[Anterior and lateral foramen magnum meningiomas]. / Meningiomas anteriores e antero-laterais do forame magno.

We report our experience with 11 cases of foramen magnum meningiomas, eight originating inside the posterior fossa and three in the caudal region. The mean age of the patients was 50.8 years and the main complaint was cervical headache for at least 18.6 months and at the neurological examination, tetraparesis and deficit of the lower cranial nerves were very often observed. All patients were submitted to surgical treatment, always with exposition of the vertebral artery at the entry zone in the dura mater of the posterior fossa, with partial removal of the occipital condyle in only three cases. Total resection was obtained in seven patients and partial removal in the other four due to adherences to vessels and nerves. The prognostic was related to the neurological condition before surgery.

[Giant intracranial aneurysm in three years old boy: case report]. / Aneurisma intracraniano gigante em menino de três anos: relato de caso.

Cerebral aneurysms are rare in the pediatric age group and differ from adults' aneurysms in size, localization and incidence. We report a 3-year-old boy with giant middle cerebral artery aneurysms who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The patient was submitted to surgical treatment and the postoperative period was uneventful.

[Inhibition of peridural fibrosis after laminectomy using biological sheet in rat model]. / Estudo de membrana biológica em ratos na prevenção de fibrose pós laminectomia.

The prevention of fibrosis after lumbar and thoracic laminectomies by avoiding herniation of muscular tissue was studied using Wistar-EPM rats with a biological membrane made of decorticated bone of bovine material. The rats were sacrificed after eight, sixteen and twenty four weeks and the material was sent to anatomopathological study. This membrane proved to be biocompatible and its efficacy was seen by allowing formation of bone and preventing muscular tissue invasion of the epidural space and avoiding adherences.

[Olfactory groove meningioma]. / Meningeoma da goteira olfatória.

Olfactory groove meningiomas compromise approximately 8-18% of intracranial meningiomas and harbor frequently large sizes when diagnosticated. We report 13 consecutive cases operated on Hospital São Paulo and Hospital Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos between 1995 and 2003. These patients were retrospectively studied regarding clinical preservation, surgical results and complications. The patients underwent uni or bifrontal craniotomies. There were nine complete resections including duramater and infiltrate bone and four patients with tumor removal and duramater coagulation. One patient died on post-operative period due to brain infarction and three patients had cerebrospinal fluid fistula that resolved. There were no symptomatic recurrence on the follow-up period of 3.3 years(range 11 m to 8 years). With current microsurgical techniques, these tumors can be resected safely with low morbidity.

[Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification: case report]. / Ossificação do ligamento longitudional posterior: relato de caso.

Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification of cervical spine is a rare condition among caucasians. A 42 years old japanese patient with progressive walking difficulty was diagnosed with this pathology by CT scan and MRI and treated surgically by an anterior approach with arthrodesis. Pathophysiology, racial prevalence, clinical picture, radiological characteristics and surgical approaches options are revised.

Aggressive intracranial fibromatosis: case report.

UNLABELLED: Fibromatosis is a locally aggressive, proliferative fibroblastic lesion affecting musculoaponeurotic structures, most often in the limbs and trunk. Intracranial fibromatosis is extremely rare and requires aggressive treatment to prevent recurrence. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 20 year old woman with aggressive skull base fibromatosis. The lesion extended through the sphenoid, ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity, destroying the right roof of the orbit and penetrating in anterior skull base. A combined anterior craniofacial approach was performed; complete resection with surgical margin was impossible due to the localization of the tumor and relation to important neurovascular structures. Complete resection with surgical margin is often impossible because of its widely infiltrative nature. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often required to improve local control of the lesion.

[Olfactory groove meningioma: correlation between clinicoradiological features and proliferative index (Mib-1)]. / Meningeoma de goteira olfatória: relação entre achados clínico-radiológicos e índice proliferativo (Mib-1).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to correlationate demographic, radiologic features and proliferative index defined by immunohistochemical expression of Mib-1 in olfactory groove meningiomas, and to observe possible predictive factors of recurrence of this tumor. METHOD: There were analysed demographic, clinical and radiological features of 15 patients with olfactory groove meningioma. Fifteen paraffin-embebed tumors were studied by immunohistochemical methods for the expression of proliferative index by the Mib-1. RESULTS: There was a statistically positive correlation between tumoral and edema volumes. There was no correlation between Mib-1, tumoral volume, tumoral edema and frontal skull base abnormalities. Two cases with tumor recurrence had proliferative indices higher than the mean index. CONCLUSION: Larger tumors were more susceptible to develop peritumoral edema. The proliferative índex has no positive correlation with tumoral volume, edema volumes and skull base invasion, but probably it is associated with tumoral recurrence.

[Size and proliferative index correlation in acoustic neuromas]. / Associação entre tamanho e potencial proliferativo em neurinomas do acústico.

Acoustic neuromas are the most common tumors in the cerebellopontine angle. The molecular mechanisms involved in generation and growth of these tumors are not completely elucidated. Many radiological, clinic and immunohistochemistry data were correlated to tumor growth. We studied 11 acoustic neuromas surgically treated at Hospital São Paulo/Unifesp and correlated clinical and radiological data with proliferative index (Ki-67). The size of the tumors were positively correlationated with proliferative index. No other correlation had statistic significativity.

[Prolactinomas: neurosurgical aspects]. / Prolactinomas: Aspectos neurocirúrgicos.

We report our experience with 38 cases of prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas. The adenomas were divided in three different groups. The adenomas producing only prolactin tend to be microadenoma and they show the typical alterations of this type of tumor. The GH-PRL, GH-alpha subunit, the other combinations, and the pluri hormonal adenomas tend to present with visual symptoms. The treatment of the prolactinomas is initially clinical and the surgical indication for this type of adenomas is related to intolerance to the medication or to visual alterations. Surgical result with total resection of the tumor was possible in 50% of the cases.

[ACTH pituitary adenomas: neurosurgical aspects]. / Adenomas hipofisários produtores de ACTH: Aspectos neurocirúrgicos.

We report our experience with 19 cases of ACTH secreting pituitary adenomas. They were microadenomas in 50% of the cases, coming with the typical picture of the Cushing syndrome. The ACTH adenoma associated with other types of hormones tend to show visual alterations. The treatment is often surgical using the transsphenoidal approach. The results were satisfactory in most of the cases. For those in which surgical cure was not reached, radiotherapy was indicated.

[TSH pituitary adenoma: case report]. / Adenomas produtores de TSH: Relato de caso.

We describe a rare case of thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma in a patient with a clinical picture of hyperthyroidism, that developed bitemporal hemianopsia after four years of a known thyroid dysfunction. CT scan showed a pituitary tumor considered grade 2 and stage C according to Hardy-Vezina and Wilson. Treatment was surgical, initially by a transsphenoidal approach, in which only a biopsy was possible. The patient was then submitted to an orbital-pterional craniotomy with sub-total resection of the tumor. Complementary treatment was indicated with radiotherapy.

Malignant transformation of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: case report.

We report a case of a pleomorphic xantoastrocytoma which manifested itself as a cystic isodense lesion in the right fronto-temporal lobe in a 26 year-old woman. It appeared as a soft yellow tumor with cystic cavities on surgery. Five months after this surgery, the patient was submitted to a new operation, which revealed a friable tumor, easily differentiated from the normal parenchyma, with cystic components. The histopathological examination demonstrated pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with malignant transformation. Histologically, the tumor at first procedure was composed of pleomorphic astrocytes with multinucleated and foamy cells. A rare case of malignant transformation in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma is presented, discussed and illustrated in this paper.

[Nonfuntional pituitary adenomas: evaluation of 36 patients]. / Adenomas hipofisários não secretantes: Estudo de 36 casos.

We present our experience with 36 cases of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. These tumors were divided into non reactive and inactive in agreement with the immunohistochemical study. They present with visual symptoms, mainly bitemporal hemianopsia; they were macroadenomas, either invasive or non invasive, in both groups. The treatment is surgical using the transsphenoidal approach. Total resection was possible in about 40% of the cases. Visual improvement occurred in 90% of the patients.

[Growth pituitary adenomas: evaluation of 20 patients]. / Adenomas produtores de GH: Análise de 20 casos.

The growth hormone secreting pituitary adenomas can be mono, bi or pluri-hormonals. The most frequent association of GH is with the sub unit alpha or with the prolactin. This type of adenoma comes with the classic alterations of acromegaly, but when they produce more than one hormone, visual symptoms can be present. The adenoma producing just GH hormone is generally microadenoma and the other two groups tend to be macroadenoma. We analyze 20 cases of these adenomas and we have found quite satisfactory surgical result for the mono-hormonal type group. Radiotherapy should be considered in cases of partial resection.

Chordoid meningioma: report of two cases.

We present CT scan, MRI and histopathologic findings of two patients harboring a rare type of meningioma. In the first case, a 52 year-old male patient, a large parasellar mass invading the cavernous sinus, infiltrating the infratemporal fossa and extending as low as C2 was founded. The tumor was isointense on T1, enhanced strongly with gadolinium injection, and was hyperintense on T2. In the second case, a 19-year-old male patient, a large high density temporal right mass was disclosed by CT scan. Both patients were taken to surgery. In the first case, only a partial removal was possible to be accomplished due to a severe intra operative bleeding. In the second case, the tumor was totally removed. Both showed characteristic pathologic findings of a meningioma resembling a chordoma. Meningioma is a relatively common intracranial tumor, occurring most frequently in adults, showing a wide variety of growth patterns. We described a pattern that had a peculiar chordoma-like appearance. The pathological findings and the differential diagnosis from chordoma are discussed.

[Septic spondylodiscitis: diagnosis and treatment]. / Espondilodiscites sépticas: diagnóstico e tratamento.

We studied retrospectively 24 patients with septic discitis of different etiologies (hematogenic, primary and infantile) and the different aspects involved in its diagnosis and treatment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate proved to be a valuable parameter and should always be interpreted carefully along with the clinical and neuroimaging findings. Biopsies should be reserved for doubtful cases with atypical course. Clinical treatment should be initiated after the following situations have been ruled out: sepsis, neurological deficit, severe deformity, epidural abscess and foreign body (primary disease). The surgical approach may be chosen based on the stage of disease, being preferably posterior in suppurative forms and anterior in the non-suppurative stage. Based on our experience and on information gathered by literature review, we propose an algorithm to guide diagnosis and treatment in patients with septic discitis.

Estudo de membrana biológica em ratos na prevenção de fibrose pós laminectomia / Inhibition of peridural fibrosis after laminectomy using biological sheet in rat model

Os autores investigaram a aplicação de uma membrana biológica, constituída de cortical óssea bovina descalcificada, em cirurgias de coluna vertebral de ratos, com o intuito de tratar o defeito ósseo minimizando ou impedindo a herniação do tecido muscular para dentro do canal raquidiano pós laminectomia, inibindo a formação de fibrose pós-operatória e avaliando a biocompatibilidade do material. O estudo foi feito utilizando-se de ratos Wistar-EPM, que após intervalos de 8, 16 e 24 semanas, foram sacrificados, sendo removidas as peças cirúrgicas para análise anatomopatológica. A membrana biológica evitou a herniação do tecido muscular para o canal raquidiano, sendo totalmente reabsorvida em todas as peças analisadas, demonstrando sua biocompatibilidade e favorecendo a neoformação óssea e evitando aderências.

Meningeoma de goteira olfatória: relação entre achados clínico-radiológicos e índice proliferativo (Mib-1) / Olfactory groove meningioma: correlation between clinicoradiological features and proliferative index (Mib-1)

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é correlacionar achados clínicos, radiológicos e índice proliferativo em meningeomas da goteira olfatória e analisar possíveis fatores preditivos de recidiva tumoral. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 15 pacientes portadores de meningeoma de goteira olfatória. O exame imuno-histoquímico foi realizado através do índice proliferativo calculado a partir da expressão do MIB-1. RESULTADOS: Houve relação estatisticamente significativa entre volume tumoral e edema. Não houve relação significativa entre índice proliferativo, volume tumoral, edema, idade do paciente e alterações da base do crânio. Dois pacientes que apresentaram recidiva tumoral possuíam índice proliferativo maior que a média. CONCLUSÃO: Tumores maiores são mais susceptíveis ao desenvolvimento de edema cerebral. O índice proliferativo provavelmente está associado a recidiva tumoral, principalmente em pacientes com hiperostose e ressecções cirúrgicas parciais.

Meningeoma da goteira olfatória / Olfactory groove meningioma

Meningeomas da goteira olfatória representam 8-18 por cento dos meningeomas intracranianos e geralmente são diagnosticados quando alcançam grande tamanho. Relatamos uma série de 13 casos consecutivos de meningeomas de goteira olfativa operados nos Hospitais São Paulo (UNIFESP) e Professor Edmundo Vasconcelos no período de 1995 a 2003, estudados retrospectivamente quanto ao quadro clínico, resultados cirúrgicos e complicações. Os pacientes foram submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica destes tumores pela via subfrontal, em 9 casos a ressecção foi completa incluindo dura-máter e osso infiltrado por tumor e em 4 a dura-máter foi somente coagulada. Um paciente morreu devido a infarto cerebral e três pacientes evoluíram com fístulas liquóricas. Não houve recorrência sintomática no período que variou de 11 meses a 8 anos. Com as técnicas microcirúrgicas atuais, estes tumores podem ser removidos com baixa morbidade.

Ossificação do ligamento longitudional posterior: relato de caso / Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification: case report

Ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior (OLLP) cervical é patologia rara em nosso meio que pode ser tratada por abordagem anterior ou posterior da coluna. Relatamos o caso de um homem japonês de 42 anos com paraparesia progressiva e TC e RM comprovando o diagnóstico de OLLLP, submetido a corpectomia anterior com artrodese. A fisiopatologia desta entesopatia, prevalência racial, quadro clínico, características radiológicas e opções do procedimento cirúrgico são revistos.