RESUMO
Ice streams flowing into Ross Ice Shelf are presently responsible for around 10% of the mass flux from West Antarctica, with the noteworthy exception of Kamb Ice Stream, which stagnated in the late 1800s. The subsequent reduction in ice supply led to grounding-line retreat at the coastal margin where Kamb transitions into the floating Ross Ice Shelf. Grounding-line migration is linked to broader changes in ice-sheet mass balance and sea level, but our understanding of related ice, ocean and seafloor interactions is limited by the difficulty in accessing these remote regions. Here we report in situ observations from an underwater vehicle deployed at Kamb that show how fine-scale variability in ice and ocean structure combine to influence a diversity of ice-ocean interactions. We found a stratified water column within a tenth of a degree of freezing at the ice base and mapped basal crevasses with supercooled water and active marine ice formation. At the seafloor, we interpret parallel ridges as crevasse impressions left as the ice lifted off during grounding-line retreat. These observations from a recently ungrounded sub-shelf environment illuminate both the geomorphological signatures of past grounding-line retreat and the fine-scale sensitivity of ongoing ice-ocean interactions to ice topography.
RESUMO
Irish data from the ISIS-2 multi-centre study of thrombolytic therapy has indicated longer delays to treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than in other countries (7.9 vs 6.9 hours, p < 0.001). Further examination of this database (n = 831 patients) found no influence of age and sex of patient on delay times. Distance from hospital was not associated with delay while previous experience of MI was marginally associated with decreased delay (previous MI: 7.1 vs no previous MI: 8 hours, p = 0.06). These relatively lengthy Irish delays require further investigation to inform management strategies aimed at reducing delay.