoints.

The coupling of bone and cartilage turnover in osteoarthritis: opportunities for bone antiresorptives and anabolics as potential treatments?

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritic disease, and a major cause of disability and impaired quality of life in the elderly. OA is a complex disease of the entire joint, affecting bone, cartilage and synovium that thereby presents multiple targets for treatment. This manuscript will summarise emerging observations from cell biology, preclinical and preliminary clinical trials that elucidate interactions between the bone and cartilage components in particular. Bone and cartilage health are tightly associated. Ample evidence has been found for bone changes during progression of OA including, but not limited to, increased turnover in the subchondral bone, undermineralisation of the trabecular structure, osteophyte formation, bone marrow lesions and sclerosis of the subchondral plate. Meanwhile, a range of investigations has shown positive effects on cartilage health when bone resorption is suppressed, or deterioration of the cartilage when resorption is increased. Known bone therapies, namely oestrogens, selective oestrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs), bisphosphonates, strontium ranelate, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, might prove useful for treating two critical tissue components of the OA joint, the bone and the cartilage. An optimal treatment for OA likely targets at least these two tissue components. The patient subgroups for whom these therapies are most appropriate have yet to be fully defined but would likely include, at a minimum, those with high bone turnover.

Osteoarthritis--a case for personalized health care?

For both economic and ethical reasons, identification of the optimal treatment for each individual patient is a pressing concern, not only for the patients and their physician, but also health care payers and the pharmaceutical industry. In the field of osteoarthritis (OA) this is of particular relevance, due to the heterogeneity of the disease and the very large number of affected individuals. There is a need to pair the right patients with the right therapeutic modes of action. At present, the clinical trial failures in OA may be a consequence of both bona fide treatment failures and trial failures due to clinical design deficiencies. Tools are needed for characterization and segregation of patients with OA. Key lessons may be learned from advances with another form of arthritis, namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Personalized health care (PHC) may be more advantageous for a number of specific indications which are characterized by costly therapy, low response rates and significant problems associated with trial and error prescription, including the risk of serious side effects. We discuss the use of diagnostic practices guiding RA treatment, which may serve as a source of key insights for diagnostic practices in OA. We discuss the emerging concept of PHC, and outline the opportunities and current successes and failures across the RA field, as the OA field collects further data to support the hypothesis. We attempt to outline a possible path forward to assist patients, physicians, payers and the pharmaceutical industry in assuring the 'right' patients are treated with the 'right drug' in OA. Finally we highlight methods for possible segregation of OA patients that would allow identification of patient subtypes, such as OA driven by inflammation that may be ideally suited for PHC and for targeted therapies.

The Insulin Sensitizer KBP-336 Prevents Diabetes-Induced Cognitive decline in ZDF Rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes and especially insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction, making anti-diabetic drugs an interesting therapeutic option for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) elicit beneficial effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. However, whether DACRAs affect cognition is unknown. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION: Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were treated with either the DACRA KBP-336 (4.5 nmol/kg Q3D), the amylin analog AM1213 (25 nmol/kg QD), or vehicle for 18 weeks. Further, the efficacy of a late KBP-336 intervention was evaluated by including a group starting treatment on day 30. Glucose control and tolerance were evaluated throughout the study and spatial learning and memory were evaluated by Morris Water Maze after 17 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: When evaluating spatial learning, rats receiving KBP-336 throughout the study performed significantly better than AM1213, vehicle, and late intervention KBP-336. Both KBP-336 and AM1213 treatments improved spatial memory compared to the vehicle. The overall performance in the cognitive tests was reflected in the treatment efficacy on glycemic control, where KBP-336 was superior to AM1213. CONCLUSION: In summary, the DACRA KBP-336 ameliorates diabetes-induced spatial learning and memory impairment in diabetic rats. Further, KBP-336 improves long-term glycemic control superior to the amylin analog AM1213. Taken together, KBP-336 is, due to its anti-diabetic and insulin-sensitizing properties, a promising candidate for the treatment of cognitive impairments.

Serum Tau-A and Tau-C Levels and Their Association with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Progression in a Memory Clinic Derived Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Serum-measured fragments of Tau cleaved by ADAM-10 (Tau-A) and Caspase-3 (Tau-C) have been found linked to change in cognitive function and risk of dementia. OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the discriminatory abilities of Tau-A, and Tau-C in subjects with either mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD dementia compared to a control group. 2) To determine if there is a relation between Tau-A, and Tau-C and established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of AD- ß-Amyloid1-42 (AB42), Phosphorylated-tau-181 (p-tau), and total-tau. 3) To determine if Tau-A and Tau-C are associated with progression rate from MCI due to AD to AD dementia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and a substudy using a retrospective cohort design. SETTING: Memory clinic derived subjects contributing to the Danish Dementia Biobank. PARTICIPANTS: Cognitively unimpaired subjects (n=49), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n=45), and Alzheimer's dementia (n=52). MEASUREMENTS: Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-measured serum levels of Tau-A, and Tau-C. RESULTS: The ratio between Tau-A and Tau-C differed between the three groups (p=0.015). Age- and sex-adjusted Tau-A differed between groups with lower ratios being associated with more severe disease (p=0.023). Tau-C was trending towards significant correlation to CSF-levels of AB42 (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.164, p=0.051). Those with Tau-C-levels in the 2nd quartile had a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.91 (95% CI 1.01 - 8.44, p=0.04) of progression compared to those in the 1st quartile. Those in the 3rd quartile was found to have a borderline significant (p=0.055) HR of 2.63 (95% CI 0.98 - 7.05) when compared to those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: Tau-A and the ratio between Tau-A and Tau-C showed significant differences between groups and were correlated to CSF-AB42. Tau-C values in the middle range were associated with faster progression from MCI to dementia. This pilot study adds to the mounting data suggesting serum-measured Tau-A and Tau-C as biomarkers useful in relation to diagnosis and progression rate in AD but need further validation.

Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the individual effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on pregnancy outcome. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Norwegian population. POPULATION: A total of 90 417 women and singleton child pairs. METHODS: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and Medical Birth Registry of Norway data sets were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Infant survival, congenital malformations, structural heart defects, neonatal complications, haemorrhage during pregnancy and postpartum, asthma at age of 18 months. RESULTS: One or more of the four nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used by 6511 pregnant women (7.2%). No effect on rates of infant survival, congenital malformation, or structural heart defects was found. The use of ibuprofen in the second trimester was significantly associated with low birthweight (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.3), and ibuprofen use in the second and third trimesters was significantly associated with asthma in 18-month-old children (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9; adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1). The use of diclofenac in the second trimester was significantly associated with low birthweight (adjusted OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.1-9.0), whereas diclofenac use in the third trimester was significantly associated with maternal vaginal bleeding (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.0). No associations with other neonatal complications were found. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of associations with congenital malformations is reassuring. The significant association between diclofenac and ibuprofen use late in pregnancy, and maternal bleeding and asthma in the child, respectively, is consistent with their pharmacological effects. The increased risk of low birthweight may partly have been caused by underlying inflammatory conditions, and was reassuringly similar to the expected baseline risk of low birthweight.

A Genetic Validation of the Neurodegeneration Biomarkers Tau-A and Tau-C - A Mendelian Randomization Study.

BACKGROUND: Disease modifying treatments for dementia are only just surfacing, and their development is still significantly hindered by the lack of validated tools for identification of subjects with subclinical disease. Much interest has been taken in developing accessible non-invasive serum biomarkers of neurodegeneration. Recent studies have identified caspase-3-cleaved tau (Tau-C), and ADAM-10 cleaved tau (Tau-A) as possible markers of preclinical neurodegenerative disease. OBJECTIVES: To explore if serum levels of Tau-A and Tau-C change as a consequence of neurodegeneration. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study with measurement of biomarkers and genome sequencing at baseline with follow-up after an average of 14 years. PARTICIPANTS: Postmenopausal Danish women from the Prospective Epidemiological Risk Factor (PERF) cohort (n=4968) Methods: Genotyping data was used to perform a Mendelian randomization analysis of serum levels of Tau-A and Tau-C in relation to a diagnosis of dementia at follow-up. A dementia diagnosis was defined as a composite of an all-cause dementia diagnosis derived from the Danish National Health registries, a self-reported diagnosis of dementia and/or cognitive test scores suggestive of dementia. Serum levels of Tau-A and Tau-C were measured blinded in samples from baseline in a CAP certified lab. The association with dementia was assessed using bi-directional one- and two- sample Mendelian randomization. RESULTS: A lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified for Tau-A (rs10414043) and Tau-C (rs429358), respectively were identified. Both were located in the APOE/C1 cluster on chromosome 19. APOE and EPOC1 variants were associated with lower levels of Tau-A and Tau-C levels - effect size -0.13, 95%CI [-0.17 - -0.09] log2 (ng/mL), p=7.05e-11 for rs10414043 association with Tau-A and effect size -0.12, 95%CI [-0.15 - -0.08] log2 (ng/mL), p=2e-11 for rs429358 association with Tau-C. When incorporating genetic data from a larger genetic study we found that Alzheimer's disease was marginally associated with a decreased Tau-A and Tau-C levels (Odds Ratio 0.97, 95%CI [0.93 - 1.00]. No association was found in the forward Mendelian randomization analysis. CONCLUSIONS: By combining genotype data with serum measurements of the novel biomarkers Tau-A and Tau-C, we conclude that Tau-A and Tau-C levels change because of neurodegeneration. We also conclude that lower serum-values of the biomarkers are associated with the presence of genetic variants commonly found in individuals suffering from late-onset Alzheimer's Dementia. These findings add to the growing data pointing towards Tau-A and Tau-C as valuable biomarkers for neurodegeneration.

Prognostic and predictive role of ESR1 status for postmenopausal patients with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer in the Danish cohort of the BIG 1-98 trial.

BACKGROUND: Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) aberrations may be associated with expression of estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) or Ki-67 labeling index and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ESR1 was assessed in 1129 (81%) of 1396 postmenopausal Danish women with early breast cancer randomly assigned to receive 5 years of letrozole, tamoxifen or a sequence of these agents in the Breast International Group 1-98 trial and who had ER ≥ 1% after central review. RESULTS: By FISH, 13.6% of patients had an ESR1-to-Centromere-6 (CEN-6) ratio ≥ 2 (amplified), and 4.2% had ESR1-to-CEN-6 ratio <0.8 (deleted). Deletion of ESR1 was associated with significantly lower levels of ER (P < 0.0001) and PgR (P = 0.02) and more frequent HER2 amplification. ESR1 deletion or amplification was associated with higher-Ki-67 than ESR1-normal tumors. Overall, there was no evidence of heterogeneity of disease-free survival (DFS) or in treatment effect according to ESR1 status. However, significant differences in DFS were observed for subsets based on a combination of ESR1 and HER2 status (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: ESR1 aberrations were associated with HER2 status, Ki-67 labeling index and ER and PgR levels. When combined with HER2, ESR1 may be prognostic but should not be used for endocrine treatment selection in postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer.

Mice over-expressing salmon calcitonin have strongly attenuated osteoarthritic histopathological changes after destabilization of the medial meniscus.

OBJECTIVE: Calcitonin is well-known for its inhibitory actions on bone-resorbing osteoclasts and recently potential beneficial effects on cartilage were shown. We investigated effects of salmon calcitonin (sCT) on the articular cartilage and bone, after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in normal and sCT over-expressing mice. DESIGN: Bone phenotype of transgenic (TG) C57Bl/6 mice over-expressing sCT at 6 months and 12 months was investigated by (1) serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline and (2) dynamic and normal histomorphometry of vertebrae bodies. In subsequent evaluation of cartilage and subchondral bone changes, 44 10-week old TG or wild-type (WT) mice were randomized into four groups and subjected to DMM or sham-operations. After 7 weeks animals were sacrificed, and knee joints were isolated for histological analysis. RESULTS: Trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) increased 150% after 6 months and 300% after 12 months in sCT-expressing mice when compared to WT controls (P<0.05). Osteoblast number, bone formation rate and osteocalcin measurements were not affected in TG mice over-expressing sCT. In WT animals, a 5-fold increase in the quantitative erosion index was observed after DMM, and the semi-quantitative OARSI score showed over 400% (P<0.001) increase, compared to sham-operated WT mice. DMM-operated TG mice were protected against cartilage erosion and showed a 65% and 64% (P<0.001) reduction, respectively, for the two histopathological evaluation methods. CONCLUSIONS: sCT over-expressing mice had higher bone volume, and were protected against cartilage erosion. These data suggest that increased levels of sCT may hamper the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However more studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary results.

Corpus callosum abnormalities, intellectual disability, speech impairment, and autism in patients with haploinsufficiency of ARID1B.

Corpus callosum abnormalities, intellectual disability, speech impairment, and autism in patients with haploinsufficiency of ARID1B. Corpus callosum abnormalities are common brain malformations with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal cognitive function. The etiology is expected to be genetic in as much as 30-50% of the cases, but the underlying genetic cause remains unknown in the majority of cases. By next-generation mate-pair sequencing we mapped the chromosomal breakpoints of a patient with a de novo balanced translocation, t(1;6)(p31;q25), agenesis of corpus callosum (CC), intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and autism. The chromosome 6 breakpoint truncated ARID1B which was also truncated in a recently published translocation patient with a similar phenotype. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) data showed that a primer set proximal to the translocation showed increased expression of ARID1B, whereas primer sets spanning or distal to the translocation showed decreased expression in the patient relative to a non-related control set. Phenotype-genotype comparison of the translocation patient to seven unpublished patients with various sized deletions encompassing ARID1B confirms that haploinsufficiency of ARID1B is associated with CC abnormalities, intellectual disability, severe speech impairment, and autism. Our findings emphasize that ARID1B is important in human brain development and function in general, and in the development of CC and in speech development in particular.

Oral salmon calcitonin improves fasting and postprandial glycemic control in lean healthy rats.

A novel oral form of salmon calcitonin (sCT) was recently demonstrated to improve both fasting and postprandial glycemic control and induce weight loss in diet-induced obese and insulin-resistant rats. To further explore the glucoregulatory efficacy of oral sCT, irrespective of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, the present study investigated the effect of chronic oral sCT treatment on fasting and postprandial glycemic control in male lean healthy rats. 20 male rats were divided equally into a control group receiving oral vehicle or an oral sCT (2 mg/kg) group. All rats were treated twice daily for 5 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored during the study period and fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity were determined and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at study end. Compared with the vehicle group, rats receiving oral sCT had improved fasting glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), with no change in body weight or fasting plasma insulin. In addition, the rats receiving oral sCT had markedly reduced glycemia and insulinemia during OGTT. This is the first report showing that chronic oral sCT treatment exerts a glucoregulatory action in lean healthy rats, irrespective of influencing body weight. Importantly, oral sCT seems to exert a dual treatment effect by improving fasting and postprandial glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. This and previous studies suggest oral sCT is a promising agent for the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Investigation of two novel biochemical markers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase and cathepsin generated fragments of C-reactive protein, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

OBJECTIVES: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammation of the spine and the sacroiliac joints. Current markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), are reflecting the production of an acute phase reactant rather than tissue specific inflammation, but the use of CRP as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for AS has not provided the sought accuracy and specificity. We hypothesized that local enzymatic activity in the disease-affected tissue, which is associated with extensive tissue turnover may, by cleavage, modify the CRP produced in the liver. These cleavage products may provide additional information on systemic inflammation as compared to that of full-length CRP. We investigated whether these CRP degradation products would provide additional diagnostic value in AS patients compared to full-length CRP. METHODS: CRP fragments were identified by mass-spectrometry. Two fragments were selected for ELISA development. One assay exclusively identified a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) generated fragment, CRP-MMP, whereas the other assay identified a cathepsin generated fragment, CRP-CAT. Full-length CRP, CRP-MMP and CRP-CAT were measured in serum samples from 40 AS patients and 40 sex- and age-matched controls. RESULTS: Full-length CRP was not elevated in AS patients compared to controls, whereas CRP-MMP was elevated by 25% (p<0.001) and CRP-CAT by 50% (p<0.0001). The Area Under Curve of the Receiver-Operator Characteristic curve of CRP-CAT was the highest with 77%. CONCLUSIONS: MMP and cathepsin degraded CRP provided more discriminative diagnostic potential compared to that of full-length CRP in this current study. These data suggest that different pools of CRP may provide insight into the inflammation processes in AS.

Does receptor balance matter? - Comparing the efficacies of the dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists cagrilintide and KBP-336 on metabolic parameters in preclinical models.

Cagrilintide is a novel long-acting amylin receptor agonist, which has shown a potent induction of weight loss. Interestingly, cagrilintide is a Dual Amylin and Calcitonin Receptor Agonist (DACRA) derived from an amylin backbone. Another class of long-acting DACRAs exists, namely the KBPs. These are salmon calcitonin-based and have shown preclinical potential; however, how and if they differentiate from amylin-derived molecules remain to be studied. Here, we compare cagrilintide to the DACRA KBP-336 with respect to receptor activation balance in vitro and using metabolic in vivo models. Peptide potencies were assessed using receptor-specific assays in vitro and in vivo. In vivo efficacies on body weight and glucose homeostasis were investigated head-to-head in high-fat diet (HFD) fed obese and T2D (ZDF) rat models. Both peptides activate the amylin and the calcitonin receptor in vitro and in vivo, with KBP-336 being more potent, and showing a CTR bias. KBP-336 and cagrilintide induced a potent and dose-dependent weight loss in HFD rats, with the highest dose of KBP-336 being superior to cagrilintide. In diabetic ZDF rats, DACRA treatment improved fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels, and insulin action, with KBP-336 being superior to cagrilintide in improving glucose control. In summary, both KBP-336 and cagrilintide are DACRAs, however with KBP-336 being biased towards the CTR resulting in a different receptor activation balance. Interestingly, KBP-336 showed superior long-term efficacy on both weight loss and glucose control, supporting relevance of the receptor balance, and highlighting KBP-336 as a promising agent for the treatment of obesity and T2D.

Severe developmental bone phenotype in ClC-7 deficient mice.

Bone development is dependent on the functionality of three essential cell types: chondrocytes, osteoclasts and osteoblasts. If any of these cell types is dysfunctional, a developmental bone phenotype can result. The bone disease osteopetrosis is caused by osteoclast dysfunction or impaired osteoclastogenesis, leading to increased bone mass. In ClC-7 deficient mice, which display severe osteopetrosis, the osteoclast malfunction is due to abrogated acidification of the resorption lacuna. This study sought to investigate the consequences of osteoclast malfunction on bone development, bone structure and bone modeling/remodeling in ClC-7 deficient mice. Bones from wildtype, heterozygous and ClC-7 deficient mice were examined by bone histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. ClC-7 deficient mice were found to have a severe developmental bone phenotype, characterized by dramatically increased bone mass, a high content of cartilage remnants, impaired longitudinal and radial growth, as well as lack of compact cortical bone development. Indices of bone formation were reduced in ClC-7 deficient mice; however, calcein labeling indicated that mineralization occurred on most trabecular bone surfaces. Osteoid deposition had great regional variance, but an osteopetrorickets phenotype, as observed in oc/oc mice, was not apparent in the ClC-7 deficient mice. A striking finding was the presence of very large abnormal osteoclasts, which filled the bone marrow space within the ClC-7 deficient bones. The development of these giant osteoclasts could be due to altered cell fate of the ClC-7 deficient osteoclasts, caused by increased cellular fusion and/or prolonged osteoclast survival. In summary, malfunctional ClC-7 deficient osteoclasts led to a severe developmental bone phenotype including abnormally large and non-functional osteoclasts. Bone formation paremeters were reduced; however, bone formation and mineralization were found to be heterogenous and continuing.

A novel oral form of salmon calcitonin improves glucose homeostasis and reduces body weight in diet-induced obese rats.

AIM: To investigate the effects of acute and chronic administration of a novel oral formulation of salmon calcitonin (sCT) on glycaemic control, glucose homeostasis and body weight regulation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats-an animal model of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: DIO rats were acutely given a single dose of oral sCT (0.5 and 2 mg/kg), its oral vehicle N-(5-chlorosalicyloyl)-8-aminocaprylic acid (5-CNAC) or injectable sCT (5 and 10 µg/kg) (n = 8), followed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Other DIO rats were chronic treated twice daily with oral vehicle 5-CNAC (n = 6), oral sCT (0.5 and 2 mg/kg) or injectable sCT (10 µg/kg) (n = 8). Fasting and postprandial glucose and pancreatic hormones, body weight and insulin sensitivity were assessed. RESULTS: A single dose of oral sCT acutely reduced glucose and insulin area under the curve during OGTT by approximately 65 and 85%, respectively, compared with vehicle (p < 0.001). Chronic treatment with oral sCT significantly reduced both fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels by approximately 1.5 mM and 65%, respectively, compared with vehicle. Oral sCT concomitantly improved insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment, HOMA). In contrast, injectable sCT resembling higher systemic exposure did not improve glycaemic control, either acutely or during chronic treatment. Furthermore, both oral and injectable sCT reduced body weight by 15% compared with vehicle (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A novel oral form of sCT showed antidiabetic effects in DIO rats by improving glycaemic control, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and body weight.

Post-translational modifications of the extracellular matrix are key events in cancer progression: opportunities for biochemical marker development.

The aim of this review is to discuss the potential usefulness of a novel class of biochemical markers, designated neoepitopes. Neoepitopes are post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins and are derived by processes, such as protease cleavage, citrullination, nitrosylation, glycosylation and isomerization. Each PTM results from a specific local physiological or pathobiological process. Identification of each modification to a tissue-specific protein may reveal a unique disease-specific biochemical marker. During cancer metastasis, the host tissue is extensively degraded and replaced by cancer-associated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Furthermore, severe cellular stress and inflammation, caused by cancer, results in generation of PTMs, which will be distributed throughout the ECM. This gives rise to release of protein-specific fragments to the circulation. Here we highlight the importance of remodeling of the ECM in cancer and the generation of PTMs, which may be cancer specific and reflect disease progression; thus having potential for biochemical marker development.

KBP-066A, a long-acting dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist, induces weight loss and improves glycemic control in obese and diabetic rats.

OBJECTIVE: Dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) are novel therapeutic agents that not only improve insulin sensitivity but also work as an adjunct to established T2DM therapies. DACRAs are currently administered once daily, though it is unknown whether DACRAs with increased plasma half-life can be developed as a once-weekly therapy. METHODS: The in vitro potencies of the KBP-066A and KBP-066 (non-acylated) were assessed using reporter assays. Acylation functionality was investigated by a combination of pharmacokinetics and acute food intake in rats. in vivo efficacies were investigated head-to-head in obese (HFD) and T2D (ZDF) models. RESULTS: In in vitro, KBP-066A activated the CTR and AMY-R potently, with no off-target activity. Acylation functionality was confirmed by acute tests, as KBP-066A demonstrated a prolonged PK and PD response compared to KBP-066. Both compounds induced potent and dose-dependent weight loss in the HFD rat model. In ZDF rats, fasting blood glucose/fasting insulin levels (tAUC) were reduced by 39%/50% and 36%/47% for KBP-066 and KBP-066A, respectively. This effect resulted in a 31% and 46% vehicle-corrected reduction in HbA1c at the end of the study for KBP-066 and KBP-066A, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we present pre-clinical data on an acylated DACRA, KBP-066A. The in vivo efficacy of KBP-066A is significantly improved compared to its non-acylated variant regarding weight loss and glycemic control in obese (HFD) and obese diabetic rats (ZDF). This compendium of pre-clinical studies highlights KBP-066A as a promising, once-weekly therapeutic agent for treating T2DM and obesity.

Rationale and study design of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2b trial to evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of an oral glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor varoglutamstat (PQ912) in study participants with MCI and mild AD-VIVIAD.

BACKGROUND: Varoglutamstat (formerly PQ912) is a small molecule that inhibits the activity of the glutaminyl cyclase to reduce the level of pyroglutamate-A-beta (pGluAB42). Recent studies confirm that pGluAB42 is a particular amyloid form that is highly synaptotoxic and plays a significant role in the development of AD. METHODS: This paper describes the design and methodology behind the phase 2b VIVIAD-trial in AD. The aim of this study is to evaluate varoglutamstat in a state-of-the-art designed, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial for safety and tolerability, efficacy on cognition, and effects on brain activity and AD biomarkers. In addition to its main purpose, the trial will explore potential associations between novel and established biomarkers and their individual and composite relation to disease characteristics. RESULTS: To be expected early 2023 CONCLUSION: This state of the art phase 2b study will yield important results for the field with respect to trial methodology and for the treatment of AD with a small molecule directed against pyroglutamate-A-beta. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04498650.

Considerations for understanding protein measurements: Identification of formation, degradation and more pathological relevant epitopes.

OBJECTIVES: There is a need for precision medicine and an unspoken promise of an optimal approach for identification of the right patients for value-based medicine based on big data. However, there may be a misconception that measurement of proteins is more valuable than measurement of fewer selected biomarkers. In population-based research, variation may be somewhat eliminated by quantity. However, this fascination of numbers may limit the attention to and understanding of the single. This review highlights that protein measurements (with collagens as examples) may mean different things depending on the targeted epitope - formation or degradation of tissues, and even signaling potential of proteins. DESIGN AND METHODS: PubMed was searched for collagen, neo-epitope, biomarkers. RESULTS: Ample examples of assays with specific epitopes, either pathological such as HbA1c, or domain specific such as pro-peptides, which total protein arrays would not have identified were evident. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that big data may be considered as the funnel of data points, in which most important parameters will be selected. If the technical precision is low or the biological accuracy is limited, and we include suboptimal quality of biomarkers, disguised as big data, we may not be able to fulfill the promise of helping patients searching for the optimal treatment. Alternatively, if the technical precision of the total protein quantification is high, but we miss the functional domains with the most considerable biological meaning, we miss the most important and valuable information of a given protein. This review highlights that measurements of the same protein in different ways may provide completely different meanings. We need to understand the pathological importance of each epitope quantified to maximize protein measurements.