Ingestion of microplastics and natural fibres in Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) and Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast.

The ingestion of microplastics and natural fibres (<5 mm) was assessed for two commercial fish species in the western Mediterranean Sea: Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus. Gastrointestinal tracts from 210 individuals from 14 stations were examined with 14.28-15.24% of the small pelagic fish S. pilchardus and E. encrasicolus having ingested microplastics and natural fibres. A latitudinal increase in condition index (Fulton's K) of S. pilchardus gave an indication that larger individuals with better physical condition are less likely to ingest microplastics and natural fibres. Fibres were the most frequent particle type (83%) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis indicated polyethylene terephthalate was the most common microplastics material (30%). Results from this study show that both microplastics and natural fibres of anthropogenic origin are common throughout the pelagic environment along the Spanish Mediterranean coast.

The seascape of demersal fish nursery areas in the North Mediterranean Sea, a first step towards the implementation of spatial planning for trawl fisheries.

The identification of nursery grounds and other essential fish habitats of exploited stocks is a key requirement for the development of spatial conservation planning aimed at reducing the adverse impact of fishing on the exploited populations and ecosystems. The reduction in juvenile mortality is particularly relevant in the Mediterranean and is considered as one of the main prerequisites for the future sustainability of trawl fisheries. The distribution of nursery areas of 11 important commercial species of demersal fish and shellfish was analysed in the European Union Mediterranean waters using time series of bottom trawl survey data with the aim of identifying the most persistent recruitment areas. A high interspecific spatial overlap between nursery areas was mainly found along the shelf break of many different sectors of the Northern Mediterranean indicating a high potential for the implementation of conservation measures. Overlap of the nursery grounds with existing spatial fisheries management measures and trawl fisheries restricted areas was also investigated. Spatial analyses revealed considerable variation depending on species and associated habitat/depth preferences with increased protection seen in coastal nurseries and minimal protection seen for deeper nurseries (e.g. Parapenaeus longirostris 6%). This is partly attributed to existing environmental policy instruments (e.g. Habitats Directive and Mediterranean Regulation EC 1967/2006) aiming at minimising impacts on coastal priority habitats such as seagrass, coralligenous and maerl beds. The new knowledge on the distribution and persistence of demersal nurseries provided in this study can support the application of spatial conservation measures, such as the designation of no-take Marine Protected Areas in EU Mediterranean waters and their inclusion in a conservation network. The establishment of no-take zones will be consistent with the objectives of the Common Fisheries Policy applying the ecosystem approach to fisheries management and with the requirements of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive to maintain or achieve seafloor integrity and good environmental status.

Reingreso para fototerapia en recién nacidos con ictericia sin hemólisis / Readmission for phototherapy in jaundiced newborns without hemolysis

La presencia de elevados niveles de bilirrubina indirectaen el período neonatal se convirtió en un problema desalud pública en los últimos años asociados al alta antesde las 72 h de vida y la alimentación exclusiva a pecho.Con los objetivos de determinar la incidencia dereingreso para fototerapia de recién nacidos de edadgestacional igual o mayor a 35 semanas aparentementesanos sin hemólisis en el departamento de Florida,analizar qué factores se asociaron a la necesidad defototerapia y describir el tratamiento realizado en lainternación se realizó un estudio descriptivo y analítico decarácter retrospectivo. El período de estudio fue de dosaños desde el 1 de enero de 2008 al 31 de diciembre de2009.Resultados: se incluyeron 18 recién nacidos en elperíodo de estudio lo que representa el 16,2 por mil dereingresos. Trece fueron del sexo masculino (72.2%) y 5de sexo femenino (27,8%). Primigestas correspondieron a83,3% y fueron producto de segunda gestación o más un16,7%. La vía de parto fue en un 77,7% parto vaginal y enun 22.3% por cesárea. Tenían 37 semanas de edadgestacional o menor tiempo de gestación 9 (50%). Elporcentaje de pérdida de peso al momento del reingresovarió entre 10% y 14,8% del peso al nacer.Conclusiones: la ictericia es una causa importante dereingreso hospitalario, correspondiendo a 16,2 por milrecién nacidos vivos en el departamento de Florida. Lapresencia de ictericia se asoció a alta antes de las 72 h,sexo masculino, edad gestacional menor a 38 semanas,alimentación a pecho exclusivo y pérdida de peso mayoral 10% del peso al nacer. Es importante evaluaradecuadamente el riesgo de ictericia y la calidad de laalimentación para evitar el reingreso debido a esta causa.