[Abrikosov's tumor]. / Opukhol' Abrikosova.

Histologic and ultrastructural features of 11 Abrikosov's tumors located in various sites are described. They all had similar structures and comprised tumor cells of two kinds, polygonal and spindle-shaped. Both contained dark as well as clear cells that differed in the composition and number of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and glycogen granules. Three types of specific cytoplasmic bodies were identified. Type 1 bodies had a peculiar shape resembling a tennis racket; type 2 were round, tended to fuse with one another, were intimately linked up with the endoplasmic reticulum, and bore structural similarity to Berbek's granules in Langerhans cells; while type 3 bodies were larger than the other types and ellipsoid in shape. The authors suggest on the basis of their findings that Abrikosov's tumor cells are related histogenetically to Langerhans cells.

[Morphological diagnosis of Lennert lymphoma]. / O morfologicheskoi diagnostike limfomy Lennerta.

Two observations of Lennert lymphoma are described. The cytological and histological diagnosis of the disease was established after examination of cervical and axillary lymph nodes on the basis of combination of the following features: multiple tubercle-like aggregates of epithelioid cells and large atypical histiocytes, marked malignant transformation of both large and small lymphoid cells, infiltration of the lymph node capsule and extranodal tissue with atypical lymphocytes and histiocytes, the absence of Berezovsky-Sternberg cells.

[Comparative ultrastructural characteristics of epithelial cells of the parenchyma of the thymus gland and thymoma]. / Sravnitel'naia ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika épitelial'nykh kletok parenkhimy vilochkovoi zhelezy i timom.

Comparative ultrastructural investigation of the parenchyma was performed for human thymus (7 specimens) and thymoma (34 specimens). For thymic parenchyma eight types of epithelial cells were identified. These may be represented by three different histogenetic lines: 1) spindle-shaped appendiceal cortical cells (type 1-4) 2) medullary cells showing signs of squamous-epithelium differentiation (type 5-6) 3) medullary cells with signs of glandular differentiation (type 7-8). Thymomas demonstrated cells ultrastructurally similar to thymic parenchyma and exhibiting features of either cortical or medullary epithelial cells. These findings served the basis for dividing thymomas into 3 major groups: 1) with cortical cell differentiation 2) with cortical and medullary cell differentiation 3) with medullary cell differentiation.

[Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma) of the bronchi]. / Adenoid-kistoznaia kartsinoma (tsilindroma) bronkhov.

Cytological, histological, and ultrastructural examinations of 6 cases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the bronchi were carried out. Cytological studies demonstrated cells of two types: smaller, rounded or slightly elongated cells with hyperchromic nuclei and scarce basophilic cytoplasm, and larger cells with clear nuclei and basophilic, slightly vacuolated cytoplasm. The cells are located among oxyphilic homogeneous substance. Histologically the tumour has a typical cribrose appearance owing to glandular-like and cyst-like cavities among alveolar cell aggregates embedded into intensely developed but poor in cells and somewhat hyalinized stroma. The invasive growth of the tumour with its extension into the depth of the lung on interalveolar septae, perivascular and peribronchial spaces with outgrowth of the capsule was manifest in all cases. Electron microscopic studies showed the tumour elements to be lowly differentiated epithelial cells. No ultrastructural signs of myothelium or secretory mucous activity was found. The results of these studies indicate that this tumour should be designated as adenoid cystic carcinoma but not adenoma of cylindromatous type.

[Chondromatous hamartoma of the lungs]. / Khondromatoznaia gamartoma legkikh.

A composite morphological examination of chondromatous pulmonary hamartoma showed this tumor always to contain epithelial structures determining the peculiar cytological picture in transthoracal puncture biopsy. Therefore, the diagnostic signs in cytological examinations of chondromatous hamartoma should include cluster-like accumulations of cubic epithelial cells, typical complexes of epithelial and stromal cells, while fragments of immature cartilage and mesenchyma make the picture distinctly trustworthy. The source of epithelial and cartilage elements in the punctate consists of the less compact peripheral parts of the tumor where the main portion of epithelial structures, immature cartilage tissue and mesenchyma are located. Some epithelial elements in their ultrastructural organization resemble the lining of embryonal lungs. otworthy. The source of epithelial and cartilage elements in the punctate consists of the less compact peripheral parts of the tumor where the main portion of epithelial structures, immature cartilage tissue and mesenchyma are located. Some epithelial elecments in their ultrastructural organization resemble the lining of embryonal lungs. The histogenesis of chondromatous hamartoma should apparently be associated with mesodermal and ectodermal components of the bronchial germ which explains the regular presence of the epithelium in this tumor.

[The fibroepithelial variant of basal-cell skin cancer (Pincus' "premalignant" fibroepithelioma)]. / Fibroépitelial'nyi variant bazal'nokletochnogo raka kozhi ("predzlokachestvennaia" fibroépitelioma Pinkusa).

12 cases of the basal cell carcinoma fibroepithelial variant are studied morphologically. This variant of basal cell carcinoma is erroneously diagnosed as adenoid variant of seborrheic keratosis, tubular syringoadenoma or the reverse. Main differential-diagnostic criteria allowing to distinguish a fibroepithelial variant of basal cell carcinoma from an adenoid variant of seborrheic keratosis are multicentric foci of superficial basalioma as well as the absence of hyperkeratosis and intraepithelial carcinomatous cysts. The tumour differs from tubular syringoadenoma by the lack of tubular structures with two-layer epithelial lining and cysts with signs of secretory activity.

[Oncocytic carcinoid of the lung]. / Onkotsitarnyi kartsinoid legkogo.

An observation of oncocytic carcinoid of the lung is described. The diagnosis was established by electron microscopic examinations which revealed a large number of mitochondria in cell elements of the tumor. Morphological differential diagnosis of this kind of carcinoid, particularly in the pre-operative period, is difficult because signs of oncocytic neoplasias such as large cell size, oxyphilia, and cytoplasmic granularity may be found in metastases of some kinds of cancers as well as in oncocytic adenoma of the lung.

[Tumors developing in an epidermal cyst]. / Opukholi epidermal'noi kisty.

The paper presents clinical and morphological characteristics of neoplasms arising in epidermal cysts (73 observations). It is emphasized that the epithelium of epidermal cyst may be the source of growth of not only benign cystic epithelioma ("proliferating epidermal cyst" as designated by the foreign authors) but also of squamous cell carcinoma. Cystic epithelioma (54 observations) is a slowly growing tumor represented by outgrowths in the cyst lumen of differentiated squamous epithelium apt to form smaller cysts. A predominance in cystic epithelioma of the basal type cells and complexes of squamous epithelial cells with hyperchromic and slightly polymorphous nuclei (7 observations) is considered to be the initial sign of malignancy of the noninvasive cancer type. Cancer arising in epidermal cyst (11 observations) is characterized by rapid growth, invasion into derma and trend for relapses. Frequently it has the structure of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. A malignant tumor is described characterized by a combination of cystic epithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma of pseudosarcomatous structure in some areas and glandular formations whose origin is obscure.

[Morphology and histogenesis of paraganglioma]. / Morfologiia i gistogenez paragangliomy.

Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed to examine 6 paragangliomas of various sites: carotid glomus, aortic body, sympathetic chain, and stomach. Five of the tumors in question had a histological structure typical of a paraganglioma. The gastric tumor was distinguished by being similar to a pheochromocytoma. With regard to the degree of infiltrative growth, the paragangliomas of the sympathetic chain and stomach were regarded as malignant. The ultrastructures of the paragangliomas examined were found to be of the same type. In all the neoplasms, tumor cells had signs of neuroendocrine and neurogenous differentiations that were characteristic of the ultrastructural organization of postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system. The neurogenous differentiation was evidenced by cytoplasmic portions that are structurally similar to rough-surface endoplasmic reticulum, which is pertaining to Nissl's bodies; neurofilaments that form concentric structures containing neuroendocrine granules such as fibrous or Pick's bodies; intracytoplasmic cilia; specialized cytoplasmic processes of two types: axons and dendrites; partially reduced intercellular contacts, such as axosomatic and axodendritic synapses; sustentacular cells (sustenocytes). In the neoplasms evaluated as malignant, the neurogenous differential signs were more pronounced by reducing the number of neurosecretory granules, which might, apparently, serve as an ultrastructural criterion for establishing the degree of paraganglioma malignancy.

[Benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheaths]. / Dobrokachestvennye opukholi iz obolochek perifericheskikh nervov.

Benign tumors from sheaths of peripheral nerves (25 neurolemmomas and 6 neurofibromas) were studied. The ultrastructural data presented attest to the principal differences between these tumors and the possibility of their differential diagnosis. The typical signs of tumor cells of neurilemmoma include numerous complicatedly interwoven processes not infrequently forming " pseudomesaxonal " structures, and the presence of permanent basal membrane. These signs indicate the histogenetic relationship of neurilemmoma with cells of the Schann sheath of the peripheral nerve ( lemmocytes ). Neurofibroma tumor cells were characterized by the presence of bipolar thin, long non-interwoven cytoplasmic processes with inconstant basal membrane, desmosome-like contacts between the processes, and pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasm. The revealed ultrastructural signs indicate the histogenetic relationship of neurofibroma with cells of the perineurium of peripheral nerves.

[Chemoradiation treatment of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in stages I to II of the disease]. / Khimioluchevoe lechenie bol'nykh s agressivnymi nekhodzhkinskimi limfomami v I--II stadiiakh zabolevaniia.

Altogether 91 patients underwent treatment. Polychemotherapy (COP, ACOP) and radiotherapy were provided to 43 patients. Of these, 26 patients were irradiated locally and 17 were subjected to extensive radiation. Radiotherapy was given to 48 patients. Of these, 36 patients were subjected to irradiation of the local lesions whereas 12 underwent extensive radiation. Complete remissions were attained in 81 and 75% of the patients, respectively. The 5-year survival amounted to 65 and 34% (p less than 0.05), the 5-year survival without any relapses to 55 and 25% (p less than 0.01). In the IA stage, the 5-year survival was 89 and 44% (p less than 0.05) and the 5-year survival without relapses 63 and 13% (p less than 0.05). In the IIA stage, a statistically significant increase of the 5-year survival was also reached. No material differences could be seen in the results of the treatment depending on the scope of radiation. Drug + radiation treatment turned out most effective for the local stages of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

[Epidermoid thymoma--a variety of thymus gland cancer]. / Epidermoidnaia timoma--raznovidnost' raka vilochkovoi zhelezy.

Epidermoid thymoma was referred to thymal malignancies after an evaluation of the data on its clinical course and microscopic structure. This tumor may be diagnosed preoperatively on the basis of an analysis of clinico-roentgeno-endoscopic data and findings of a cytological, histological and electron-microscopic examinations.

[The cytological study of the bile in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary cancer]. / Tsitologicheskoe issledovanie zhelchi v diagnostike pankreatobiliarnogo raka.

Treatment of 46 patients with mechanical jaundice of the inflammatory-calculous and tumorous nature is described. In 26 patients with external drainage of the bile ducts the cytological investigation of 3-5 morning portions of bile was performed. The lavage fluid was studied in 4 cases. On the basis of the findings of these cytological investigations carcinoma was diagnosed in 20 of 24 patients with tumorous processes (83.3%). A comparison of data obtained by histological and cytological investigations in 19 patients operated upon was made.

[Radiation pathomorphosis in single and intensive-concentrated preoperative irradiation of colon cancer]. / Luchevoi patomorfoz v usloviiakh odnokratnogo i intensivno-kontsentrirovannogo preoperatsionnogo oblucheniia pri rake obodochnoi kishki.

Single (7.5 Gy) or intensive-concentrated (20 Gy at 5 daily fractions of 4 Gy each) preoperative irradiation was given to 42 colon cancer patients. Operation was performed not later than 24 h after single irradiation and 1-3 days after intensive-concentrated irradiation. Radiation pathomorphosis was studied on histological and electro-microscopic examination of biopsy specimens. Dystrophic changes of tumor cells were noted following the use of both methods, though more noticeable ones were observed after intensive-concentrated irradiation. Obstruction of the microcirculatory bed of a tumor appeared to be a characteristic sign of a tumor stroma response both in single and fractionated irradiation. It was assumed that the latter together with direct radiation damage of tumor cells could be very important to the prevention of implantation recurrences and metastases.

[Cytomorphologic monitoring in the complex treatment of patients with cancer of the endometrium]. / Tsitomorfologicheskii monitoring v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh rakom éndometriia.

The paper is devoted to analysis of clinicomorphological data on the status of a primary endometrial tumor in 209 endometrial cancer patients, treated by radical and palliative radiation therapy (112 patients) and the combined method (88 patients) including preoperative intensive concentrated intracavitary irradiation and hormonotherapy. Dynamic cytological monitoring was performed during radiation therapy and in a period up to 12 mos. after the discontinuation of antitumor therapy. Clinicoinstrumental investigations are of low informative value to make conclusions of the time course of tumor regression and its rates, and of the outcome of disease. Dynamic cytomorphological monitoring is an important stage in the integrated diagnosis of endometrial cancer, especially in patients who cannot be operated upon as a result of tumor spreading or somatic contraindications.