Tetracycline-induced gut community dysbiosis and Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus infection synergistically negatively affect honeybees.

Antibiotics are frequently employed to control bacterial diseases in honeybees, but their broad-spectrum action can disrupt the delicate balance of the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis. This imbalance in the gut microbiota of honeybees adversely affects their physiological health and weakens their resistance to pathogens, including viruses that significantly threaten honeybee health. In this study, we investigated whether tetracycline-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis promotes the replication of Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), a key virus associated with colony losses and whether IAPV infection exacerbates gut microbiome dysbiosis. Our results demonstrated that tetracycline-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis increases the susceptibility of honeybees to IAPV infection. The viral titer in worker bees with antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis prior to IAPV inoculation was significantly higher than in those merely inoculated with IAPV. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic effect between tetracycline and IAPV on the disruption of the honeybee gut microbiome balance. The progression of IAPV replication could, in turn, exacerbate antibiotic-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis in honeybees. Our research provides novel insights into the role of the gut microbiota in host-virus interactions, emphasizing the complex interplay between antibiotic use, gut microbiome health, and viral susceptibility in honeybees. We highlight the crucial role of a balanced gut microbiota in honey bees for their immune response against pathogens and emphasize the importance of careful, safe antibiotic use in beekeeping to protect these beneficial microbes.

Complete digestion/biodegradation of polystyrene microplastics by greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae: Direct in vivo evidence, gut microbiota independence, and potential metabolic pathways.

Biodegradation of plastic polymers by plastic-eating insects such as the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) might be promising for reducing plastic pollution, but direct in vivo evidence along with the related metabolic pathways and role of gut microbiota require further investigation. In this study, we investigated the in vivo degradation process, underlying potential metabolic pathways, and involvement of the gut microbiota in polystyrene (PS) biodegradation via enforcing injection of G. mellonella larvae (Tianjin, China) with PS microbeads (0.5 mg/larva; Mn: 540 and Mw: 550) and general-purpose PS powders (2.5 mg/larva; Mn: 95,600 and Mw: 217,000). The results indicated that the PS microplastics were depolymerized and completely digested independent of gut microbiota in G. mellonella although the metabolism could be enhanced by gut microbiota. Based on comparative metabolomic and liquid chromatography analyses, we proposed two potential metabolic pathways of PS in the intestine of G. mellonella larvae: the styrene oxide-phenylacetaldehyde and 4-methylphenol-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde-4-hydroxybenzoate pathways. These results suggest that the enzymes of G. mellonella are responsible for the efficient biodegradation of PS. Further study is needed to identify these enzymes and investigate the underlying catalytic mechanisms.