Evaluation of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnoea.

The evaluation of the upper airway (UA) includes the physical examination of pharyngeal structures and a number of imaging techniques that vary from the mostly used lateral cephalometry and computed tomography to more sophisticated methods such as tri-dimensional magnetic resonance image (MRI). Other complex techniques addressing UA collapsibility assessed by measurement of pharyngeal critical pressure and negative expiratory pressure however are not routinely performed. These methods provide information about anatomic abnormalities and the level of pharyngeal narrowing or collapse while the patient is awake or asleep. Data suggest that individual patients have different patterns of UA narrowing. So, the best method for evaluating obstruction during obstructive events remains controversial. In general, in clinical practice physical examination including a systematic evaluation of facial morphology, mouth, nasal cavity and the pharynx as well as simple imaging techniques such as nasopharyngoscopy and cephalometry have been more routinely utilized. Findings associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are UA narrowing by the lateral pharyngeal walls and enlargements of tonsils, uvula and tongue. Additionally cephalometry identifies the most significant craniofacial characteristics associated with this disease. MRI studies demonstrated that lateral narrowing of UA in OSA is due to parapharyngeal muscle hypertrophy and/or enlargement of non adipose soft tissues. The upper airway evaluation has indubitably contributed to understand the pathophysiology and the diagnosis of OSA and snoring. Additionally, it also helps to identify the subjects with increased OSA risk as well as to select the more appropriate modality of treatment, especially for surgical procedures.

[Clinical presentation of obese patients with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea]. / Apresentação clínica de pacientes obesos com diagnóstico polissonográfico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono.

AIM: To evaluate the symptoms of obese patients with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: All obese patients (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) that accomplished overnight polysomnography in two sleep laboratories in the city of Salvador, BA, Brazil, in the period of July to December of 2004, and had an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > or =5. The considered symptoms were excessive daytime sleepiness, awakenings during the night and nocturnal choking or gasping. RESULTS: 73 patients were included, being 57.5% male, with mean age and BMI of 45.2 years old and 38.0 kg/m(2), respectively. The majority (49.3%) was classified as having severe OSA (AHI > or =30). Data revealed that 19.2% of the patients did not have any symptoms, while 28.8% had one symptom, 30.1% had two and 21.9% had three. There was no statistically significant difference in the severity of OSA between the subjects with and without symptoms. There was a higher prevalence of asymptomatic patients in the subgroup with severe obesity--BMI > or =35 kg/m(2) (30.8% vs. 5.9%; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The polysomnography seems to be a fundamental exam in the evaluation of obese patients due to the elevated prevalence of asymptomatic individuals with OSA in this group, especially the severely obese.

[Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children]. / Sintomas da síndrome de apnéia-hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono em crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the symptoms most frequently found in children with a polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: We evaluated 38 children consecutively referred to the sleep laboratory with suspicion of OSAHS between June of 2003 and December of 2004. The patients were submitted to a pre-sleep questionnaire and to polysomnography. RESULTS: The mean age was 7.8 +/- 4 years (range, 2-15 years), and 50% of the children were male. Children without apnea accounted for 7.9% of the sample. The obstructive sleep apnea observed in the remainder was mild in 42.1%, moderate in 28.9% and severe in 22.1%. Severe cases of apnea were most common among children under the age of six (pre-school age). In children with OSAHS, the most common symptoms were snoring and nasal obstruction, which were observed in 74.3 and 72.7% of the children, respectively. Excessive sleepiness and bruxism were seen in 29.4 and 34.3%, respectively, and reflux disease was seen in only 3.1%. Restless legs and difficulty in falling asleep were identified in 65 and 33%, respectively. All of the children diagnosed with severe OSAHS also presented snoring and bruxism. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring and nasal obstruction were the most common symptoms found in our sample of children and adolescents with OSAHS. In addition, OSAHS severity was associated with being in the lower age bracket.

Clinical, anthropometric and upper airway anatomic characteristics of obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Obese subjects are at increased risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, the individual role of local (i.e., upper airway-related) and general (clinical and whole-body anthropometric) characteristics in determining OSAS in obese patients is still controversial. OBJECTIVES: To contrast the clinical, anthropometric and upper airway anatomical features of obese subjects presenting or not presenting with OSAS. METHODS: Thirty-seven obese (BMI > or =30 kg/m(2)) males with OSAS and 14 age- and gender-matched obese controls underwent clinical and anthropometric (BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and neck circumference) evaluation. In a subgroup of subjects (18 and 11 subjects, respectively), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during wakefulness was used to study the upper airway anatomy. RESULTS: OSAS patients showed significantly higher BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and neck circumference as compared to controls (p < 0.05). They also referred to nonrepairing sleep, impaired attention, and previous car accidents more frequently (p < 0.05). The transversal diameter of the airways (TDAW) at the retroglossal level by MRI was found to be an independent predictor of the presence and severity of OSAS (p < 0.05). Parapharyngeal fat increase, however, was not related to OSAS. A TDAW >12 mm was especially useful to rule out severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index >30, negative predictive value = 88.9%, likelihood ratio for a negative test result = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: MRI of the upper airway can be used in association with clinical and anthropometric data to identify obese males at increased risk of OSAS.

Sintomas da síndrome de apnéia-hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono em crianças / Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children

OBJETIVOS: Investigar os sintomas mais freqüentes encontrados em crianças com diagnóstico polissonográfico de síndrome da apnéia-hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 38 crianças consecutivamente encaminhadas ao laboratório do sono com suspeita de SAHOS no período de junho de 2003 a dezembro de 2004. Os pacientes foram submetidos a um questionário pré-sono e a polissonografia. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 7,8 ± 4 anos (variação, 2-15 anos), sendo 50 por cento das crianças do sexo masculino. Não apnéicos corresponderam a 7,9 por cento dos pesquisados, distúrbio leve obstrutivo do sono ocorreu em 42,1 por cento, moderado em 28,9 por cento e severo em 22,1 por cento. Observou-se maior freqüência de casos severos de apnéia entre crianças menores de seis anos (idade pré-escolar). Dentre as crianças com SAHOS, os sintomas mais citados foram ronco e obstrução nasal, presentes em 74,3 e 72,7 por cento das crianças, respectivamente. Sonolência excessiva e bruxismo ocorreram em, respectivamente, 29,4 e 34,3 por cento dos casos e doença do refluxo em apenas 3,1 por cento. Agitação das pernas e dificuldade para iniciar o sono foram encontradas em, respectivamente, 65 e 33 por cento dos avaliados. Todas as crianças que apresentaram SAHOS de grau severo tinham queixa de ronco e bruxismo. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados mostraram que os sintomas mais freqüentes em crianças e adolescentes com SAHOS são ronco e obstrução nasal. Além disso, quadros mais graves da SAHOS estão associados à menor faixa etária.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the symptoms most frequently found in children with a polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). METHODS: We evaluated 38 children consecutively referred to the sleep laboratory with suspicion of OSAHS between June of 2003 and December of 2004. The patients were submitted to a pre-sleep questionnaire and to polysomnography. RESULTS: The mean age was 7.8 ± 4 years (range, 2-15 years), and 50 percent of the children were male. Children without apnea accounted for 7.9 percent of the sample. The obstructive sleep apnea observed in the remainder was mild in 42.1 percent, moderate in 28.9 percent and severe in 22.1 percent. Severe cases of apnea were most common among children under the age of six (pre-school age). In children with OSAHS, the most common symptoms were snoring and nasal obstruction, which were observed in 74.3 and 72.7 percent of the children, respectively. Excessive sleepiness and bruxism were seen in 29.4 and 34.3 percent, respectively, and reflux disease was seen in only 3.1 percent. Restless legs and difficulty in falling asleep were identified in 65 and 33 percent, respectively. All of the children diagnosed with severe OSAHS also presented snoring and bruxism. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring and nasal obstruction were the most common symptoms found in our sample of children and adolescents with OSAHS. In addition, OSAHS severity was associated with being in the lower age bracket.

Apresentação clínica de pacientes obesos com diagnóstico polissonográfico de apnéia obstrutiva do sono / Clinical presentation of obese patients with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sintomatologia de pacientes obesos com diagnóstico polissonográfico de Síndrome da Apnéia/Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados todos os pacientes obesos (IMC > 30 kg/m²) que realizaram polissonografia em dois laboratórios de sono da cidade de Salvador, BA, no período de julho a dezembro de 2004 e apresentaram Índice de Apnéia/Hipopnéia (IAH) > 5 ev/h/sono. Os sintomas considerados foram sonolência excessiva diurna, despertares noturnos, sensação de engasgos e/ou sufocamentos durante o sono. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 73 pacientes, sendo 57,5 por cento do sexo masculino com média de idade e IMC de, respectivamente, 45,2 anos e 38,0 kg/m². A maioria (49,3 por cento) foi classificada como SAHOS grave (IAH > 30). Os dados revelaram que 19,2 por cento destes pacientes não apresentavam nenhum dos sintomas pesquisados, 28,8 por cento, apenas um sintoma, 30,1 por cento, dois e 21,9 por cento, três. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação à gravidade da doença entre os indivíduos com e sem sintomas. Houve uma maior freqüência de pacientes assintomáticos entre os pacientes com obesidade severa (30,8 por cento versus 5,9 por cento; p = 0,007). CONCLUSÕES: A polissonografia parece ser um exame fundamental na avaliação de pacientes obesos devido à alta taxa de indivíduos assintomáticos com índices polissonográficos alterados neste grupo, em especial nos obesos graves.

AIM: To evaluate the symptoms of obese patients with polysomnographic diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: All obese patients (BMI > 30 kg/m²) that accomplished overnight polysomnography in two sleep laboratories in the city of Salvador, BA, Brazil, in the period of July to December of 2004, and had an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 5. The considered symptoms were excessive daytime sleepiness, awakenings during the night and nocturnal choking or gasping. RESULTS: 73 patients were included, being 57.5 percent male, with mean age and BMI of 45.2 years old and 38.0 kg/m², respectively. The majority (49.3 percent) was classified as having severe OSA (AHI > 30). Data revealed that 19.2 percent of the patients did not have any symptoms, while 28.8 percent had one symptom, 30.1 percent had two and 21.9 percent had three. There was no statistically significant difference in the severity of OSA between the subjects with and without symptoms. There was a higher prevalence of asymptomatic patients in the subgroup with severe obesity - BMI > 35kg/m² (30.8 percent vs. 5.9 percent; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The polysomnography seems to be a fundamental exam in the evaluation of obese patients due to the elevated prevalence of asymptomatic individuals with OSA in this group, especially the severe obese.