Functional connection between posterior superior temporal gyrus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in human.

The connection between auditory fields of the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex has been well characterized in nonhuman primates. Little is known of temporofrontal connectivity in humans, however, due largely to the fact that invasive experimental approaches used so successfully to trace anatomical pathways in laboratory animals cannot be used in humans. Instead, we used a functional tract-tracing method in 12 neurosurgical patients with multicontact electrode arrays chronically implanted over the left (n = 7) or right (n = 5) perisylvian temporal auditory cortex (area PLST) and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for diagnosis and treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Area PLST was identified by the distribution of average auditory-evoked potentials obtained in response to simple and complex sounds. The same sounds evoked little if there is any activity in VLPFC. A single bipolar electrical pulse (0.2 ms, charge-balanced) applied between contacts within physiologically identified PLST resulted in polyphasic evoked potentials clustered in VLPFC, with greatest activation being in pars triangularis of the IFG. The average peak latency of the earliest negative deflection of the evoked potential on VLPFC was 13.48 ms (range: 9.0-18.5 ms), providing evidence for a rapidly conducting pathway between area PLST and VLPFC.

Radiographic and intraoperative imaging of a hemisection of the spinal cord resulting in a pure Brown-Séquard syndrome: case report and review of the literature.

Brown-Séquard plus syndrome (BSPS) or incomplete spinal cord injuries from stab injury have been widely reported. However, only four detailed cases of pure Brown-Séquard syndrome (BSS) from stab injury have been previously reported. Here we present the case of an 18-year-old man who sustained a penetrating knife stab injury to the right side of his back resulting in a pure Brown-Séquard syndrome with left lower extremity hemiplegia. Imaging revealed right-sided soft tissue and ligamentous damage traveling in a right-to-left fashion as well as left-sided T2-weighted MRI cord signal change at the level of T9. Given concern for a cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) leak, the patient was taken for wound exploration, irrigation, laminectomy, dural closure and lumbar drain placement. At three years follow up, the patient was almost full strength. This is the first case in the literature demonstrating radiographic and correlative intraoperative imaging of a hemisection of the spinal cord resulting in a pure Brown-Séquard syndrome.

A second-order and slice-specific linear shimming technique to improve spinal cord fMRI.

PURPOSE: To develop a second-order and slice-specific linear shimming technique and investigate its efficiency in the mitigation of signal loss and distortions, and the increase of temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) within the spinal cord during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the human cervical spinal cord. METHODS: All scans were performed on a General Electric Discovery MR750 3 T scanner, using a head, neck and spine coil and a neurovascular array. To improve B0 homogeneity, a field map was acquired, and second-order shims (SOS) were optimized over manually defined regions of interest (ROIs). Signal loss from dephasing by susceptibility-induced gradients was reduced by optimizing slice-specific x-, y- and z-shims to maximize signal within the spinal cord. Spectral-spatial excitation pulses were used in both the slice-specific linear shimming calibration scan and fMRI acquisitions. The shimming technique's efficiency was initially tested on eight healthy volunteers by comparing tSNR between images acquired with the manufacturer's standard linear shimming and with our SOS and xyz-shimming technique. Subsequently, using an increased spatial resolution as needed for fMRI of the spinal cord, tSNR measurements were performed on resting-state fMRI images from 14 healthy participants. RESULTS: Spinal fMRI images acquired with only the standard linear shimming suffered from severe signal loss below the C5 vertebral level. The developed shimming technique compensated for this loss especially at levels C6 and C7, while tSNR was significantly higher at all vertebral levels with SOS and xyz-shimming than without it. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive shimming approach which includes the use of spectral-spatial excitation pulses along with both second-order and slice-specific linear shim optimization reduces regional signal loss and increases tSNR along the c-spine (C3-C7), improving the ability to record functional signals from the human spinal cord.

Ovine Hemisection Model of Spinal Cord Injury.

INTRODUCTION: We are developing ovine models of spinal cord injury to test novel neuromodulation-based methods on spasticity. The hemisection has been reported in a number of large animal studies. Our aim is to duplicate a hemisection injury in the sheep. Our effort is explored here. Methods and Results: Three sheep underwent hemi-sectioning of the spinal cord. Quantitative gait analysis was completed both pre- and post-injury. While measurable differences in most of the 20 gait metrics were observed, relatively few were above the predicted thresholds based on error levels expected from the data. Variations in severity of injury across the three sheep were observed. Conclusions: The hemisection ovine model of spinal cord injury shows promise as a large-animal platform for developing new therapies for treating spinal cord injuries. While variability in injury severity was observed across animals, as has been observed with weight drop-based SCI models, the hemi-section approach has the advantages of procedural ease and reduced technical complexity.

The Hemisection Approach in Large Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury: Overview of Methods and Applications.

Introduction: Translating basic science research into a safe and effective therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) requires suitable large animal models for testing both implantable devices and biologic approaches to better approximate human anatomy and function. Hemisection lesions, routinely used for investigational purposes in small animals, are less frequently described in large animals that might be appropriate for translational studies. Size constraints of small animals (mice and rats) limits the predictability of the findings when scaled up. Our goal is to review the status of hemisection SCI in large animals across species and time to prepare for the testing of a novel intradural spinal cord stimulation device for control of spasticity in an ovine model. Methods and Results: We surveyed the literature on hemisection in quadrupeds and nonhuman primates, and catalogued the species, protocols and outcomes of the experimental work in this field. Feline, lapine, canine, simian, porcine, ovine and bovine models were the primary focal points. There is a consistent body of literature reporting use of the hemisection approach in large animals, but with differences in surgical technique depending on the goals and nature of the individual studies. While the injuries are not always consistent, the experimental variability is generally lower than that of the contusion-based approach. In general, as the body size of the animal increases, animal care requirements and the associated costs follow. In most cases, this is inversely correlated with the number of animals used in hemisection models. Conclusions: The hemisection approach to modeling SCI is straightforward compared with other methods such as the contusive impact and enables the transection of isolated ascending and descending tracts and segment specific cell bodies. This has certain advantages in models investigating post-injury axonal regrowth. However, this approach is not generally in line with the patho-physiologies encountered in SCI patients. Even so, the ability to achieve more control over the level of injury makes it a useful adjunct to contusive and ischemic approaches, and suggests a useful role in future translational studies.

Toxicity of six novel fungicides and sulphur to Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

A laboratory evaluation of fenbuconazole, myclobutanil propiconazole, boscalid, fenhexamid and pyraclostrobin revealed these fungicides to be harmless to adult Galendromus occidentalis. None of these fungicides affected adversely fecundity and egg viability. Elemental sulphur also had no effect on adults and fecundity. However, 72.4% of the young larvae perished after hatching. The six novel fungicides are safer alternatives to sulphur in perennial crops in British Columbia.

Twenty-five Years of Research Experience with the Sterile Insect Technique and Area-Wide Management of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in Canada.

The advent of novel genetic methods has led to renewed interest in the sterile insect technique (SIT) for management of insect pests, owing to applications in mass rearing and in the production of sterile offspring without use of irradiation. An area-wide management programme for codling moth, Cydia pomonella, has employed the SIT and other management practices over a large area (3395 to 7331 ha) of orchards and neighbouring urban, public, or First Nations lands in British Columbia, Canada, for 25 years. This project is the first to employ the SIT for C. pomonella, and the longest-running application of area-wide techniques for its control, anywhere. It was derived from basic research and applied trials from the 1960s onwards. Many biological challenges were overcome, and lessons learnt, in transferring from small- to large-scale applications of mass rearing and the SIT, with particular regard to Lepidoptera. Research has proven essential to identifying, if not resolving, issues that threaten the implementation and success of any such programme. The major challenges encountered, and the resulting research, are reviewed, as well as future directions. Recommendations are given for application of the SIT as part of any area-wide management programme for C. pomonella.

Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex.

Both lesion and functional imaging studies in humans, as well as neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates, demonstrate the importance of the prefrontal cortex in representing the emotional value of sensory stimuli. Here we investigated single-neuron responses to emotional stimuli in an awake person with normal intellect. Recording from neurons within healthy tissue in ventral sites of the right prefrontal cortex, we found short-latency (120-160 ms) responses selective for aversive visual stimuli.

Delineation between different components of chronic pain using dimension reduction - an ASL fMRI study in hand osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Traditional psychometric measures aimed at characterizing the pain experience often show considerable overlap, due to interlinked affective and modulatory processes under central nervous system control. Neuroimaging studies have been employed to investigate this complexity of pain processing, in an attempt to provide a quantifiable, adjunctive description of pain perception. In this exploratory study, we examine psychometric and neuroimaging data from 38 patients with painful osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint. We had two aims: first, to utilize principal component analysis (PCA) as a dimension reduction strategy across multiple self-reported endpoints of pain, cognitive and affective functioning; second, to investigate the relationship between identified dimensions and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as an indirect measure of brain activity underpinning their ongoing pain experiences. METHODS: Psychometric data were collected using validated questionnaires. Quantitative estimates of rCBF were acquired using pseudo-continuous arterial spin-labelled functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: Two principal components were identified that accounted for 73% of data variance; one related to pain scores and a second to psychological traits. Voxel-wise multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between the 'pain score' component and rCBF to a right temporal lobe cluster, including the amygdala and the parahippocampal cortex. CONCLUSION: We suggest this association may represent a coping mechanism that aims to reduce fear-related pain-anxiety. Further investigation of central brain processing mechanisms in osteoarthritis-related pain may offer insights into more effective therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that dimension reduction using PCA allows insight into pain perception and its affective components in relation to brain activation patterns in patients with painful hand osteoarthritis.

Spatial Analysis of Seasonal Dynamics and Overwintering of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the Okanagan-Columbia Basin, 2010-2014.

Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), was monitored from 2010 to 2014 in 314-828 sites located in interior fruit-growing regions of OR and WA, United States, and BC, Canada, using traps baited with apple cider vinegar or sugar-water-yeast. Seasonal population dynamics and sex ratios were summarized for berry, cherry, stone fruit, grape, non-crop host plants, non-host sites, and for conventional IPM, certified organic, backyard, and feral sites, by region and year. Overwintering was detected in all regions and years, despite winter temperatures below -17°C. A spatial analysis was conducted using a Geographic Information System (GIS), daily weather data, geomorphometric measures of terrain, distance to water, and other variables, at each site. Overwintering success at a site, measured as Julian week of first capture of D. suzukii, was significantly related (R2 = 0.49) in cherry habitats to year, agronomic treatment, and number of winter days with temperatures >-5°C. In berry, cherry, stone fruit and grape habitats, 2011-2014, it was significantly related (R2 = 0.42) to year, agronomic treatment, the logarithm of peak population of D. suzukii in the prior autumn, latitude, elevation, and topographic wetness index. The results show that D. suzukii has adapted to exploit a succession of irrigated crops and feral habitats in mixed landscapes of a semi-arid region with cold winters and hot dry summers, and are shaping strategies for pest management and for biological control.

Auditory-visual processing represented in the human superior temporal gyrus.

In natural face-to-face communication, speech perception utilizes both auditory and visual information. We described previously an acoustically responsive area on the posterior lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus (field PLST) that is distinguishable on physiological grounds from other auditory fields located within the superior temporal plane. Considering the empirical findings in humans and non-human primates of cortical locations responsive to heard sounds and/or seen sound-sources, we reasoned that area PLST would also contain neural signals reflecting audiovisual speech interactions. To test this hypothesis, event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from area PLST using chronically implanted multi-contact subdural surface-recording electrodes in patient-subjects undergoing diagnosis and treatment of medically intractable epilepsy, and cortical ERP maps were acquired during five contrasting auditory, visual and bimodal speech conditions. Stimulus conditions included consonant-vowel (CV) syllable sounds alone, silent seen speech or CV sounds paired with a female face articulating matched or mismatched syllables. Data were analyzed using a MANOVA framework, with the results from planned comparisons used to construct cortical significance maps. Our findings indicate that evoked responses recorded from area PLST to auditory speech stimuli are influenced significantly by the addition of visual images of the moving lower face and lips, either articulating the audible syllable or carrying out a meaningless (gurning) motion. The area of cortex exhibiting this audiovisual influence was demonstrably greater in the speech-dominant hemisphere.

Safety issues in combined gynecologic and plastic surgical procedures.

OBJECTIVES: The combination of gynecologic and plastic surgery procedures in a single surgical setting is becoming increasingly common because it reduces the number of general anesthetics and shortens overall recovery time. The primary concern should be patient safety. METHODS: A MEDLINE search from 1980 to 2007 was conducted. Articles addressing combined gynecologic surgery with one of the various plastic surgical procedures of the abdomen (abdominoplasty, panniculectomy, and abdominal liposuction) were reviewed. The authors' comprehensive approach to the management of these patients was evaluated. RESULTS: A unique set of safety issues exists depending on the specific combination of procedures. A review of the literature is discussed, as well as recommendations for maximizing the aesthetic outcomes while optimizing patient safety. Preoperative planning, intraoperative concerns, and postoperative care are all addressed in detail. CONCLUSIONS: Using a team approach and employing the outlined strategies to minimize complications, combined plastic and gynecologic procedures can be performed safely in appropriate patients.

The Analgesic Effect of Oxytocin in Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study Using Laser-Evoked Potentials.

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide regulating social-affiliative and reproductive behaviour in mammals. Despite robust preclinical evidence for the antinociceptive effects and mechanisms of action of exogenous oxytocin, human studies have produced mixed results regarding the analgesic role of oxytocin and are yet to show a specific modulation of neural processes involved in pain perception. In the present study, we investigated the analgesic effects of 40 IU of intranasal oxytocin in 13 healthy male volunteers using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design and brief radiant heat pulses generated by an infrared laser that selectively activate Aδ- and C-fibre nerve endings in the epidermis, at the same time as recording the ensuing laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). We predicted that oxytocin would reduce subjective pain ratings and attenuate the amplitude of the N1, N2 and P2 components. We observed that oxytocin attenuated perceived pain intensity and the local peak amplitude of the N1 and N2 (but not of P2) LEPs, and increased the latency of the N2 component. Importantly, for the first time, the present study reports an association between the analgesic effect of oxytocin (reduction in subjective pain ratings) and the oxytocin-induced modulation of cortical activity after noxious stimulation (attenuation of the N2 LEP). These effects indicate that oxytocin modulates neural processes contributing to pain perception. The present study reports preliminary evidence that is consistent with electrophysiological studies in rodents showing that oxytocin specifically modulates Aδ/C-fibre nociceptive afferent signalling at the spinal level and provides further specificity to evidence obtained in humans indicating that oxytocin may be modulating pain experience by modulating activity in the cortical areas involved in pain processing.

Treadmill measures of ambulation rates in ovine models of spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain.

Our laboratories are developing treadmill-based gait analysis employing sheep to investigate potential efficacy of intra-dural spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of spinal cord injury and neuropathic pain. As part of efforts to establish the performance characteristics of the experimental arrangement, this study measured the treadmill speed via a tachometer, video belt-marker timing and ambulation-rate observations of the sheep. The data reveal a 0.1-0.3% residual drift in the baseline (unloaded) treadmill speed which increases with loading, but all three approaches agree on final speed to within 1.7%, at belt speeds of ≈ 4 km/h. Using the tachometer as the standard, the estimated upper limit on uncertainty in the video belt-marker approach is ± 0.18 km h(-1) and the measured uncertainty is ± 0.15 km h(-1). Employment of the latter method in determining timing differences between contralateral hoof strikes by the sheep suggests its utility in assessing severity of SCI and responses to therapeutic interventions.

Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase impairs relaxation in human and rabbit cerebral arteries.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: These studies evaluated whether gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a sufficient stimulus to produce vascular dysfunction in cerebral arteries. METHODS: Intracranial (pial) arteries were dissected from human brain tissue obtained during elective surgery. Isolated human arteries were incubated in vitro with adenovirus containing iNOS (AdiNOS) or a nonexpressive transgene (control, AdBglII) (500 micro L, 3x10(9) plaque-forming units per milliliter), and vascular function was examined 24 hours later. In anesthetized rabbits, AdiNOS or AdBglII (300 microL 1x10(10)) was injected into the cisterna magna. Three days later, the basilar artery was removed, and reactivity was examined ex vivo. RESULTS: In submaximally precontracted vessels, we observed impairment of NO-dependent relaxation in human cerebral arteries after gene transfer of iNOS. Maximum relaxation to bradykinin (1 micromol/L, an endothelium-dependent agonist) was 77+/-11% (mean+/-SE) after AdBglII and 31+/-22% (P<0.05) after AdiNOS. After AdiNOS, responses to nitroprusside (an endothelium-independent NO donor) also were impaired. Responses to both nitroprusside and bradykinin were improved by aminoguanidine (300 micromol/L), an inhibitor of iNOS. AdiNOS produced no change in vasoconstrictor responses to U46619. In basilar arteries from rabbits examined in vitro after gene transfer in vivo, responses to histamine, serotonin, and nitroprusside all were similar after AdiNOS or AdBglII. In contrast, relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly depressed after AdiNOS. Maximum relaxation to acetylcholine (10 micromol/L) was 90+/-3% after AdBglII and 68+/-5% (P<0.05) after AdiNOS. Relaxation of arteries after AdiNOS was improved by aminoguanidine. CONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that expression of iNOS may impair NO-dependent relaxation in both human and rabbit cerebral arteries.

Lack of sympathetic and cholinergic influences on cerebral vasodilation caused by sciatic nerve stimulation in the rat.

We studied the influences of sympathetic and cholinergic mechanisms on pial arteriolar responses during cortical activation in the rat. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethane and mechanically ventilated. Pial arterioles on the somatosensory cortex were visualized on a video monitor through a closed cranial window. Changes in arteriolar diameter induced by sciatic nerve stimulation (0.2 V, 5 Hz, 5 ms, for 20 s) were measured before and after (a) ipsilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (n = 5), (b) intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) administration and topical (10(-5) M) application of atropine (n = 5), and (c) lesion of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (the major source of intracerebral acetylcholine neurons, n = 7). Unilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions were performed stereotactically by injection of ibotenic acid (25 nmol/microliter). Sensory cortex cholinergic denervation was confirmed histologically. These treatments had no significant effect on arteriolar responses to sciatic nerve stimulation. Thus, the present results suggest that neither sympathetic nor cholinergic mechanisms play a significant role in somatosensory evoked cerebral vasodilation.

Auditory cortex on the human posterior superior temporal gyrus.

The human superior temporal cortex plays a critical role in hearing, speech, and language, yet its functional organization is poorly understood. Evoked potentials (EPs) to auditory click-train stimulation presented binaurally were recorded chronically from penetrating electrodes implanted in Heschl's gyrus (HG), from pial-surface electrodes placed on the lateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), or from both simultaneously, in awake humans undergoing surgery for medically intractable epilepsy. The distribution of averaged EPs was restricted to a relatively small area on the lateral surface of the posterior STG. In several cases, there were multiple foci of high amplitude EPs lying along this acoustically active portion of STG. EPs recorded simultaneously from HG and STG differed in their sensitivities to general anesthesia and to changes in rate of stimulus presentation. Results indicate that the acoustically active region on the STG is a separate auditory area, functionally distinct from the HG auditory field(s). We refer to this acoustically sensitive area of the STG as the posterior lateral superior temporal area (PLST). Electrical stimulation of HG resulted in short-latency EPs in an area that overlaps PLST, indicating that PLST receives a corticocortical input, either directly or indirectly, from HG. These physiological findings are in accord with anatomic evidence in humans and in nonhuman primates that the superior temporal cortex contains multiple interconnected auditory areas.

Effect of butyrate and corticosteroids on retinoblastoma in vitro and in vivo.

The effect of sodium butyrate (NaB) alone and in combination with a glucocorticoid was studied on Y-79 retinoblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Both NaB (0.5 and 4 mM) and hydrocortisone (1-100 microM) added separately to cells grown in suspension resulted in a small growth inhibition (less than 15%). A marked synergistic effect (75-77% growth inhibition) was observed in vitro when NaB and hydrocortisone were added in combination at all the concentrations tested. With in vivo experiments using the nude mouse model of retinoblastoma, the combination of NaB and methylprednisolone did not inhibit tumor growth.

Investigations of the lupus-like inhibitor by-passing activity of platelets.

Plasmas from ten patients with a lupus or lupus-like inhibitor were investigated. In each case the partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) was prolonged and failed to correct on the addition of an equal volume of normal plasma. Activated control platelets corrected the inhibitory effect in the PTTK or thrombin generation time (TGT) in every instance. Activated autologous platelets were as effective as control platelets and may thus explain why bleeding is rarely associated with the lupus inhibitor. Experiments using platelets or plasma from patients congenitally deficient in a single clotting factor or normal washed platelets resuspended in deficient plasma indicated that the inhibitor by-passing activity is platelet and not plasma derived. Platelet fractionation studies suggested that this activity is localised at the platelet membrane.

Comparison of test methods for the lupus anticoagulant: international survey on lupus anticoagulants-I (ISLA-1).

Six lyophilized plasma samples were sent to 20 "expert" laboratories for assessment of lupus anticoagulant (LA). Four samples contained pooled LA of graded potency mixed with aged normal plasma. One contained LA plus cephalin phospholipid and one contained a nonspecific venom anticoagulant. Sixteen methods were used overall with some participants using up to 8 methods. Results were scored in regard to the known potencies of LA in the samples and other known induced defects. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests used by most participants for preliminary screening were relatively sensitive, but non-specific. Platelet or phospholipid neutralization procedures (PNP) appeared to be sensitive and specific but showed a non-linear response to increased LA content. Kaolin clotting time (KCT) tests showed the most sensitive response to increased LA content but the weaker LA were not scored as abnormal by most laboratories as the samples may have contained platelet fragments. Other commonly used tests such as the tissue thromboplastin inhibition (TTI) test and the dilute Russell's viper venom test (DRVVT) were carried out somewhat inconsistently. The variability in performance of tests in different laboratories indicates that standardization of methodology is urgently required. Generally it seemed that most clotting tests were "bypassed" by the addition of phospholipid to a known LA-positive sample in apparently direct proportion to their sensitivity. Sample preparation, especially prevention of contamination with activated platelets is a vital preliminary part in the assay of LA.