[Interpretation of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery expert consensus document: coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure in 2021].

An expert consensus on coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) was released by the American Association for Thoracic Surgery in May 2021, which contains a vast array of perioperative recommendations. During preoperative period, a comprehensive assessment on ICM including myocardial viability and valve function by a multi-disciplinary team (MDT) approach should be performed. In terms of intraoperative period, multiple arterial conduits and on-pump CABG using cold blood cardioplegia should be considered, meanwhile, other aspects involving concomitant management of mitral valve regurgitation and arrythmia, as well as active use of mechanical cardiac assist devices (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump) should also be achieved. Finally, a range of postoperative interventions which includes standardized MDT management in intensive care unit (ICU), continuous use of cardiac assist devices, cardiac pacing, close follow-up within 90 days and drug treatment strictly guided by the guidelines after discharge from hospital should be conducted. The above-mentioned perioperative bundled care might reduce perioperative complications and operative mortality, and thus improve the prognosis of the patients with ICM.

The association between sarcopenia and osteoporotic vertebral compression refractures.

Sarcopenia was reported to be significantly associated with osteoporosis. In this study, we reported for the first time that sarcopenia was an independent risk predictor of osteoporotic vertebral compression refractures (OVCRFs). Other risk factors of OVCRFs are low bone mass density T-scores, female sex, and advanced age. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between osteoporotic vertebral compression refractures (OVCRFs) and sarcopenia, and to identify other risk factors of OVCRFs. METHODS: We evaluated 237 patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture who underwent percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in our hospital from August 2016 to December 2017. To diagnose sarcopenia, a cross-sectional computed tomography (CT) image at the inferior aspect of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) was selected for estimating muscle mass. Grip strength was used to assess muscle strength. Possible risk factors, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), location of the treated vertebra, anterior-posterior ratio (AP ratio) of the fractured vertebra, cement leakage, and vacuum clefts, were assessed. The multivariable analysis was used to determine the risk factors of OVCRFs. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, OVCRFs occurred in 64 (27.0%) patients. Sarcopenia was present in 48 patients (20.3%), including 21 OVCRFs and 27 non-OVCRFs patients. Sarcopenia was significantly correlated with advanced age, lower BMI, lower BMD, and hypoalbuminemia. Compared with non-sarcopenic patients, sarcopenic patients had higher OVCRFs risk. In univariate analysis, sarcopenia (p = 0.003), female (p = 0.024), advanced age (≥ 75 years; p < 0.001), lower BMD (p < 0.001), lower BMI (p = 0.01), TL junction (vertebral levels at the thoracolumbar junction) (p = 0.01), cardiopulmonary comorbidity (p = 0.042), and hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.003) were associated with OVCRFs. Multivariable analysis revealed that sarcopenia (OR 2.271; 95% CI 1.069-4.824, p = 0.033), lower BMD (OR 1.968; 95% CI 1.350-2.868, p < 0.001), advanced age (≥ 75 years; OR 2.431; 95% CI 1.246-4.744, p = 0.009), and female sex (OR 4.666; 95% CI 1.400-15.552, p = 0.012) were independent risk predictors of OVCRFs. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia is an independent risk predictor of osteoporotic vertebral compression refractures. Other factors affecting OVCRFs are low BMD T-scores, female sex, and advanced age.

Co-aggregation of major psychiatric disorders in individuals with first-degree relatives with schizophrenia: a nationwide population-based study.

A previous genetic study has suggested that schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share common disease-associated genes. However, whether individuals with first-degree relatives (FDRs) with schizophrenia have a higher risk of these major psychiatric disorders requires further investigation. This study used Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and identified 151 650 patients with schizophrenia and 227 967 individuals with FDRs with schizophrenia. The relative risks (RRs) of schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders were assessed in individuals with FDRs with schizophrenia. The individuals with FDRs with schizophrenia exhibited higher RRs (95% confidence interval) of major psychiatric disorders, namely schizophrenia (4.76, 4.65-4.88), bipolar disorder (3.23, 3.12-3.35), major depressive disorder (2.05, 2.00-2.10), ASD (2.55, 2.35-2.77) and ADHD (1.31, 1.25-1.37) than were found in the total population. Several sensitivity analyses were conducted to confirm these results. A dose-dependent relationship was observed between the risks of major psychiatric disorders and the numbers of FDRs with schizophrenia. The increased risks of major psychiatric disorders were consistent in different family relationships, namely among parents, offspring, siblings and twins. Our study supports the familial dose-dependent co-aggregation of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, ASD and ADHD, and our results may prompt governmental public health departments and psychiatrists to focus on the mental health of individuals with FDRs with schizophrenia.

Genomic screening of Fabry disease in young stroke patients: the Taiwan experience and a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fabry disease is an X-linked disease, and enzyme-based screening methods are not suitable for female patients. METHODS: In total, 1000 young stroke patients (18-55 years, 661 with ischaemic stroke and 339 with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage) were recruited. The Sequenom iPLEX assay was used to detect 26 Fabry related mutation genes. The frequency of Fabry disease in young stroke was reviewed and compared between Asian and non-Asian countries. RESULTS: Two male patients with ischaemic stroke were found to have a genetic mutation of IVS4+919G>A. There was no α-galactosidase A (GLA) gene mutation in female patients. The frequency in Asian stroke patients was 0.62% (male vs. female 0.63% vs. 0.58%) with 0.72% for ischaemic stroke and none for hemorrhagic stroke, compared to 0.88% (0.77% vs. 1.08%) with 0.83% for ischaemic stroke and 1.40% for hemorrhagic stroke reported in western countries. CONCLUSION: IVS4+919G>A is the GLA mutation in Taiwanese young ischaemic stroke patients. Fabry disease is more frequent among non-Asian patients compared to Asian patients.

Can we perform esophagectomy for esophageal cancer patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

Liver cirrhosis is sometimes encountered in esophageal cancer patients intended for surgery. However, the impact of liver cirrhosis on patients with surgically treated esophageal cancer remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted the first meta-analysis focusing on current topic. We comprehensively searched relevant studies in Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science on September 3, 2018. Data for analysis included both short-term (including morbidity and mortality rates) and long-term (5-year survival rate) outcomes. Our meta-analysis was conducted by using the STATA 12.0 package. We finally included a total of six cohort studies involving a total of 1426 patients (161 cirrhotic patients and 1265 noncirrhotic patients). Meta-analysis showed that cirrhotic patients had a significantly higher morbidity rate (risk ratio (RR) = 1.226; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = [1.043, 1.442]; P = 0.014) than noncirrhotic patients. For specific complications, cirrhotic patients had a significantly higher rate of pulmonary complications (RR = 2.354; 95%CI = [1.376, 4.026]; P = 0.002) and pleural effusion (RR = 2.414; 95%CI = [1.482, 3.613]; P < 0.001) than noncirrhotic patients and there was a trend toward a higher rate of anastomotic leak (RR = 1.759; 95%CI = [0.945, 3.274]; P = 0.075) in cirrhotic patients. Moreover, cirrhotic patients also had a significantly higher mortality rate (RR = 2.529; 95%CI = [1.480, 4.324]; P = 0.001) than noncirrhotic patients. Cirrhotic patients tended to yield a lower 5-year survival rate than those noncirrhotic patients after surgical resection of esophageal cancer (RR = 0.715; 95%CI = [0.492, 1.039]; P = 0.079). In conclusion, liver cirrhosis was significantly correlated with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, there was no sufficient evidence of unfavorable survival in cirrhotic patients. Esophagectomy can be performed for certain esophageal cancer patients with concomitant liver cirrhosis with acceptable operative risks, providing that careful preoperative evaluation and patient selection have been achieved.

[Mid-term multi-center outcomes of bilateral radial artery as conduits in coronary artery bypass grafting].

Objective: To evaluate the mid-term outcomes of bilateral radial artery (BRA) grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods: All perioperative medical records and follow-up results of CABG with BRA grafts in multi-centers of China were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 211 patients (170 males and 41 females) underwent CABG grafting with BRA conduits between August 2013 and September 2018, with a mean age of (56.5±9.7) years old (rang 41 to 73 years). There were 161 cases of triple-vessel disease and 50 cases of two-vessel disease. Ninety patients had diabetes mellitus (DM), 35 patients with peripheral vascular disease, 4 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 11 with heart valve disease. Two patients underwent off-pump CABG and 209 patients accepted on-pump CABG with commitment valve surgery. There were 210 cases of total arterial revascularization and 161 cases using left thoracic artery conduits, with a graft number of 2-4 (2.7±0.9). No operation-related death occurred, atrial fibrillation happened in 12 patients, hemothorax in 7 cases, and forearm hematoma in one case, hypoxemia in 13 cases and pneumonia in one case. The duration of mechanical ventilation was (8.3±4.7) hours and the mean hospital length of stay was (7.1±2.9) days. Follow-up was completed in 191 patients (90.52%) with a duration of 3-59 (35.5±9.3) months. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction at 3 months after operation was significantly improved, compared to that of the pre-operation (61.0%±7.2% vs 47.1%±5.3%, P=0.017). All patients survived, except that one died from brain injury. No major cardiac events occurred, with a cumulative survival rate of 100% at 1 year and 99.53% at 3 year after operation, respectively. It was showed in coronary CT angiography (CTA) examination that all grafts in 132 patients were patent at the mean follow-up duration of (21.5±6.4) months. Conclusions: BRA grafts as arterial conduit in CABG are proved to be safe, easy for total arterial revascularization and have good mid-term clinical results.

Pan-cancer methylation and expression profiling of adenocarcinomas revealed epigenetic silencing in the WNT signaling pathway.

Adenocarcinomas are tumors of glandular characteristics. While tissues of common origins have been known to undergo similar epigenetic changes, it is unclear whether adenocarcinomas of different cancer types would exhibit similar DNA methylation and epigenetic regulation profiles. Herein, we studied global methylation and mRNA expression levels in 1214 lung, prostate, colon, and rectal cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified 602 candidate epigenetically silenced genes shared across these cancer types, and 835 associated CpG sites. The shared candidate genes are enriched in developmental processes. Specifically, 15 of these genes were found in the WNT signaling pathway (enrichment test p-value=1.53x10-6). Notably, the subset of silenced WNT pathway genes in each sample may be different, and both WNT activating or inhibiting genes could be suppressed. Clustering analysis showed that each tumor type contained a similar hyper-methylated subset of samples showing strong epigenetic silencing in the WNT pathway genes, and other fractions of samples expressing subset of the genes. Overall, our results showed that aberration in epigenetic regulation of the WNT signaling pathway is a common signature in adenocarcinomas.

Risk of developing Parkinson's disease among patients with asthma: a nationwide longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: A cross-sectional retrospective study suggested a link between allergic diseases and Parkinson's disease. However, the temporal association between asthma and Parkinson's disease remains unknown. METHODS: From the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, 10 455 patients who were diagnosed with asthma between 1998 and 2008 and aged ≥45 years and 41 820 age- and sex-matched controls were selected for our study and observed until the end of 2011. Those who developed Parkinson's disease during the follow-up period were identified. We also examined the asthma severity, as indicated by the frequency of admission (times per year) for asthma exacerbation, and the risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease. RESULTS: Patients with asthma had an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.20-4.36) after we adjusted for demographic data, health system use, medical comorbidities, and medication use. Sensitivity tests yielded consistent findings after we excluded observations on the first year (HR: 2.90, 95% CI: 2.04-4.13) and first 3 years (HR: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.64-3.69). Patients with asthma who had more frequent admissions (times per year) during the follow-up period exhibited a greater risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease (>2: HR: 16.42, 95% CI: 5.88-45.91; 1-2: 12.69, 95% CI: 5.03-31.71; 0-1: HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.91-4.49). CONCLUSION: Patients with asthma had an elevated risk of developing Parkinson's disease later in life, and we observed a dose-dependent relationship between greater asthma severity and a higher risk of subsequent Parkinson's disease.

An isolated intracranial mucocoele herniated from the frontal sinus.

Mucocoeles are chronic mucosa-lined retention cysts that occur due to sinus ostium obstruction and expand along the path of least resistance, most commonly involving the frontal sinus. A frontal mucocoele typically appears as a smooth and rounded expansile enlargement of a completely opacified frontal sinus, with or without thinning of the bony wall of the sinus. Here we report a rare case of isolated intracranial mucocoele that presented with posterior herniation to the anterior cranial fossa through a small bony defect on the posterior table of the frontal sinus. The findings upon imaging could easily be confused with intracranial abscess, potentially leading to craniotomy drainage. In the present case of mucocoele, the frontal intracranial lesion was completely resolved following endoscopic frontal sinusotomy.

Dehydration is an independent predictor of discharge outcome and admission cost in acute ischaemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to investigate the influence of admission dehydration on the discharge outcome in acute ischaemic and hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2011, 4311 ischaemic and 1371 hemorrhagic stroke patients from the stroke registry of Chang Gung healthcare system were analyzed. The eligible patients were identified according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. In total, 2570 acute ischaemic and 573 acute hemorrhagic stroke patients were finally recruited. According to the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to creatinine (Cr) ratio (BUN/Cr), these patients were divided into dehydrated (BUN/Cr ≥ 15) and non-dehydrated (BUN/Cr < 15) groups. Demographics, admission costs and discharge outcomes including modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Barthel index (BI) were examined. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of two-stage least squares including logistic and linear regression. RESULTS: Acute ischaemic stroke with admission dehydration had higher infection rates (P = 0.006), worse discharge BI (62.8 ± 37.4 vs. 73.4 ± 32.4, P < 0.001, adjusted P < 0.001), worse mRS (2.7 ± 1.6 vs. 2.3 ± 1.5, P < 0.001, adjusted P = 0.009) and higher admission costs (2470.8 ± 3160.8 vs. 1901.2 ± 2046.8 US dollars, P < 0.001, adjusted P = 0.013) than those without dehydration. However, acute hemorrhagic stroke with or without admission dehydration showd no difference in admission costs (P = 0.618) and discharge outcomes (BI, P = 0.058; mRS, P = 0.058). CONCLUSION: Admission dehydration is associated with worse discharge outcomes and higher admission costs in acute ischaemic stroke but not in hemorrhagic stroke.

Correlation between the flow pattern of the circle of Willis and segmental perfusion asymmetry after carotid artery revascularization.

BACKGROUND: To correlate cerebral perfusion and flow patterns after carotid artery revascularization within the circle of Willis (CoW). METHODS: Sixty-five patients (male/female ratio: 38/27; mean age: 63.2±8.4years; range: 44-82years) with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis underwent magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and perfusion imaging prior to and after carotid artery stenting (CAS). Regions of interest (ROIs) on the MR perfusion maps included the corona radiata (CR), centrum semiovale (CSO), occipital region (O), and basal ganglia region (BA) in both stented and non-stented hemispheres. The non-stented hemisphere was used as internal control. RESULTS: Subjects were assigned to the altered CoW group (N=31) vs. the static CoW group (N=34). Thirty-one subjects (47.6%) had an altered flow pattern in the CoW after CAS, and thirty-four (52.4%) retained a static CoW configuration. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) interhemispheric index correlated with CoW morphologic alterations after carotid stenting. Altered CoW group had a higher regional interhemispheric index of rCBV in the CR (1.23±0.15 vs. 0.87±0.13; P=0.03) and basal ganglia (1.25±0.12 vs. 0.91±0.11; P=0.03) compared to the static group. CONCLUSIONS: An association between the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) interhemispheric asymmetry and CoW collateralization was observed. In addition, the CR, rather than CSO, was found to have topographic significance.

Comparison of therapeutic results in sudden sensorineural hearing loss with/without additional hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a retrospective review of 465 audiologically controlled cases.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the necessity of routine application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. DESIGN/SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective chart review looked at 465 patients, with 353 of them receiving pharmacologic treatments alone. Among these patients, 76 underwent systemic steroid treatment only (steroid group) and 277 received systemic steroids and dextran (steroid-dextran group). The remaining 112 patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen in addition to pharmacologic agents (steroid-dextran-hyperbaric oxygen group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome was determined by comparing the difference of pure-tone thresholds and absolute hearing gains after treatment calculated at each audiometric octave frequency or grouped frequencies of audiograms. On the basis of the severity of initial hearing loss, patients were classified at three scales of hearing impairments measured in decibels hearing level (dBHL): ≦ 70 dBHL, less severe; 71-90 dBHL, severe; and ≧ 91 dBHL, profound. The outcomes of their hearing recovery were classified into three recovery grades: good, fair and poor. RESULTS: In those patients with initial hearing loss >90 dBHL, the addition of hyperbaric oxygen to steroid-dextran gave a significant hearing gain difference (P = 0.030) by showing a greater hearing gain of 24.5 ± 2.7 dB compared with steroid only (12.9 ± 3.7 dB) or steroid-dextran (15.6 ± 2.7 dB). This outcome was confirmed when we compared the outcome using the recovery grading; steroid-dextran-hyperbaric oxygen group showed that more patients with initial profound (≧ 91 dBHL) hearing loss responded to hyperbaric oxygen treatment by exhibiting good and fair recoveries (2% and 70%) as compared with steroid only (0% and 42%) or steroid-dextran (8% and 46%) groups (P = 0.043), while the patients with initial severe (71-90 dBHL) and less severe (≦ 70 dBHL) hearing loss responded to the addition of hyperbaric oxygen treatment with less favourable recoveries. Furthermore, the addition of dextran in steroid-dextran group showed no significant benefit compared with the steroid group (P = 0.435). CONCLUSIONS: When applied as an adjuvant to pharmacologic agents, hyperbaric oxygen benefits patients with initial profound sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Therefore, we recommend the routine application of hyperbaric oxygen in conjunction with pharmacologic agents for those patients. The addition of dextran to steroid has no benefit and cannot be recommended.

[Survey of Oncomelania hupensis in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2019].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so as to provide insights into the assessment of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and the scientific formulation of the schistosomiasis surveillance strategy. METHODS: From 2015 to 2019, a total of 19 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites were assigned in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, including 4 fixed sites and 15 mobile sites. Snail survey was performed by means of systematic sampling in combination with environmental sampling, and the infection of Schistosoma japonicum was detected by the crushing method combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2019, snail habitats were detected at areas of 17 040 to 39 527 m2, including 6 214 m2 emerging snail habitats and 16 563 m2 re-emerging snail habitats. The overall mean density of living snails was 0.019 2 snails/0.1 m2 and the occurrence of frames with snails was 1.11% in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites; however, no S. japonicum infection was identified in snails. The area of snail habitats increased by 121.46% in the national surveillance sites in 2019 as compared to that in 2015; however, 50.34% (Z = -0.422, P > 0.05) and 42.85% (χ2 = 130.41, P < 0.01) reductions were seen in the overall means density of living snails and the occurrence of frames with snails. All snail habitats were distributed in the 4 fixed surveillance sites, and were mainly found in ditches, paddy fields and dry lands, with weeds as the primary vegetation type. CONCLUSIONS: There are still risk factors leading to re-emergent transmission of schistosomiasis in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, such as local snail spread, and the monitoring of schistosomiasis remains to be reinforced to further consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination in the region.

Hyperbaric oxygen ameliorates delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome of carbon monoxide poisoning.

OBJECTIVES: Delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS) is characterized by mental impairment, motor dysfunction, dementia, or psychosis that develops between a few days and weeks after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. One possible mechanism responsible for CO-mediated encephalopathy involves oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation, caused by the cellular uptake of CO and which leads to an inflammatory cascade. There is no current effective treatment for DNS. We applied 8-40 sessions of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2) to patients with DNS and evaluated its effectiveness. METHODS: After admission, all patients were administered piracetam or bromocriptine, or both, and received HBO2. Neuropsychiatric tests included EEG, mini-mental status examination (MMSE), brain MRI, event-related potential (ERP), and brain perfusion scan (brain SPECT). Results of these tests were compared before and after HBO2, and the clinical features were monitored during this period. RESULTS: The symptoms of DNS for all patients improved significantly after HBOT. Although white matter changes remained evident in the brain MRI scans, other examinations such as EEG, MMSE, ERP, and 99mTc-ECD brain SPECT were nearly normal after HBOT. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that HBO2 decreases the severity of impairment in patients with DNS. Although a large randomized trial is required to address the efficacy of this therapy, therapeutic application of HBO2 may be recommended in patients with DNS after CO poisoning.

Involvement of GRP78 in inhibition of HBV secretion by Boehmeria nivea extract in human HepG2 2.2.15 cells.

Previous studies showed that the root extract of Boehmeria nivea (BNE) can significantly suppress the production of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vitro and in vivo. In this study, viral core and large-surface proteins accompanied with their encapsidated viral DNA were observed to accumulate within the cells. Notably, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) was found to be suppressed by BNE, and stimulation of the GRP78 expression by thapsigargin could rescue virus production initially inhibited by BNE. The antiviral effect of BNE was reversible, which also coincided with the level of GRP78. Furthermore, we synthesized the GRP78 siRNA to knockdown the expression of GRP78 protein, and the production of supernatant HBV DNA was reduced simultaneously. Moreover, combined treatment of BNE and 3TC exhibited an additive anti-hepatitis B virus effect. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of BNE on blocking assembled virion secretion might be via the reduction of GRP78.

Comparison of grain from corn rootworm resistant transgenic DAS-59122-7 maize with non-transgenic maize grain in a 90-day feeding study in Sprague-Dawley rats.

DAS-59122-7 (59122) is a transgenic maize (Zea mays L.) that contains genes encoding Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strain 149B1 and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) protein from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Expression of these proteins in planta confers resistance to corn rootworms and other Coleopteran parasites and tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate ammonium, respectively. In the current study, processed flours from 59122 maize grain or its near isogenic control line (091) were used at two concentrations (50% and 70% wt/wt) to produce diets that were fed to rats for 90 days in accordance with Chinese toxicology guidelines (GB15193.13-2003). A commercial AIN93G diet was used as an additional negative control. No significant differences in body weight and feed utilization were observed between rats consuming diets formulated with 59122 and 091 Control corn. Statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed in certain hematology and serum chemistry response variables between rats consuming diets formulated with 59122 or 091 Control flour compared to AIN93G diet. However, the mean value of these response variables in the 59122 groups were not statistically different from those observed in diets formulated with corresponding high and low concentrations of the flour from the 091 Control maize grain. Therefore, the statistical differences were considered to be related to consumption of diets containing high concentrations of maize flour (compared to AIN93G diets) regardless of source rather than to consumption of flour from 59122 maize grain. The results from this study demonstrated that 59122 maize grain is as safe as non-transgenic maize grain.

Diffusion-tensor MR imaging for evaluation of the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by carbon monoxide inhalation.

The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in patients with delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS) caused by carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and neuropsychological test. Conventional and diffusion tensor brain MR imaging exams were performed in six patients with DNS immediately before and 3 months after the HBOT to obtain fractional anisotropy (FA) values. Six age- and sex-matched normal control subjects also received MR exams for comparison. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was also performed in patients immediately before and 3 months after the HBOT. A significantly higher mean FA value was found in control subjects as compared with the patients both before and 3 months after the HBOT (P < 0.001). The mean FA value 3 months after the HBOT was also significantly higher than that before the HBOT in the patient group (P < 0.001). All of the patients regained full scores in the MMSE 3 months after the HBOT. Diffusion tensor MR imaging can be a quantitative method for the assessment of the white matter change and monitor the treatment response in patients of CO-induced DNS with a good clinical correlation. HBO may be an effective therapy for DNS.

A high yield robotic synthesis of 9-(4-[18F]-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) and 9-[3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine([18F] FHPG) for gene expression imaging.

The aim of this study was to develop an automated synthesis of 9-(4-[(18)F]-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([(18)F]FHBG) and 9-[(3-[(18)F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([(18)F]FHPG) using a Scanditronix Anatech RB III robotic system. [(18)F]HF was produced via (18)O(p, n)(18)F using a Scanditronix MC17F cyclotron. On average, a typical run produced [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG with an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 19% and 16%, respectively, at end of synthesis (EOS) from irradiation of 95% enriched [(18)O]water. The total synthesis time was 80 min. The retention time of [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG (the radio-peak) was 3.9 and 4.0 min, respectively, which was consistent with the [(19)F]FHBG and [(19)F]FHPG ultraviolet peak. The radiochemical purity was greater than 97%. A robotic, automated method for [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG radiosynthesis is therefore feasible. The radiation burden for the operator can be reduced as much as possible. Sufficient radioactivities of [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG could be obtained for non-invasive monitoring the expression of transfected gene in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET).