Severe bronchiectasis is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness.

BACKGROUND: Although bronchiectasis has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease, there is limited evidence of an association with subclinical atherosclerosis, especially carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). METHODS: This prospective study compared CIMT among patients with and without bronchiectasis, and among bronchiectatic patients classified according to disease severity using the FACED score. The study was carried out at a major regional hospital and tertiary respiratory referral centre in Hong Kong. RESULTS: Total 155 Chinese patients with non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis and 512 controls were recruited. The mean CIMT was 0.58 ± 0.10 mm, 0.63 ± 0.11 mm and 0.66 ± 0.08 mm respectively among controls, patients with mild-to-moderate bronchiectasis and patients with severe bronchiectasis. There was no statistically significant difference in CIMT between patients with mild-to-moderate bronchiectasis and controls. Multivariate linear regression revealed that CIMT was significantly increased in patients with severe bronchiectasis relative to controls. The same phenomenon was observed among patients without a history of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: CIMT was significantly increased in patients with severe bronchiectasis compared with controls without bronchiectasis, but not among patients with mild-to-moderate bronchiectasis, which suggested the subclinical atherosclerosis to be more prevalent among patients with severe bronchiectasis.

Increased exacerbations of bronchiectasis following recovery from mild COVID-19 in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Respiratory viral infection is a common trigger of bronchiectasis exacerbation. Knowledge of the intermediate to long-term effect of COVID-19 on bronchiectasis is poor. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patient records was conducted to assess the frequency of bronchiectasis exacerbation following recovery from mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The exacerbation frequency at baseline, using 2019 and 2019-2021 data, was compared with that during the 1 year following recovery. RESULTS: A total of 234 adult patient records who had a confirmed diagnosis of bronchiectasis were identified, of whom 52 (22.2%) were classified as the COVID-19 group. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly more frequent annual exacerbations of bronchiectasis (total exacerbations and hospitalizations). Compared with 2019-2021 data, the total exacerbation frequency decreased by 0.1 ± 0.51 per year among non-COVID-19 patients but increased by 0.68 ± 1.09 per year among the COVID-19 group (p < 0.001). Compared with 2019 only data, exacerbation frequency decreased by 0.14 ± 0.79 per year among non-COVID-19 patients but increased by 0.76 ± 1.17 per year in the COVID-19 group, p < 0.001. The annual frequency of hospitalization for bronchiectasis increased by 0.01 ± 0.32 per year among non-COVID-19 patients and increased by 0.39 ± 1.06 per year in the COVID-19 group (p < 0.001) compared with 2019 to 2021 data. When compared with only 2019 data, it remained unchanged at 0 ± 0.43 per year among non-COVID-19 patients but increased to 0.38 ± 1.12 per year among COVID-19 patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 was associated with an increase in frequency of bronchiectasis exacerbation and frequency of hospitalizations following recovery.

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level in stable-state bronchiectasis predicts exacerbation risk.

BACKGROUND: Elevation of systemic inflammatory markers were found to correlate with increased disease extent, reduced lung function and higher risk of future severe exacerbations in patients with bronchiectasis. Although a significant correlation of circulating hs-CRP levels with HRCT scores and resting oxygen saturation in patients with stable-state non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis was suggested, there is little data on the relationship between hs-CRP and the prognosis of bronchiectasis and a lack of data on the role of hs-CRP in predicting bronchiectasis exacerbation. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on Chinese patients with non- CF bronchiectasis from 1st October to 31st December 2021. Baseline serum hs-CRP were obtained at stable-state. The follow-up period lasted for one year. Co-primary endpoints were the development of any bronchiectasis exacerbation and hospitalized bronchiectasis exacerbation. RESULTS: Totally 123 patients were included. Higher hs-CRP was associated with increased risk to develop any bronchiectasis exacerbation, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.254 (95% CI = 1.040-4.885, p = 0.039), and borderline significantly increased hospitalized bronchiectasis exacerbation with aOR of 1.985 (95% CI = 0.922-4.277, p = 0.080). CONCLUSION: Baseline serum hs-CRP level at stable-state can predict risk of bronchiectasis exacerbation, which is reflecting chronic low-grade inflammation in bronchiectasis.

Worsening of asthma control after recovery from mild to moderate COVID-19 in patients from Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: While there are postulations that asthma is potentially associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been conflicting results from studies on the impact mild-to-moderate COVID-19 on asthma control after recovery. METHODS: A case control study on the association between mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and asthma control post infection was conducted. The primary outcome was a reduction in Asthma Control Test (ACT) score by ≥ 3 points post-COVID infection. The secondary outcomes included the change in ACT score, the proportion of patient with ACT score who dropped to ≤ 15 on enrolment visit and the need for escalation of asthma maintenance therapy. RESULTS: Out of the total of 221 adult patients with asthma recruited, 111 had mild-to-moderate COVID-19 within 30 to 270 days prior to study enrolment. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for a reduction in ACT score by ≥ 3 points after COVID-19 was 3.105 (95% CI = 1.385-6.959, p = 0.006). The odds of escalation of asthma maintenance therapy by at least 1 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) step was 4.733 (95% CI = 1.151-19.467, p = 0.031) and asthma patient are more likely to become uncontrolled after COVID-19 [aOR = 5.509 (95% CI = 1.061-28.600, p = 0.042)]. CONCLUSION: Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 among asthma patients, upon recovery, was associated with worsening of asthma symptom, lower ACT score, a higher need for escalation of asthma maintenance therapy and more uncontrolled asthma.

Prediction model on disease recurrence for low risk resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Although stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) typically carries a good prognosis following complete resection, early disease recurrence can occur. An accurate survival prediction model would help refine a follow-up strategy and personalize future adjuvant therapy. We developed a post-operative prediction model based on readily available clinical information for patients with stage I adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the disease-free survival (DFS) of 408 patients with pathologically confirmed low-risk stage I adenocarcinoma of lung who underwent curative resection from 2013 to 2017. A tree-based method was employed to partition the cohort into subgroups with distinct DFS outcome and stepwise risk ratio. These covariates were included in multivariate analysis to build a scoring system to predict disease recurrence. The model was subsequently validated using a 2011-2012 cohort. RESULTS: Non-smoker status, stage IA disease, epidermal-growth factor receptor mutants and female gender were associated with better DFS. Multivariate analysis identified smoking status, disease stage and gender as factors necessary for the scoring system and yielded 3 distinct risk groups for DFS [99.4 (95% CI 78.3-125.3), 62.9 (95% CI 48.2-82.0), 33.7 (95% CI 24.6-46.1) months, p < 0.005]. External validation yielded an area under the curve by receiver operating characteristic analysis of 0.863 (95% CI 0.755-0.972). CONCLUSION: The model could categorize post-operative patients using readily available clinical information, and may help personalize a follow-up strategy and future adjuvant therapy.

Association of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 with gefitinib-induced toxicities.

Dermatological, gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities are the most common adverse events associated with gefitinib use. Gefitinib is metabolized by cytochrome P450. Inconsistent associations of single nucleotide genetic polymorphisms of CYP450 and gefitinib-induced adverse effects were reported. We aim to investigate the association between CYP450 genetic polymorphism and the development of gefitinib-associated adverse events. A retrospective cohort study of Chinese patients with metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who received first-line gefitinib treatment was conducted. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were assayed using a multiplex SNP microarray. Risks of development of gefitinib-induced toxicities associated with different SNPs were determined. Among the 152 patients treated with gefitinib, 52 (34.2%) had gefitinib-induced hepatotoxicity, 113 (74.3%) had cutaneous reactions and 53 (34.9%) had gastrointestinal adverse effects. CYP2D6*41 CT, CYP2D6*10 AA and CYP3A4*1/*1G TT genotypes were significantly associated with hepatic, cutaneous and gastrointestinal adverse effects [odds ratio (OR) 3.773; (95% confidence interval {CI},1.046-13.610; P = 0.043), 3.368 (95% CI, 1.000-11.345; P = 0.050) and 20.000 (95% CI, 2.381-167.965; P = 0.006), respectively]. CYP2D6*41 CT, CYP2D6*10 AA and CYP3A4*1/*1G TT genotypes may be associated with increased risks of gefitinib-induced toxicities in the liver, skin and gastrointestinal tract.

A multicenter retrospective cohort study on predicting the risk for amiodarone pulmonary toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Amiodarone is one of the most commonly used anti-arrhythmic agents. Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity is a potentially fatal adverse effect associated with amiodarone use. Previous studies on the epidemiology and risk factors for amiodarone pulmonary toxicity showed diverse results. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify clinic-epidemiologic markers associated with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity for development of a prediction rule. Patients taking amiodarone who were managed in 3 centres in Hong Kong from 2005 to 2015 were included in this study. Penalized logistic regression was used to model the outcome as it is rare. RESULTS: A total of 34 cases with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity were identified among 1786 patients taking amiodarone for at least 90 days from 2005 to 2015. The incidence of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity was estimated to be 1.9%. The risk factors for amiodarone pulmonary toxicity included advanced age (OR 1.047, 95% CI 1.010-1.085, p = 0.013), ventricular arrhythmia (OR 2.703, 95% CI 1.053-6.935, p = 0.039), underlying lung disease (OR 2.511, 95% CI 1.146-5.501, p = 0.021) and cumulative dose of amiodarone (OR 4.762, 95% CI 1.310-17.309 p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity in Chinese patients in Hong Kong is estimated to be 1.9% in this study. Age, underlying lung disease, ventricular arrhythmia and cumulative dose of amiodarone are associated with the development of amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. A prediction rule was developed to inform the risk of developing amiodarone pulmonary toxicity.

Risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the commonest bacteria colonizing the airway in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization is associated with poor outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis, including rapid decline in lung function, exacerbation frequency and hospitalization. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong that included 350 Chinese patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis to investigate the risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization and clinical implications on disease outcomes. DISCUSSIONS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization was more commonly found in patients with longer duration of bronchiectasis and those on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) with adjusted ORs of 1.066 (95% CI = 1.036-1.096, p < 0.001) and 2.815 (95% CI = 1.307-6.064, p = 0.008) respectively. Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization have more extensive lung involvement and higher risks of exacerbation requiring hospitalization with adjusted ORs of 2.445 (95% CI = 1.283-4.657, p = 0.007) and 2.745 (95% CI = 1.012-7.449, p = 0.047) respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization is more common among patients with longer duration of bronchiectasis and those on PPI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization is associated with more extensive lung involvement and higher risks of exacerbation requiring hospitalization.

Tuberculosis infection and lung adenocarcinoma: Mendelian randomization and pathway analysis of genome-wide association study data from never-smoking Asian women.

We investigated whether genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) influences lung adenocarcinoma development among never-smokers using TB genome-wide association study (GWAS) results within the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia. Pathway analysis with the adaptive rank truncated product method was used to assess the association between a TB-related gene-set and lung adenocarcinoma using GWAS data from 5512 lung adenocarcinoma cases and 6277 controls. The gene-set consisted of 31 genes containing known/suggestive associations with genetic variants from previous TB-GWAS. Subsequently, we followed-up with Mendelian Randomization to evaluate the association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma using three genome-wide significant variants from previous TB-GWAS in East Asians. The TB-related gene-set was associated with lung adenocarcinoma (p = 0.016). Additionally, the Mendelian Randomization showed an association between TB and lung adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.66, p = 0.027). Our findings support TB as a causal risk factor for lung cancer development among never-smoking Asian women.

Role of early definitive management for newly diagnosed malignant pleural effusion related to lung cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The advent of effective anti-cancer therapy has brought about uncertainty on the benefit of early definitive measures for newly diagnosed MPE from lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the outcomes of MPE in this setting. METHODS: Lung cancer patients with MPE at first presentation to a tertiary care hospital were followed up till death or censored from 2011 to 2018. Early MPE control measures included chemical pleurodesis or IPC before or shortly after oncological treatment. Predictors of time to MPE re-intervention were identified with Cox proportional hazard analyses. RESULTS: Of the 509 records screened, 233 subjects were eligible. One hundred and twenty-seven subjects received oral targeted therapy as first-line treatment and 34 (26.8%) underwent early definitive MPE control measures. Early MPE control measures in addition to targeted therapy, as compared to targeted therapy alone, significantly reduced the subsequent need of MPE re-intervention (23.5% vs 53.8%, P = 0.002). Similar benefits from MPE control measures were found in groups receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy or best supportive care (0% vs 52%, P = 0.003; 18% vs 56.7%, P = 0.024, respectively). In the group with targetable mutations, both early MPE control measures (HR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.53, P < 0.001) and the use of targeted therapy (HR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10-0.46, P < 0.001) were independently associated with longer time to MPE re-interventions. CONCLUSION: Early MPE control measures in lung cancer has additional benefits on reducing the need and prolonging the time to MPE re-intervention, independent of anti-cancer therapies.

Association between GWAS-identified lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility loci and EGFR mutations in never-smoking Asian women, and comparison with findings from Western populations.

To evaluate associations by EGFR mutation status for lung adenocarcinoma risk among never-smoking Asian women, we conducted a meta-analysis of 11 loci previously identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genotyping in an additional 10,780 never-smoking cases and 10,938 never-smoking controls from Asia confirmed associations with eight known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two new signals were observed at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8), namely, rs7216064 (17q24.3, BPTF), for overall lung adenocarcinoma risk, and rs3817963 (6p21.3, BTNL2) which is specific to cases with EGFR mutations. In further sub-analyses by EGFR status, rs9387478 (ROS1/DCBLD1) and rs2179920 (HLA-DPB1) showed stronger estimated associations in EGFR-positive compared to EGFR-negative cases. Comparison of the overall associations with published results in Western populations revealed that the majority of these findings were distinct, underscoring the importance of distinct contributing factors for smoking and non-smoking lung cancer. Our results extend the catalogue of regions associated with lung adenocarcinoma in non-smoking Asian women and highlight the importance of how the germline could inform risk for specific tumour mutation patterns, which could have important translational implications.

Efficacy of gefitinib at reduced dose in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung carcinoma.

As a first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, gefitinib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of advanced non-small cell carcinoma with sensitizing EGFR mutations. Gefitinib is known to have adverse effects, which may necessitate dose reduction or even change to alternative preparation of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor. There has been concern on dose reduction resulting in reduced dose gefitinib, especially on its efficacy. This was a retrospective single-center cohort study conducted in Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong that included 159 Chinese patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of lung that carried sensitizing EGFR mutations and had received gefitinib as first-line treatment. Patients who had reduced dose at 250 mg alternate day were compared with those who were able to maintain on standard dose of gefitinib at 250 mg daily. The primary end-point was progression-free survival. Among the 159 patients, 17 (10.7 %) of them were on reduced dose gefitinib, 14 among the 17 patients (82.4%) because of hepatotoxicity, and 3 (17.6%) because of cutaneous side effects. Patients on reduced dose and standard dose of gefitinib have comparable median progression-free survival. Hazard ratio was 1.121 (95% confidence interval = 0. 655-1.917, P-value = 0.678) for the reduced dose group and 3.385 for the standard dose group (95% confidence interval = 2.181-5.255) respectively (P-value < 0.001). Dose reduction in gefitinib to 250 mg alternate day in response to adverse effects was not associated with inferior outcome for patients on first-line gefitinib for advanced non-small cell carcinoma. Dose reduction is a feasible option for patients who have significant adverse effects with gefitinib.

Recombinant human arginase induces apoptosis through oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest in small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 13% of all lung cancer cases. Small cell lung cancer is characterized by frequent relapse, and current treatments lack tumor specificity. Arginine is a non-essential amino acid for human normal cells but critical to some tumor cells that cannot synthesize arginine. Therefore, arginine deprivation has become a potential therapeutic option for selected tumors. BCT-100 is a pegylated arginase that has documented anticancer activity in arginine auxotrophic tumors, such as melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and acute myeloid leukemia. One of the resistance mechanisms to arginase treatment is overexpression of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), two important enzymes in the urea cycle. We selected 9 SCLC and 1 non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines to determine the growth inhibition effects of BCT-100 and established that cell lines with low expression of ASS1 and OTC are relatively sensitive to BCT-100 treatment. Knocking down OTC in a H841 cell line could potentiate its sensitivity to BCT-100 treatment. Arginine concentration was sharply decreased, accompanied by apoptosis through oxidative stress as well as G1 cell cycle arrest. In addition, BCT-100 showed an anticancer effect on H446 and H510A xenograft models by lowering arginine levels and inducing apoptosis.

Growth suppressive effect of pegylated arginase in malignant pleural mesothelioma xenografts.

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a difficult-to-treat global disease. Pegylated arginase (BCT-100) has recently shown anti-tumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia and melanoma. This study aims to investigate the effects of PEG-BCT-100 in MPM. METHODS: A panel of 5 mesothelioma cell lines (H28, 211H, H226, H2052 and H2452) was used to study the in vitro effects of BCT-100 by crystal violet staining. The in vivo effects of BCT-100 were studied using 211H and H226 nude mice xenografts. Protein expression (argininosuccinate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, cyclins (A2, D3, E1 and H), CDK4 and Ki67) and arginine concentration were evaluated by Western blot and ELISA respectively. Cellular localization of BCT-100 was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunoflorescence. TUNEL assay was used to identify cellular apoptotic events. RESULTS: Argininosuccinate synthetase was expressed in H28, H226, and H2452 cells as well as 211H and H266 xenografts. Ornithine transcarbamylase was undetectable in all cell lines and xenograft models. BCT-100 reduced in vitro cell viability (IC50 values at 13-24 mU/ml, 72 h) across different cell lines and suppressed tumor growth in both 211H and H226 xenograft models. BCT-100 (60 mg/kg) significantly suppressed tumor growth (p < 0.01) with prolonged median survival (p < 0.01) in both xenograft models. Combining BCT-100 with pemetrexed or cisplatin conferred no additional benefits over single agents. Serum and intratumoral arginine levels were effectively decreased by BCT-100, associated with cytosolic accumulation of BCT-100 within tumor cells. Apoptosis (PARP cleavage in 211H xenografts; Bcl-2 downregulation, and cleavage of PARP and caspase 3 in H226 xenografts; positive TUNEL staining in both) and G1 arrest (downregulation of cyclin A2, D3, E1 and CDK4 in 211H xenografts; suppression of cyclin A2, E1, H and CDK4 in H226 xenografts) were evident with BCT-100 treatment. Furthermore, proliferative factor Ki67 was downregulated in BCT-100 treatments arms. CONCLUSIONS: BCT-100 suppressed tumor growth with prolonged median survival partially mediated by intratumoral arginine depletion resulting in apoptosis and G1 arrest in mesothelioma xenograft models. The findings provide scientific evidence to support further clinical development of BCT-100 in treatment of MPM.

Asthma in Asia: Physician perspectives on control, inhaler use and patient communications.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the physician perspectives on asthma management in Asia. METHODS: An online/face-to-face, questionnaire-based survey of respiratory specialists and primary care physicians from eight Asian countries/region was carried out. The survey explored asthma control, inhaler selection, technique and use; physician-patient communications and asthma education. Inclusion criteria were >50% of practice time spent on direct patient care; and treated >30 patients with asthma per month, of which >60% were aged >12 years. RESULTS: REALISE Asia (Phase 2) involved 375 physicians with average 15.9(±6.8) years of clinical experience. 89.1% of physicians reporting use of guidelines estimated that 53.2% of their patients have well-controlled (GINA-defined) asthma. Top consideration for inhaler choice was asthma severity (82.4%) and lowest, socio-economic status (32.5%). Then 54.7% of physicians checked their patients' inhaler techniques during consultations but 28.2(±19.1)% of patients were using their inhalers incorrectly; 21.1-57.9% of physicians could spot improper inhaler techniques in video demonstrations. And 79.6% of physicians believed combination inhalers could increase adherence because of convenience (53.7%), efficacy (52.7%) and usability (18.9%). Initial and follow-up consultations took 16.8(±8.4) and 9.2(±5.3) minutes, respectively. Most (85.1%) physicians used verbal conversations and least (24.5%), video demonstrations of inhaler use; 56.8% agreed that patient attitudes influenced their treatment approach. CONCLUSION: Physicians and patients have different views of 'well-controlled' asthma. Although physicians informed patients about asthma and inhaler usage, they overestimated actual usage and patients' knowledge was sub-optimal. Physician-patient interactions can be augmented with understanding of patient attitudes, visual aids and ancillary support to perform physical demonstrations to improve treatment outcomes.

Lung cancer staging now and in the future.

For a long time lung cancer was associated with a fatalistic approach by healthcare professionals. In recent years, advances in imaging, improved diagnostic techniques and more effective treatment modalities are reasons for optimism. Accurate lung cancer staging is vitally important because treatment options and prognosis differ significantly by stage. The staging algorithm should include a contrast computed tomography (CT) of the chest and the upper abdomen including adrenals, positron emission tomography/CT for staging the mediastinum and to rule out extrathoracic metastasis in patients considered for surgical resection, endosonography-guided needle sampling procedure replacing mediastinoscopy for near complete mediastinal staging, and brain imaging as clinically indicated. Applicability of evidence-based guidelines for staging of lung cancer depends on the available expertise and level of resources and is directly impacted by financial issues. Considering the diversity of healthcare infrastructure and economic performance of Asian countries, optimal and cost-effective use of staging methods appropriate to the available resources is prudent. The pulmonologist plays a central role in the multidisciplinary approach to lung cancer diagnosis, staging and management. Regional respiratory societies such as the Asian Pacific Society of Respirology should work with national respiratory societies to strive for uniform standards of care. For developing countries, a minimum set of care standards should be formulated. Cost-effective delivery of optimal care for lung cancer patients, including staging within the various healthcare systems, should be encouraged and most importantly, tobacco control implementation should receive an absolute priority status in all countries in Asia.

Correlation of sputum inflammatory markers with severity and blood inflammatory markers in bronchiectasis.

Background: As a disease characterized by chronic neutrophilic inflammation, various sputum biomarkers have been investigated in the association with the severity and prognosis of bronchiectasis. However, there is lack of data on the association between sputum interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels at clinical stable state and the clinical, spirometric and blood inflammatory parameters, as well as prognostic scores. The purpose of the study is to assess the association between sputum IL-1ß, IL-8 and TNF-α levels at clinical stable state and various clinical and laboratory parameters in bronchiectasis. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a major regional hospital and tertiary respiratory referral centre in Hong Kong, including 44 Chinese patients with bronchiectasis. The correlation between stable state sputum IL-1ß, IL-8 and TNF-α levels with various clinical, laboratory and spirometric parameters in bronchiectasis, as well as FACED [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), age, chronic colonisation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, radiological extension and dyspnoea]/E-FACED (FACED plus exacerbations) scores were assessed. Results: Baseline sputum IL-1ß level was found to have significant moderate positive correlation with baseline blood high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level with Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.529 (P=0.001). Baseline sputum IL-8 level was found to have significant moderate positive correlation with baseline FACED and E-FACED score with r of 0.574 (P<0.001) and 0.539 (P<0.001) respectively. Baseline sputum TNF-α level was found to have significant moderate positive correlation with baseline FACED score with r of 0.520 (P<0.001). Conclusions: Sputum IL-1ß and, IL-8 and TNF-α levels were shown to have significant correlation with various clinical, laboratory and spirometry parameters in bronchiectasis, as well as more severe disease as measured by FACED and E-FACED scores.

Outcomes among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after recovery from COVID-19 infection of different severity.

While studies have suggested increased risks of severe COVID-19 infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the persistent and delayed consequences of COVID-19 infection on patients with COPD upon recovery remain unknown. A prospective clinical study was conducted in Hong Kong to investigate the persistent and delayed outcomes of patients with COPD who had COVID-19 infection of different severity (mild-moderate COVID-19 and severe COVID-19), compared with those who did not. Chinese patients with COPD ≥ 40 years old were recruited from March to September 2021. They were prospectively followed up for 24.9 ± 5.0 months until 31st August 2023. The primary outcome was the deterioration in COPD control defined as the change in mMRC dyspnea scale. The secondary outcomes included the change in exacerbation frequency and non-COVID-19 respiratory mortality (including death from COPD exacerbation or bacterial pneumonia). 328 patients were included in the analysis. Patients with mild-moderate and severe COVID-19 infection had statistically significant increased risks of worsening of mMRC dyspnoea scale by increase in 1 score from baseline to follow-up with adjusted odds ratios of 4.44 (95% CI = 1.95-10.15, p < 0.001) and 6.77 (95% CI = 2.08-22.00, p = 0.001) respectively. Patients with severe COVID-19 infection had significantly increased risks of increase in severe COPD exacerbation frequency with adjusted odds ratios of 4.73 (95% CI = 1.55-14.41, p = 0.006) non-COVID-19 respiratory mortality from COPD exacerbation or pneumonia with adjusted hazard ratio of 11.25 (95% CI = 2.98-42.45, p < 0.001). After recovery from COVID-19, worsening of COPD control from worsening of dyspnea, increase in severe exacerbation frequency to non-COVID-19 respiratory mortality (COPD exacerbation and pneumonia) was observed among patients with severe COVID-19. Mild to moderate COVID-19 was also associated with symptomatic deterioration.

TARGET: A Phase II, Open-Label, Single-Arm Study of 5-Year Adjuvant Osimertinib in Completely Resected EGFR-Mutated Stage II to IIIB NSCLC Post Complete Surgical Resection.

INTRODUCTION: Osimertinib is a central nervous system (CNS)-active, third generation, irreversible, epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) that potently and selectively inhibits EGFR-TKI sensitizing and EGFR T790M resistance mutations, with demonstrated efficacy in EGFR-mutated (EGFRm) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present the rationale and design for TARGET (NCT05526755), which will evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5 years of adjuvant osimertinib in patients with completely resected EGFRm stage II to IIIB NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TARGET is a phase II, multinational, open-label, single-arm study. Adults aged ≥18 years (Taiwan ≥20 years), with resected stage II to IIIB NSCLC are eligible; prior adjuvant chemotherapy is allowed. Eligible patients must have locally confirmed common (exon 19 deletion or L858R) or uncommon (G719X, L861Q, and/or S768I) EGFR-TKI sensitizing mutations, alone or in combination. Patients will receive osimertinib 80 mg once daily for 5 years or until disease recurrence, discontinuation or death. The primary endpoint is investigator-assessed disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years (common EGFR mutations cohort). Secondary endpoints include: investigator-assessed DFS at 3 and 4 years; overall survival at 3, 4, and 5 years (common EGFR mutations cohort); DFS at 3, 4, and 5 years (uncommon EGFR mutations cohort); safety and tolerability, type of recurrence and CNS metastases (both cohorts). Exploratory endpoints include: tissue/plasma concordance; analysis of circulating molecules in plasma samples using different profiling approaches to detect minimal residual disease; incidence and change over time of incidental pulmonary nodules. RESULTS: TARGET is currently recruiting, and completion is expected in 2029.

Cardiovascular outcomes following hospitalisation for exacerbation of bronchiectasis: a territory-wide study.

BACKGROUND: Although bronchiectasis is reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease, evidence for an association with cardiovascular events (CVEs) is lacking. METHODS: A territory-wide retrospective cohort study was conducted in Hong Kong involving all patients who had bronchiectasis diagnosed in public hospitals and clinics between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2017 were included. Patients were allocated to be exacerbator or non-exacerbator group based on hospitalzied bronchiecsis history and CVEs over the next 5 years determined. Propensity score matching was used to balance baseline characteristics. RESULTS: 10 714 bronchiectasis patients (mean age 69.6±14.4 years, 38.9% men), including 1230 in exacerbator group and 9484 in non-exacerbator group, were analysed. At 5 years, 113 (9.2%) subjects in the exacerbator group and 87 (7.1%) in the non-exacerbator group developed composite CVEs. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, bronchiectasis exacerbation was associated with increased risks for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF) and CVE compared with those in the non-exacerbator group with adjusted HR of 1.602 (95% CI 1.006-2.552, p value=0.047), 1.371 (95% CI 1.016-1.851, p value=0.039) and 1.238 (95% CI 1.001-1.532, p=0.049) in the whole cohort. Findings were similar for the propensity score-matched cohort for AMI and CVE. CONCLUSION: Patients who were hospitalised for exacerbation of bronchiectasis were at significantly increased risk of AMI, CHF and CVE over a 5-year follow-up period.