A G/A polymorphism in the androgen response element 1 of prostate-specific antigen gene correlates with the response to androgen deprivation therapy in Japanese population.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression is regulated by androgen receptor (AR) through androgen response elements (AREs) in the promoter region of the PSA gene. A single nucleotide polymorphism with guanine (G) to adenine (A) substitution is identified at position -158 in the ARE of the PSA gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the allelic differences in the PSA promoter activity in vitro and the relation to several clinical factors of prostate cancer patients in the Japanese population. No significant differences of promoter activity in luciferase assay and binding activity of androgen receptor were noted between the two alleles in vitro. The PSA -158 G/A polymorphism was determined by PCR amplification and restriction digestion assays in 101 organ-confined prostate cancer (PC) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy and 52 controls with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The results revealed that homozygosity for the A allele in Japanese is less common (only 8.5%) than in ethnic populations. There were no significant differences in serum PSA value at the time of diagnosis, differentiation of cancer, pathological stage, cancer volume or ratio of serum PSA/ cancer volume. However, cancer volume after neoadjuvant endocrine therapy was significantly smaller in GG genotype than in AA + AG genotypes. Our data indicate that the PSA -158 G/A polymorphism has no effect on the PSA promoter activity in vitro and no association with the serum PSA level in Japanese men, however suggest that the patients with GG genotype of ARE1 may be more sensitive to androgen ablation therapy. Taken together, the ARE1 polymorphism in the PSA gene promoter may be one of the biomarkers for response to androgen deprivation therapy.

Genetic polymorphisms of hormone-related genes and prostate cancer risk in the Japanese population.

Carcinogenesis of the prostate involves androgen influences, and associations between genetic polymorphisms of androgen receptor and metabolizing enzymes and prostate cancer risk have been reported. Roles for non-androgenic hormones are not well defined, but they also may have an impact judging from epidemiological and animal experimental alphalambda zeta of data. The purpose of the study was to determine whether hormone-related polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk. A case-control study was performed with 147 Japanese prostate cancer patients and 266 urological controls. Polymorphisms of target genes [cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1, Leu432Val; debrisoquine hydroxylase, (CYP2D6)*4; aromatase (CYP19), Arg264Cys; estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-Xx (Xba I) and Pp (Pvu II); ERbeta-Rr (Rsa I); progesterone receptor (PR) Alu in intron 7] were examined by PCR-based methods. The capital and small letters signify the absence and presence of restriction sites, respectively. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age using multiple logistic regression analysis with SPSS Medical Pack. Among the seven examined genetic polymorphisms, significant associations between CYP1B1 Leu432Val (OR 4.80; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21-19.05) and Alu in intron 7 of PR (OR 4.17; 95%CI, 1.26-13.85) were found. As for combined effects, the CYP1B1 polymorphisms (Leu/Val+Val/Val) together with heterozygosity for Alu in the PR were more frequent among prostate cancer patients (1.45%) than controls (0.41%), although without significance (OR, 3.99; 95%CI, 0.36-44.8). The combination of ERalpha (P/p+p/p) polymorphisms with heterozygosity for Alu in the PR demonstrated an OR of 4.56 (95%CI, 1.01-20.6). This pilot study showed that CYP1B1 and PR polymorphisms, alone or in combination, might be associated with prostate cancer risk. They might, therefore, have potential as a tool for identifying high-risk individuals.

[Treatment results of radical prostatectomy in clinical stage B and C prostate cancer: comparison of the neoadjuvant therapy group versus the surgery group; retrospective analysis of 80 cases].

Between 1994 and 2001, 80 patients underwent radical prostatectomy without adjuvant therapy for clinical stage B and C prostate cancer. The patients were not treated with adjuvant therapy before biochemical prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure. Of all 80 patients, 35 patients (43.8%) received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to radical prostatectomy (the neoadjuvant therapy group), 45 patients (56.2%) underwent prostatectomy alone (the surgery alone group). Retrospective analysis to evaluate the effects of neoadjuvant therapy was performed from clinicopathological findings and the biochemical PSA failure-free rate. Of all patients, 58 (72.5%) were in clinical stage B and 22 (27.5%) were in clinical stage C. Of 58 patients in clinical stage B, 19 (32.8%) underwent prostatectomy combined with neoadjuvant therapy. Of the 22 patients in clinical stage C, 17 (77.3%) underwent prostatectomy combined with neoadjuvant therapy. Pathologically, 37 (46.3%) were in stage B, 38 (47.5%) in stage C and 2 (2.5%) in stage D1. Three patients in the neoadjuvant therapy group had no malignant findings in specimens of prostatectomy. In comparison with the clinical stage, pathologically 8 (22.9%) showed overstaging, 4 (5.0%) understaging and 23 (28.8%) accurate staging in the neoadjuvant therapy group, respectively, 0 (0.0%), 20 (44.4%), and 25 (55.6%) in the surgery alone group. In clinical stage B and C, there was no significant difference in the biochemical PSA failure-free rate between the neoadjuvant therapy group and the surgery alone group. On the other hand, in pathological stages B, the 5-year PSA failure-free rate was 63.2% in the neoadjuvant therapy group, but 100% in the surgery alone group. Although neoadjuvant therapy may have some effect on downstaging, our retrospective analysis suggests that it has no significant effect on PSA failure-free rate.

Preoperative predictors of cancerous involvement of the neurovascular bundles in patients with localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify preoperative variables that would be useful in objectively selecting prostate cancer patients for nerve-sparing prostatectomy. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with clinical T1c-T2c cancers were evaluated for cancerous involvement in the region of the neurovascular bundles (NVB) from prostatectomy specimens. Preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and pathologic features in systematic biopsy specimens also were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of eight (31%) patients had cancerous involvement in the region of the NVB, including four on the right side, three on the left side and one on both sides. The percentage of each biopsy specimen occupied by the cancer was scored from zero to four and defined as the positive biopsy score. Preoperative PSA (P = 0.046), mean positive biopsy score (total sum of positive biopsy score divided by number of biopsy specimens; P = 0.001), number of cores containing cancer (P = 0.011), percentage of cores involved (P = 0.036) and maximum positive biopsy score (P < 0.001) were significant for predicting cancerous involvement in the NVB region using univariate analysis. However, only the mean positive biopsy score was independently significant according to multivariate analysis. To predict cancerous involvement in the region of each NVB, we found that ipsilateral mean positive biopsy score (total sum of corresponding positive biopsy score divided by number of ipsilateral biopsy specimens), number of cores involved on the ipsilateral side, percentage of cores involved on the ipsilateral side and maximum positive biopsy score on the ipsilateral side were significant predictive variables: the ipsilateral mean positive biopsy score being most appropriate for clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral mean positive biopsy score in systematic biopsy specimens can be an appropriate variable for selecting patients with localized prostate cancer for nerve-sparing prostatectomy.

Ureteroarterial fistula controlled by intraluminal ureteral occlusion.

A 73-year-old woman underwent a pelvic exenteration for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula. The patient had undergone radical hysterectomy and radiotherapy for cervical cancer 30 years earlier. Fifteen months after the operation, she suffered from ureteroaortic fistula, which was controlled by intraluminal ureteral occlusion using Gianturco coils. During 53 months of follow up, she has been free of hemorrhagic episodes.

Down-regulation of human X-box binding protein 1 (hXBP-1) expression correlates with tumor progression in human prostate cancers.

BACKGROUND: In our previous study, the gene encoding the human X-box binding protein 1 (hXBP-1) was isolated as a down-regulated gene in advanced prostate cancers using cDNA-representational difference analysis (RDA). In the present investigation, we characterized alterations of hXBP-1 in prostate cancer specimens. METHODS: Expression patterns of hXBP-1 in a series of human prostate cancers were examined by Northern blotting, mRNA in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis using microsatellite markers and gene mutation analysis in the hXBP-1 region were also performed. RESULTS: Expression of hXBP-1 was localized in epithelial and adenocarcinoma cells of the prostate. An inverse correlation between hXBP-1 expression and histological differentiation was found in a series of prostate cancers without hormonal therapy. Majority of refractory cancer cases exhibited weak hXBP-1 expression. No allelic loss or gene mutations were found in the hXBP-1 region and its open reading frame, respectively, in the prostate cancer examined. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that reduction of hXBP-1 expression may be a useful marker for prostate adenocarcinoma differentiation and progression.