Malignant melanoma of the uveal tract--a review of the Auckland experience.

Ninety-three cases of malignant melanoma of the uveal tract diagnosed in Auckland between April 1960 and July 1984 were reviewed to determine the significant pathological factors for predicting prognosis. Six factors correlating with outcome were: extension of the tumour into and through sclera or into optic nerve, tumour size, cell type, mitotic rate, pigmentation, vascularity.

Cervical cytology in the Auckland region.

A two week prospective study of the characteristics of women having cervical smears in the Auckland region in 1985 is presented. European and Maori women have about the same rate of smears while Pacific Islanders have a slightly lesser rate. Many women are not having smears taken during pregnancy or at the postnatal examination. Doctors initiate twice as many smears as their patients. More than half of the women had smears taken in less than the three year interval recommended for screening. Five per cent of smears have some degree of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and nearly half of these showed evidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. There is a spectrum extending from young women in their early twenties with HPV infection alone through their later twenties with HPV and CIN and finally women in their thirties and forties with carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) alone.

Incidence and clinical features of breast cancer in the Auckland region.

Data on all new breast cancer cases in the Auckland area during the nine years September 1976 to September 1985 were used to obtain epidemiological information on breast cancer in the Auckland region. Breast tumours were found in 2706 women (300 per year), yielding a lifetime risk of breast cancer of one in 15. No significant difference in breast cancer incidence was detected between European, Maori and Pacific Island Polynesian women. Confidence limits for incidence were wide in the later groups. Fifty-one percent of women presented with intermediate sized (2-5 cm) tumours, and most (66%) were node negative. Eleven percent had evidence of metastatic disease at presentation. When the relationships between race, tumour size, nodal status and metastases were examined, Pacific Island women more frequently presented with large tumours and metastases, whereas Maori women were more frequently node positive. Eighty-five percent of tumours were invasive ductal carcinomas, 55% grade II, 35% grade III, and 10% grade I. Sixty-seven percent of tumours were oestrogen receptor positive (ER+ve) and ER status was significantly related to age; the proportion of ER+ve tumours was greater in older women. Fifty-seven percent of tumours were progesterone receptor positive (PR+ve), and PR distribution was bimodal with age. These data from the Auckland region are similar to breast cancer figures from other western countries, with some ethnic differences in tumour size and frequency of metastatic disease at presentation.

Levamisole in primary breast cancer. A controlled study in conjunction with l-phenylalanine mustard.

Between September 1976 and May 1980, 135 patients with operable breast cancer and positive axillary nodes received l-phenylalanine mustard, adjunct to surgery, 0.15 mg/kg for five days, six weekly, and were randomised prospectively to levamisole 150 mg for three days, two weekly, or a placebo. Treatment was continued for two years or until evidence of treatment failure, whichever was the sooner. At 4 1/2 years, for all patients, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.09), but in a subgroup of women less than or equal to 50 with 1-3 positive nodes, levamisole had a negative effect (P = 0.05). Although an analysis of the same age group, independent of the nodal status, did not reach significance, there was a trend in favor of placebo (P = 0.08) which was also apparent in premenopausal women (P = 0.15). In postmenopausal patients, however, and in those with more advanced disease with four or more positive nodes, although the results also failed to reach significance the trend in these subgroups favored levamisole. The results of this study suggest that levamisole has no place in the primary therapy of breast cancer in younger women and those with more favorable disease. The value of this agent in older patients and those with more advanced primary disease, remains unproven, but the favorable trends are in accord with a number of other studies with levamisole in metastatic breast and resectable lung cancer. Retrospective analysis confined to those women who received 75% or more of the total dose of l-phenylalanine mustard showed no evidence for a dose-responsive effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the described pattern of results.