Clinical significance of a basophil activation test for Japanese beekeepers naturally sensitized to honey bee venom.

BACKGROUND: The basophil activation test (BAT) has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing Hymenoptera venom allergy and is useful for predicting the clinical sensitivity of bee venom-allergic patients after venom immunotherapy. Patients sensitized to Hymenoptera venom are at risk for systemic reactions (SRs) to subsequent stings. Therefore, a tool that can predict the occurrence of SRs and the severity of Hymenoptera stings is needed. OBJECTIVE: We performed BATs on Japanese beekeepers naturally sensitized to honey bee venom (HBV) and analyzed the positive threshold concentration for the occurrence of SRs following honey bee stings (HBS). METHODS: Sixty-one beekeepers were interviewed and blood samples were taken. Data including history of HBS and the occurrence and severity of SRs to HBS were recorded. Blood samples were exposed to HBV-specific IgE antibodies (sIgE) and BAT was performed. Participants with HBV-sIgE ≥ class 1 were considered sensitized to HBV. The positive threshold for BAT scored as 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 µg/ml was classified as classes 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively. Samples negative at 1 µg/ml were classified as class 0. RESULTS: About 40% of beekeepers with a positive BAT threshold ≤ 0.1 µg/ml had SRs after HBS. The mean score of the BAT positivity threshold for beekeepers who developed SRs was significantly lower than that for beekeepers with no history of SRs (2.6 ± 0.8 vs 1.4 ± 1.1, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Analysis of the positive threshold of BAT in Japanese beekeepers naturally sensitized to HBV may be a useful tool for predicting the occurrence of SRs.

Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bone mineral density in patients with asthma.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are a safe treatment for asthma. However, at higher doses, ICS use has been reported to inhibit adrenocortical function. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ICS on bone mineral density (BMD) in adult patients with asthma. METHODS: Ultrasonic bone densitometry was performed in 40 patients (14 men, 26 women, mean age 61.2 years, mean duration of asthma 6.19 years) who were receiving ICS for asthma, and the whole bone density, thickness of cortical bone, and density of cancellous bone of the radius was measured. The age-matched mean was set as 100%. Lifetime cumulative dose of ICS was calculated using all past prescriptions. RESULTS: No significant correlations were observed between lifetime cumulative ICS dose and whole bone density (r² = 0.011), cortical bone thickness (r² = 0.022), and cancellous bone density (r² = 0.004). No significant differences were observed between lower and higher lifetime cumulative ICS dose among these BMD parameters (104% vs 97%, 103% vs 99%, and 106% vs 91%, respectively). No significant correlations or differences in lifetime cumulative ICS dose were observed by asthma severity, asthma duration, and pulmonary function. Also, serum markers of bone metabolism showed no significant correlations or differences with lifetime cumulative ICS dose. CONCLUSIONS: In the entire study population, long-term ICS use was safe and was not associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.

Current situation of anaphylaxis in Japan: Data from the anaphylaxis registry of training and teaching facilities certified by the Japanese Society of Allergology - secondary publication.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal severe systemic hypersensitivity reaction that causes symptoms in multiple organs such as the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract; however, no nationwide epidemiological survey on anaphylaxis has been conducted in Japan. This survey aimed to elucidate the triggers and treatment of anaphylaxis in Japan. METHODS: Between February 2015 and October 2017, we prospectively collected clinical data on the triggers and treatment of patients who developed anaphylaxis or were admitted to the emergency room with anaphylaxis in the training and teaching facilities of the Japanese Society of Allergology. RESULTS: This study included 79 of the 451 affiliated facilities (18%), and a total of 767 patients were enrolled; 73% of them were aged <18 years and 7% had in-hospital triggers. The most common triggers were food (68%), drugs (12%), food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (5%), insects (4%), and oral immunotherapy (3%), with drugs being the most common in-hospital trigger and food being the most common out-of-hospital trigger. Intramuscular injection of adrenaline was administered therapeutically to 38% of the patients, with 10% requiring multiple doses. Adrenaline auto-injectors were used in 12% of out-of-hospital patients. CONCLUSIONS: The present survey revealed the most common triggers and treatments for anaphylaxis in Japan. Self-management and adrenaline administration as first-line treatment may not be done sufficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly educate and train patients and physicians about anaphylaxis.

[CURRENT SITUATION OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN JAPAN: DATA FROM THE ANAPHYLAXIS REGISTRY OF TRAINING AND TEACHING FACILITIES CERTIFIED BY THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF ALLERGY].

BACKGROUND: No nationwide epidemiological survey of anaphylaxis in Japan has been conducted. The aim of this study was to elucidate the triggers and treatment of anaphylaxis in Japan. METHODS: We prospectively collected clinical information on the triggers and treatment of patients who developed anaphylaxis or were admitted to the emergency room with anaphylaxis in the training and teaching facilities of the Japanese Society of Allergology between February 2015 and October 2017. RESULTS: Seventy-nine of 451 facilities (18%) participated in the study, and a total of 767 patients (under 18 years, 73%; in-hospital, 7%) were enrolled. The most common triggers were food (68%), drugs (12%), food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (5%), insects (4%), and oral immunotherapy (3%), with drugs being the most common in-hospital trigger and food being the most common out-of-hospital trigger. The intramuscular injection of adrenaline in medical institutions accounted for 38% of cases, 10% of which required multiple doses. The rate of use of adrenaline self-injections in out-of-hospital cases was 12%. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the most common triggers and treatment for anaphylaxis in Japan. Self-management at the onset of anaphylaxis and adrenaline administration as the initial treatment may be insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly instruct patients and educate physicians regarding anaphylaxis.

The role of anti-elastin antibodies in a mouse model of asthma.

BACKGROUND: The role of anti-elastin antibody (Ab) in the lung is unclear, although they may be involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, increased anti-elastin Ab levels were reported in asthma. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the role of anti-elastin Ab in asthma, we created a murine asthma model. Anti-elastin Ab in the airway was neutralized by intratracheal administration of elastin peptide, and the inhibitory effects of anti-elastin Ab on airway remodeling were evaluated. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14. After immunization, the mice received booster OVA via inhalation twice per week for 9 weeks, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were evaluated. RESULTS: In lung tissues, airway remodeling occurred after 9 weeks of OVA sensitization. Peak levels of anti-elastin Ab and eosinophils in BALF were detected after 3 weeks of OVA sensitization. Anti-elastin Ab and eosinophil levels in BALF were significantly reduced after 3 weeks by the neutralization of anti-elastin Ab. Peak transforming growth factor-ß1 levels in BALF were detected at 3 weeks after OVA sensitization and were significantly reduced by the neutralization of anti-elastin Ab. Airway remodeling in lung tissues was also significantly inhibited by the neutralization of anti-elastin Ab. CONCLUSIONS: In our murine asthma model, anti-elastin Ab was recruited to the airway by OVA-induced allergic inflammation. Airway remodeling was inhibited by the neutralization of anti-elastin Ab. Anti-elastin Ab may contribute to the progression of airway remodeling.

Elevation of anti-elastin antibody in patients with asthma.

BACKGROUND: It is often difficult to differentiate between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and useful biomarkers are needed for accurate diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated anti-elastin antibody to identify useful biomarkers for differentiating between a diagnosis of asthma and COPD. METHODS: Patients with asthma (male to female ratio = 10/13; mean age, 67.3 years), COPD (16/0; 74.8 years) and controls (8/4; 72.3 years) were enrolled. Samples from sputum and serum were collected and levels of anti-elastin Ab were measured. RESULTS: The levels of anti-elastin Ab in sputum were significantly higher in asthma (11.4 ± 7.16 µg/mL) than in COPD (5.82 ± 5.16 µg/mL; P < 0.01), and serum levels in asthma (67.4 ± 29.7 µg/mL) were also significantly higher than in COPD or controls (45.0 ± 12.8 µg/mL; P < 0.05, 38.6 ± 10.4 µg/mL; P < 0.01, respectively). Anti-elastin Ab in sputum showed a positive correlation with smoking in asthma (r2 = 0.218, P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the levels of anti-elastin Ab and eosinophils, asthma phenotypes, inhaled corticosteroids, or severity in patients with asthma. Elastin was strongly expressed under the airway basement membrane in asthma compared with COPD or the healthy control. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-elastin Ab in sputum could be a useful biomarker for COPD and asthma in ever-smokers. In asthma, anti-elastin Ab was recruited to the airways by both airway allergic inflammation and smoking, and it may contribute to the progression of airway remodeling via autoimmune inflammation, but not emphysema, in COPD.

Development of chronic allergic responses by dampening Bcl6-mediated suppressor activity in memory T helper 2 cells.

Mice deficient in the transcriptional repressor B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) exhibit similar T helper 2 (TH2) immune responses as patients with allergic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Bcl6-directed regulation of TH2 cytokine genes remain unclear. We identified multiple Bcl6/STAT binding sites (BSs) in TH2 cytokine gene loci. We found that Bcl6 is modestly associated with the BSs, and it had no significant effect on cytokine production in newly differentiated TH2 cells. Contrarily, in memory TH2 (mTH2) cells derived from adaptively transferred TH2 effectors, Bcl6 outcompeted STAT5 for binding to TH2 cytokine gene loci, particularly Interleukin4 (Il4) loci, and attenuated GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) binding to highly conserved intron enhancer regions in mTH2 cells. Bcl6 suppressed cytokine production epigenetically in mTH2 cells to negatively tune histone acetylation at TH2 cytokine gene loci, including Il4 loci. In addition, IL-33, a pro-TH2 cytokine, diminished Bcl6's association with loci to which GATA3 recruitment was inversely augmented, resulting in altered IL-4, but not IL-5 and IL-13, production in mTH2 cells but no altered production in newly differentiated TH2 cells. Use of a murine asthma model that generates high levels of pro-TH2 cytokines, such as IL-33, suggested that the suppressive function of Bcl6 in mTH2 cells is abolished in severe asthma. These findings indicate a role of the interaction between TH2-promoting factors and Bcl6 in promoting appropriate IL-4 production in mTH2 cells and suggest that chronic allergic diseases involve the TH2-promoting factor-mediated functional breakdown of Bcl6, resulting in allergy exacerbation.

Th2 cell differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells is enhanced by autocrine CC chemokines in atopic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Chemokines are involved not only in regulating leucocyte recruitment, but also in other activities. However, functions other than cell recruitment remain poorly understood. We have already shown that the production of CC chemokine ligand (CCL)17 and CCL22 by antigen-stimulated naïve CD4+  T cells was higher in asthmatic patients than in healthy controls. However, the role of these chemokines in stimulated naïve CD4+ T cells remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the biological function of CCL17 and CCL22 on naïve CD4+ T, we examined effects of these two chemokines on naïve CD4+ T cells expressing CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 (a receptor for CCL17 and CCL22) during differentiation of Th2 cells in asthmatic patients as allergic subjects. METHODS: Naïve CD4+ T cells were prepared from healthy controls and patients with asthma. We analysed effect of CCL17 and CCL22, and blocking their receptor on differentiation of Th2 cells. RESULTS: Production of CCL17 and CCL22 by activated naive CD4+ T cells under Th2 condition was much more in asthmatic patients than in healthy controls. Proliferation and survival of the Th2 differentiating cells and restimulation-induced IL-4 production were much greater in asthmatic patients than in healthy controls. These cell biological phenomena were inhibited by blockade of CCR4. The biological effects of exogenous CCL17 and CCL22 were apparently observed in both healthy controls and asthmatic patients. The effectiveness of these chemokines on naïve CD4+ T cells from healthy controls was stronger than those from asthmatic patients. We found that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a Th2 promoting chemokine, is involved in the activation of CD4+ naïve T cells via production of CCL17 and CCL22. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These data suggest that CCL17 and CCL22 produced by TSLP-primed naïve CD4+ T cells in asthma might contribute to an increase in Th2 cells via autocrine loops.

Improved sensitivity to venom specific-immunoglobulin E by spiking with the allergen component in Japanese patients suspected of Hymenoptera venom allergy.

BACKGROUND: Ves v 5 and Pol d 5, which constitute antigen 5, are recognized as the major, most potent allergens of family Vespidae. Several studies have reported the diagnostic sensitivity of the novel recombinant (r)Ves v 5 and rPol d 5 allergens in routine clinical laboratory settings by analyzing a group of Vespula and Polistes venom-allergic patients. In this study, we analyzed the sensitivity to venom specific (s)IgE by spiking with rVes v 5 and rPol d 5 in Japanese patients suspected of Hymenoptera venom allergy. METHODS: Subjects were 41 patients who had experienced systemic reactions to hornet and/or paper wasp stings. Levels of serum sIgE against hornet and paper wasp venom by spiking with rVes v 5 and rPold d 5, respectively, as improvement testing, compared with hornet and paper wasp venom, as conventional testing, were measured by ImmunoCAP. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 33 (80.5%) were positive (≥0.35 UA/ml) for hornet and/or paper wasp venom in conventional sIgE testing. sIgE levels correlated significantly (P < 0.01) between hornet (R = 0.92) or paper wasp venom (R = 0.78) in improvement testing and conventional testing. To determine specificity, 20 volunteers who had never experienced a Hymenoptera sting were all negative for sIgE against these venoms in both improvement and conventional testing. Improved sensitivity was seen in 8 patients negative for sIgE against both venoms in conventional testing, while improvement testing revealed sIgE against hornet or paper wasp venom in 5 (total 38 (92.7%)) patients. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of sIgE following spiking of rVes v 5 and rPol d 5 by conventional testing in Japanese subjects with sIgE against hornet and paper wasp venom, respectively, improved the sensitivity for detecting Hymenoptera venom allergy. Improvement testing for measuring sIgE levels against hornet and paper wasp venom has potential for serologically elucidating Hymenoptera allergy in Japan.

Epidemiologic investigation of hornet and paper wasp stings in forest workers and electrical facility field workers in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Forestry and field workers who work outdoors are at high risk for Hymenoptera stings and may develop occupation-related allergies from being stung. However, clinical and immunological surveys of Hymenoptera stings in the occupational setting have rarely been reported. We surveyed the natural history of Hymenoptera stings in Japanese forestry workers (FWs) and electrical facility field workers (EFFWs), and we assessed the utility of measuring specific (s)IgE Ab to Hymenptera venom. METHODS: Questionnaires on hornet and paper wasp stings were completed by 999 FWs, 354 EFFWs, and 365 office workers as controls between July and November 2009. Sera from these participants were tested for sIgE Ab levels to Hymenptera venom with a CAP system using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Of the participants who had experienced Hymenoptera stings, 914 (91.5%) were FWs, 293 (82.8%) were EFFWs, and 295 (80.8%) were controls. Of the participants who had experienced systemic reactions, 210 (21.0%) were FWs, 51 (14.4%) were EFFWs, and 39 (10.7%) were controls. sIgE Ab in response to hornet and wasp venom was positive (≥ class 2) in 42.4% and 41.4% of FWs, 30.1% and 31.4% of EFFWs, and 15.1% and 18.1% of controls, respectively. The likelihood of being sIgE-positive to wasp and hornet venom was significantly higher in FWs and EFFWs than in controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 21% of FWs and 14% of EFFWs had experienced systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings with a higher frequency compared with office workers in the same area. 40% of FWs and 30% of EFFWs had sera that were sIgE positive to Hymenoptera venom.

Epidemiologic Investigation of Hornet and Paper Wasp Stings in Forest Workers and Electrical Facility Field Workers in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Forestry and field workers who work outdoors are at high risk for Hymenoptera stings and may develop occupation-related allergies from being stung. However, clinical and immunological surveys of Hymenoptera stings in the occupational setting have rarely been reported. We surveyed the natural history of Hymenoptera stings in Japanese forestry workers (FWs) and electrical facility field workers (EFFWs), and we assessed the utility of measuring specific (s)IgE Ab to Hymenptera venom. METHODS: Questionnaires on hornet and paper wasp stings were completed by 999 FWs, 354 EFFWs, and 365 office workers as controls between July and November 2009. Sera from these participants were tested for sIgE Ab levels to Hymenptera venom with a CAP system using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Of the participants who had experienced Hymenoptera stings, 914 (91.5%) were FWs, 293 (82.8%) were EFFWs, and 295 (80.8%) were controls. Of the participants who had experienced systemic reactions, 210 (21.0%) were FWs, 51 (14.4%) were EFFWs, and 39 (10.7%) were controls. sIgE Ab in response to hornet and wasp venom was positive (≥ class 2) in 42.4% and 41.4% of FWs, 30.1% and 31.4% of EFFWs, and 15.1% and 18.1% of controls, respectively. The likelihood of being sIgE-positive to wasp and hornet venom was significantly higher in FWs and EFFWs than in controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 21% of FWs and 14% of EFFWs had experienced systemic reactions to Hymenoptera stings with a higher frequency compared with office workers in the same area. 40% of FWs and 30% of EFFWs had sera that were sIgE positive to Hymenoptera venom.

Case report of a patient with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma and uncommon/compound EGFR mutations who responded to afatinib.

There is no established treatment for lung adenocarcinoma with uncommon/compound epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. We report a case of a 73-year-old man with stage IVB lung adenocarcinoma harboring E709G and L861Q EGFR mutations. After 2 months of afatinib treatment, significant tumor shrinkage was observed, and the patient's condition remained stable for 1 year. This case highlights the potential effectiveness of afatinib for treating rare stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with these specific EGFR mutations.

Safety of Tocilizumab on Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease.

Purpose: The prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with interstitial lung disease (ILD) is particularly poor. Although drugs that do not contribute to the progression of ILD should be used in RA treatment, none have been established. This study evaluated the safety of tocilizumab in terms of ILD activity. Patients and Methods: This study prospectively enrolled all 55 patients with RA complicated by ILD who were treated with tocilizumab at Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center from April 2014 to June 2022. The outcome measures were MMP-3 and KL-6 as biomarkers of RA and ILD activity, respectively, and the relationship between them was analyzed. Results: Both MMP-3 and KL-6 were significantly improved at 6 months of treatment (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), and a weak correlation between MMP-3 and KL-6 was observed (R2 = 0.086, P = 0.087). The group with increased MMP-3 due to RA progression had significantly higher KL-6 at 6 months compared with the group with RA improvement (P < 0.05). Also, the group with ILD progression on computed tomography had significantly higher MMP-3 compared with the groups with improvement or no change of ILD (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The mortality rate was 0% at 6 months, 2.0% at 1 year, 16.7% at 2 years, and 32.4% at 3 years, and mortality from acute exacerbation of ILD due to respiratory infection increased over time. Conclusion: RA activity and ILD activity were found to be related at 6 months of treatment. Tocilizumab does not seem to affect the mechanism of ILD progression, as most patients showed improvement in both MMP-3 and KL-6 with tocilizumab within 6 months, when this drug would be expected to affect the lungs directly. However, respiratory infection exacerbated ILD from 1 year after the start of treatment. As immunosuppressive drugs, including tocilizumab, have a risk of respiratory infection, it is important to identify early signs of infection.

Leukotriene C4 aggravates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Synthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LT) is thought to cause inflammatory disorders such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Recent reports have suggested that leukotriene C4 (LTC4 ) is an important regulator of pulmonary fibrosis. This study examined the effect of LTC4 in LTC4 synthase-overexpressed transgenic mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The function of lung-derived fibroblasts from transgenic mice was also investigated. METHODS: Bleomycin was administrated to transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) mice by intratracheal instillation. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4 and -13, interferon-γ, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after the administration of bleomycin. Lung tissue was examined histopathologically on day 14. In addition, lung-derived fibroblasts from transgenic and WT mice were cultured for 7 days. Expression of TGF-ß1 mRNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Both the pathological scores for pulmonary fibrosis (3.8 ± 0.4 vs 2.0 ± 0.1, P < 0.05) and the levels of IL-4 (12.1 ± 2.3 vs <7.8 pg/mL, P < 0.05), IL-13 (26.5 ± 5.2 vs <7.8 pg/mL, P < 0.01) and TGF-ß1 (211.1 ± 30.2 vs 21.3 ± 1.2 pg/mL, P < 0.01) on day 14 were significantly greater in transgenic than in WT mice. Furthermore, the reduction of LTC4 by pranlukast hydrate, a cys-LT1 receptor antagonist, in fibroblasts from transgenic significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of TGF-ß1 mRNA (by ∼50%) compared with those from WT mice. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of LTC4 , amplifies bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Our findings suggest a role for LTC4 in lung fibrosis.

Three Japanese patients (mother and two children) with familial Mediterranean fever associated with compound heterozygosity for L110P/E148Q/M694I and an autosomal true dominant inheritance pattern.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is characterized by repeated episodes of fever, peritonitis, pleuritis, and synovitis. We describe here 3 Japanese patients (a mother and 2 children) in whom FMF was diagnosed on analysis of MEFV. A 40-year-old woman presented with fever and abdominal pain. The patient had had these symptoms on and off since childhood and consulted many hospitals. A 38-year-old man had abdominal pain and fever since the age of 30 years. A 59-year-old woman had had episodes of fever, abdominal pain, and chest pain for more than 20 years. MEFV gene analysis showed compound heterozygosity for L110P, E148Q, and M694I in all three patients. In Japanese patients with FMF, this mode of autosomal true dominant inheritance has not yet been reported. FMF is difficult to diagnose unless it is included in the differential diagnosis by physicians. We hope that our valuable experience will promote increased awareness and understanding of FMF.

Wasp venom allergy: effect of anti-IgE antibody on wasp venom anaphylaxis in a mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Although anti-IgE antibody (Ab) therapy was recently shown to be effective in patients with bronchial asthma, no study has reported the effect of IgE therapy in the prevention of wasp venom anaphylaxis. In this study, we used a mouse model of wasp venom allergy to investigate the effect of anti-IgE Ab on wasp venom anaphylaxis. METHODS: We developed a mouse model of wasp venom allergy by intraperitoneally (i.p.) injecting wasp venom into BALB/c mice twice on experimental day (day) 0 and 7. On day 20, a group of mice received an i.p. injection of mouse anti-IgE Ab as a pretreatment, and another group received rat anti-IgG1 Ab. On day 21, the animals were challenged by i.p. injection of wasp venom, and 30 min later, body temperature was measured and serum levels of leukotriene (LT) B4 and LTC4 were determined using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: The body temperature of mice treated with anti-IgE Ab and controls before and after wasp venom challenge was 37.8±0.2 vs 37.7± 0.3°C before challenge and 37.8±0.2 vs 37.1± 0.3°C after challenge, respectively, showing that anti-IgE Ab treatment significantly prevented body temperature from falling (p <0.05). Furthermore, anti-IgE Ab treatment reduced total serum IgE levels in the treated mice (42.2±15.9 pg/ml), compared with controls (105.9±23.1 pg/ml, p <0.05), and inhibited the secretion of LTC4 in the treated mice (32.0±18.8 pg/ml), but not in the controls (162.4±12.4 pg/ml, p <0.05), following challenge with wasp venom. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that anti-IgE Ab treatment is an effective preventive measure against wasp venom-induced anaphylaxis.