Relationship between erosive tooth wear and beverage consumption among a group of schoolchildren in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between erosive tooth wear (ETW) and consumption of different kinds of beverages in a group of schoolchildren 11-14 years old in Mexico City. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a sample of students (n = 512) in Mexico City. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) was used to quantify ETW. Beverage consumption (BC) was determined using a frequency questionnaire; beverages included pure water, natural fruit juices, milk, hot beverages, and soft drinks. Ordinal logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the presence of ETW and BC. RESULTS: In total, 45.7% of the schoolchildren showed an initial loss of surface texture (BEWE = 1) and 18.2% a distinct defect involving loss of dental tissue (BEWE ≥ 2) in at least one tooth. For each glass (350 ml) of milk/week, the odds of not having erosive wear (BEWE = 0) versus having an initial loss of surface texture (BEWE = 1) or of having an initial loss of surface texture versus the presence of a defect involving the loss of dental tissue (BEWE ≥ 2) decreased 4% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99, p = 0.008); for each portion of sweet carbonated beverage consumed (350 ml), the odds increased 3% (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.001-1.07, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: The intake of milk and milk-based products could be a dietary means of helping prevent ETW, especially if their consumption could replace sweet carbonated drink consumption. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knowing the impact of beverage consumption on ETW helps to provide suitable recommendations for the prevention and control of ETW in order to promote tooth longevity.

Impact of caries and dental fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren receiving water naturally fluoridated at above-optimal levels.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of caries and fluorosis on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among schoolchildren living in areas with high concentrations of fluoride in water. METHODS: Five hundred and twenty-four schoolchildren (8-12 year olds) residing in rural communities in central Mexico were examined for oral hygiene, caries (International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS II), and fluorosis (Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index, TFI). OHRQoL was evaluated with the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for two age groups (CPQ8-10 and CPQ11-14). Generalized structural equation models were constructed for data analysis. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of caries was 88.5% and fluorosis 46.9%. In the group of 8-10 year olds, 48% of the children had advanced carious lesions in primary or permanent teeth (ICDAS ≥4), 22.6% had moderate/severe fluorosis, and 59.9% of children had an impact on OHRQoL. Schoolchildren with ICDAS ≥4 were more likely [OR = 1.75, (95% CI 1.34-2.28)] to suffer a negative impact on OHRQoL. In the group of 11-12 year olds, 19.9% of children had advanced carious lesions and 23.2% showed moderate/severe fluorosis; 67.3% of children reported had an impact on OHRQoL. Children 11-12 year olds with fluorosis (TFI ≥4) [OR = 2.39 (95% CI 2.12-2.69)], caries (ICDAS ≥4) [OR = 2.18 (95% CI 2.13-2.24)], and low brushing frequency [OR = 2.04 (95% CI 1.21-3.44)] were more likely to have deterioration on OHRQoL. CONCLUSION: A negative impact on OHRQoL was observed in children with caries and fluorosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Deterioration on OHRQoL found in children as a sequel of caries and fluorosis should be considered when designing health policies leading to prevention and effective health promotion programs and incorporated to clinical guidelines for timely dental treatment.

Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults.

Depressive symptoms are often associated with obesity, and emotional eating may play a considerable role in weight gain. This study aimed to examine the association among depression symptoms, emotional eating, and body mass index (BMI) in Mexican college students; and to assess emotional eating as mediator between depressive symptoms and BMI. A total of 1453 students at a public university in Mexico City completed the scale Self-Efficacy in Emotion- and Stress- Related Eating of the Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire (EADES) to assess emotional eating, and the scale created by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) to identify depressive symptoms. Weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Structural equation models (SEM) were used to assess emotional eating as mediator between depressive symptoms and BMI by sex. Depressive symptoms were associated with emotional eating in both men (Beta = -0.33, p < 0.001) and women (Beta = -0.46, p < 0.001). Emotional eating, in turn, was associated with BMI in men (Beta = -0.08, p < 0.001) as well as in women (Beta = -0.09, p < 0.001). Emotional eating was a mediator between depression and BMI, adjusted for age in both sexes. This finding suggests that emotion management should be taken into consideration in obesity prevention and treatment strategies applied to young adults.

Physical Performance, Body Composition, and Oral Health in Community-Residing Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. This study aimed to identify an association between physical performance, body fat percentage (%BF), and the perception of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in independent older adults. METHOD: A group of active older adults was selected from a government-sponsored reunion center in Mexico City. OHRQoL was assessed using the General Oral Health Index (GOHAI), and nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool. A short physical performance battery (SPPB) was applied, and, for body composition, DXA (dual X-ray absorptiometry) was conducted. Data were analyzed using logistic regression models, and marginal probabilities were obtained. RESULTS: This study involved 366 participants; their mean age was 73.9 (±6.2) years, and 24.9% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). OHRQoL information revealed that pain or discomfort in the oral cavity was perceived by 63.9% of the older adults during the previous three months. The SPPB score was low in 159 (43.44%) participants. The logistic regression model revealed that age (OR = 1.13, p < 0.001), T2DM (OR = 2.10, p = 0.009), the risk of malnutrition/malnutrition (OR = 1.76, p = 0.047), high %BF (OR = 1.09, <0.001), and poor OHRQoL (OR = 1.96, p = 0.009) were associated with deteriorated physical performance. CONCLUSION: OHRQoL self-perception, excess body fat, and nutritional status impacted physical performance. Aging well requires a comprehensive approach.

Understanding the Dynamics of Inflammatory Cytokines in Endodontic Diagnosis: A Systematic Review.

The primary aim of this literature review is to delineate the key inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathophysiology of pulp inflammation. By elucidating the roles of these cytokines, a deeper comprehension of the distinct stages of inflamed pulp can be attained, thereby facilitating more accurate diagnostic strategies in endodontics. The PRISMA statement and Cochrane handbook were used for the search strategy. The keywords were created based on the review question using the PICO framework. The relevant studies were meticulously assessed according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for this systematic review. A rigorous quality checklist was implemented to evaluate each included study, ensuring scrutiny for both quality and risk-of-bias assessments. The initial pilot search conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and WoS databases yielded 9 pertinent articles. Within these articles, multiple cytokines were identified and discussed as potential candidates for use in endodontic diagnosis, notably including IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-2. These cytokines have been highlighted due to their significant roles in the inflammatory processes associated with pulp pathology. The identification of specific inflammatory cytokines holds promise for enhancing endodontic diagnostic procedures and exploring diverse treatment modalities. However, the current body of research in this area remains limited. Further comprehensive studies are warranted to fully elucidate the potential of cytokines in refining diagnostic techniques in endodontics.

Malocclusion and TMJ disorders in teenagers from private and public schools in Mexico City.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, among Mexican teenagers from public and private schools, the frequency, severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs, and their possible association with temporomandibular joint disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen-year-old students were recruited from public and private schools. Clinical findings were registered as follows: oral hygiene status with the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified, malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), and TMJ disorders following WHO criteria. Negative binomial and logistic regression models were constructed for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 249 fifteen-year old students were included in the study (118 female 47.4%). 68% had a DAI score ≤ 25 (minor or no occlusal anomalies), 18% scored 26-30 (mild anomalies), 7% scored 31-35 (evident anomalies), and 6% scored ≥ 36 (major malocclusion). The most frequent anomalies were dental crowding in 50%, maxillary dental irregularity in 44.6%, mandible irregularity in 41.2% and excessive maxillary overjet in 37.8%. Among the students, 26.1% had clicking/muscle or TMJ pain, of these 12.3% showed pain during palpation. OHI-S > 1 was found in 34% of the participants. The negative binomial model showed an association between DAI score and TMJ disorders (P=0.041). Also the logistic regression model showed an association between malocclusion (DAI>25) and TMJ disorders (OR=2.58, p=0.002). Malocclusion was associated also with poor oral hygiene (OR=1.65, p=0.007), and with attendance to public schools (OR=1.97, p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: TMJ disorders and DAI scores were significantly associated. Screening/Diagnostic programs for orthodontic and TMJ-disorders are needed, to identify and offer treatment to teenagers with major malocclusion and TMJ/muscle pain.

[Dental fluorosis prevalence in Mexican localities of 27 states and the D.F.: six years after the publication of the Salt Fluoridation Mexican Official Regulation]. / Prevalencia de fluorosis dental en localidades mexicanas ubicadas en 27 estados y el D.F. a seis anos de la publicación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana para la fluoruración de la sal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in communities located in 28 states of Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The National Dental Caries Survey 2001 (NDCS2001) data base was analyzed. The information of 26,893 students, ages 12 and 15 years old, of 27 states and the Federal District was examined. Dean's dental fluorosis index was applied by standardized examiners. The fluorosis prevalence and the Community Fluorosis Index (FCI) were calculated. RESULTS: The fluorosis prevalence was 27.9% (95% CI 24.4, 28.5). A statistical significance difference in the fluorosis prevalence was observed among the states studied (p < 0.0001). The lowest prevalence was detected in Morelos (3.2%) and the highest in Durango (88.8%). In 18 (64.3%) of the states included more than 90% of the participants showed very mild or lower levels of the dental fluorosis index. A low level of the FCI was found in the localities belonging to 19 (67.9%) of the states studied (FCI < 0.4). The lowest FCI was found in Colima, Yucatán and Morelos. The highest FCI were found in Durango, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosí (1 ≤ ICF). This information indicates that in these states dental fluorosis is a public health problem. CONCLUSIONS: Two-thirds of the states had localities with low prevalence of dental fluorosis; however, approximately, one-third of the states investigated the fluorosis levels showed the need of a reduction in fluoride exposure among the young population.

Assessment of the Penetration of an Endodontic Sealer into Dentinal Tubules with Three Different Compaction Techniques Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

Adequate root canal sealing is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. There are numerous techniques available; identifying simple and efficient techniques is important to provide good patient care. The purpose of the study was to compare the maximum penetration depth and the percentage of sealant penetration of an endodontic sealer into dentine tubules using cold lateral condensation, continuous wave, and hybrid techniques, and to contrast the effectiveness of two different tapered gutta-percha master cones (0.02 and 0.04). A sample of sixty single root teeth was used. Six experimental groups were formed from the three filling techniques and the two tapered master cones. Images were acquired using a confocal laser scanning microscope. In the apical root third, the penetration percentage was higher in the hybrid compared with the continuous wave technique. The results indicated a higher penetration depth of hybrid compared with cold lateral condensation in the middle and coronal thirds, and in the apical third, a higher penetration was identified in the hybrid group compared with the continuous wave group. No significant differences in penetration were found comparing 0.02 with 0.04 taper gutta-percha groups. The coronal cross-sections presented a higher penetration than the apical third sections. In conclusion, the hybrid technique a had higher maximum sealer penetration than the continuous wave in the apical third, and the coronal third hybrid and continuous wave had a higher penetration than cold lateral condensation.

Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico.

Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. Results: The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. Discussion: A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.

Using the Expanded Andersen Model to Determine Factors Associated with Mexican Adolescents' Utilization of Dental Services.

Many factors contribute as facilitators of or barriers to adolescents' use of dental services. Guided by the expanded Andersen model for dental service utilization, the aim of this study was to identify factors associated with the use of dental services among adolescents ages 12-16 in south Mexico City (n = 247). Adolescents answered a questionnaire on predisposing factors (age and gender), enabling factors (socioeconomic status, oral health support, parental years of education, and previous dental treatments), and psychosocial and behavioral factors (attitudes towards oral health; knowledge of gingivitis; alcohol, drug, and tobacco use; and depressive symptoms), and they underwent a visual clinical exam to determine their need factors (caries and gingivitis). The adolescents reported whether or not they had attended a dental visit in the last year for any reason. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate these factors. Having oral health support increased the odds of a dental visit by 2.69 (95% CI = 1.24-5.84). Previous dental treatment increased the odds of a dental visit by 2.25 (95% CI = 1.12-4.52). The presence of depressive symptoms reduced the odds of a dental visit by 4% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94-0.99). Enabling and psychosocial factors of oral health support and previous dental treatment were positively associated with the utilization of dental services, while depressive symptoms were negatively associated.

Depression symptoms and sweet foods consumption in Mexican college men: the role of emotional eating.

Introduction: Objective: to evaluate the association between depression symptoms and frequency of unhealthy food consumption, and to explore the mediation effect of emotional eating in this relationship in college men. Method: a cross-sectional study was performed on 764 men at a public university in Mexico City. To assess emotional eating (EE), a validated Spanish-language version of the Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire (EADES) was applied. Depression symptoms were evaluated using the scale elaborated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) and a Questionnaire of Frequency of Food Consumption was used to measure frequency of food consumption. Path and mediation analysis were applied. Results: one-fifth (20.42 %) of college men reported depression symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16). Students with depression symptoms had a higher mean EE score (p < 0.001), a higher frequency of fried food (p = 0.049), sweetened beverages (p = 0.050), and sweet foods consumption (p = 0.005) than students with low CES-D score. According to the mediation analysis, the effect of depression symptoms on the frequency of sweet foods consumption was partially mediated by EE (23.11 % of the total effect). Conclusion: the prevalence of depression symptoms was high. EE is an important mediator in the relationship between depression symptoms and the consumption of sweet foods. Understanding the manifestation of eating behaviors in men and their relationship with depression symptoms may help clinicians and health authorities develop treatment and prevention programs aimed to decrease the risk of obesity and eating disorders.

Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre los síntomas de depresión y la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos no saludables y explorar el efecto de la alimentación emocional como variable mediadora en esta relación en hombres universitarios. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal en 764 hombres de una universidad pública en la Ciudad de México. Se aplicó la versión validada en español del Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire (EADES) para evaluar la alimentación emocional (AE). Los síntomas de depresión fueron evaluados mediante la escala elaborada por el Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) y el consumo de alimentos se evaluó con el Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de senderos y de mediación. Resultados: una quinta parte (20,42 %) de los hombres universitarios reportaron síntomas de depresión (CES-D ≥ 16). Los estudiantes con síntomas de depresión tuvieron una puntuación media de AE más alta (p < 0,001), mayor frecuencia de consumo de frituras (p = 0,049), de bebidas azucaradas (p = 0,050) y de alimentos dulces (p = 0,005) que aquellos con baja puntuación en la escala de CES-D. De acuerdo con el análisis de mediación, el efecto de los síntomas de depresión sobre la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos dulces fue mediado parcialmente por la AE (23,11 % del efecto total). Conclusión: la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión fue alta. La alimentación emocional es un mediador importante en la relación entre síntomas de depresión y consumo de alimentos dulces. Conocer la conducta alimentaria en los hombres y su relación con los síntomas de depresión puede ayudar a los médicos y autoridades de salud a desarrollar tratamientos y programas preventivos destinados a disminuir el riesgo de obesidad y trastornos alimentarios.

Comparison of body fat percentage assessments by bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometrical prediction equations, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in older women.

Background: Individuals with high body fat have a higher risk of mortality. Numerous anthropometric-based predictive equations are available for body composition assessments; furthermore, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) estimates are available. However, in older adults, the validity of body fat estimates requires further investigation. Objective: To assess the agreement between percentage body fat (BF%) estimates by BIA and five predictive equations based on anthropometric characteristics using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as reference method. A secondary objective was to identify whether excluding short-stature women improves the agreement of BF% estimates in a group of community-dwelling, older Mexican women. Methods: A concordance analysis of BF% was performed. A total of 121 older women participated in the study. Anthropometric information, BIA, and DXA body composition estimates were obtained. Five equations using anthropometric data were evaluated in order to determine body fat percentage (BF%) using DXA as reference method. Paired t-test comparisons and standard error of estimates (SEE) were obtained. The Bland-Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to evaluate the BF% prediction equations and BIA estimates. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 73.7 (±5.8) years old. BIA and the anthropometric based equations examined showed mean significant differences when tested in the entire sample. For the taller women (height > 145 cm), no significant difference in the paired comparison was found between DXA and BIA of BF% estimates. The mean BF% was 40.3 (±4.8) and 40.7 (±6.2) for DXA and BIA, respectively. The concordance between methods was good (CCC 0.814), (SEE 2.62). Also, in the taller women subset, the Woolcott equation using waist-to-height ratio presented no significant difference in the paired comparison; however, the error of the estimates was high (SEE 3.37) and the concordance was moderate (CCC 0.693). Conclusion: This study found that BIA yielded good results in the estimation of BF% among women with heights over 145 cm. Also, in this group, the Woolcott predictive equation based on waist circumference and height ratio showed no significant differences compared to DXA in the paired comparison; however, the large error of estimates observed may limit its application. In older women, short stature may impact the validity of the body fat percentage estimates of anthropometric-based predictive equations.

Validation of the CPQ8-10ESP in Mexican school children in urban areas.

UNLABELLED: The current indicators used to gather information on oral health in children are basically clinical indexes that register mainly dental caries, periodontal disease, and malocclusion. These indexes should be complemented with emotional and social aspects related to the individual experience and perception of oral health status. In order to obtain this information, valid instruments capable of evaluating the impact of oral health as it relates to the quality of life (OHRQoL) are required. The objective of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10) is to assess OHRQoL in children aged eight to ten years. CPQ8-10 consists of 25 questions divided into four domains: oral symptoms, functional limitation, emotional well-being, and social well-being. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate the translated Spanish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8-10ESP) in use with Mexican urban children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred fifteen students in Mexico City aged eight- to ten-years-old participated in this study. The CPQ8-10ESP questionnaire was self-administered in the classroom. Clinical data about caries and malocclusion were obtained. To assess test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was reapplied to a subgroup of children. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.89 for the total CPQ8-10ESP scale. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.67; a statistically significant difference was found in the CPQ8-10ESP mean score between children with caries and malocclusion; a significant correlation between general well-being ratings with all domains was found (p<0.001). General perception of oral health was associated with both oral symptoms (p=0.049) and emotional well-being (p=0.022) domains, as well as with the total scale (p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The CPQ8-10ESP version showed good validity and reliability for use with Mexican schoolchildren from urban areas.

Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Applying a Principal Component-Linear Discriminant Analysis.

Dental fluorosis is an irreversible condition caused by excessive fluoride consumption during tooth formation and is considered a public health problem in several world regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of micro-Raman spectroscopy to classify teeth of different fluorosis severities, applying principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), and estimate the model cross-validation accuracy. Forty teeth of different fluorosis severities and a control group were analyzed. Ten spectra were captured from each tooth and a total of 400 micro-Raman spectra were acquired in the wavenumber range of 250 to 1200 cm-1, including the bands corresponding to stretching and bending internal vibrational modes ν1, ν2, ν3, and ν4 (PO43-). From the analysis of the micro-Raman spectra an increase in B-type carbonate ion substitution into the phosphate site of the hydroxyapatite as fluorosis severity increases was identified. The PCA-LDA model showed a sensitivity and specificity higher than 94% and 93% for the different fluorosis severity groups, respectively. The cross-validation accuracy was higher than 90%. Micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with PCA-LDA provides an adequate tool for the diagnosis of fluorosis severity. This is a non-invasive and non-destructive technique with promising applications in clinical and epidemiological fields.

Body Mass Index and Dental Caries, a Five-Year Follow-Up Study in Mexican Children.

There are conflicting reports on a possible association between body mass index (BMI) and caries. Given the ongoing worldwide increase in obesity, we undertook a 5-year follow-up study on 201 Mexican schoolchildren to analyse their BMI and dental caries experience. The children's weight and height were recorded, and their BMI was calculated using the WHO tables. Decayed, missing, and filled surfaces in both dentitions (dmf/DMFS) were assessed annually according to WHO criteria by two calibrated researchers (Kappa value 0.92 p < 0.001). The means, standard deviation, an ANOVA, and Student's t-test were calculated to analyse the relationship between the variables. At baseline, the children had an average of 6.5 ± 0.5 years, a BMI of 17.2 ± 3.1 (CI95% 16.8-17.6). Their weight's classifications were 61% normal, 19% obese, 17% overweight, and 3% showed thinness. At the end of the study, their BMI were 20.6 ± 4.4 (CI95% 19.8-21.5), 53% normal, 15% obese, 30% overweight, and 2% thin. The children's dmfs decreased from 5.8 ± 9.2 to 1.8 ± 3.4 and the DMFS increased from 0.07 ± 05 to 1.4 ± 2.3. In this population based on a 5-year follow-up, caries prevalence and incidence were not significantly associated with the BMI. However, schoolchildren with malnutrition had the highest caries indexes.

Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Handgrip Strength, Nutritional Status and T2DM in Community-Dwelling Older Mexican Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between handgrip strength, nutritional status and vitamin D deficiency in Mexican community-dwelling older women. A cross sectional study in women ≥ 60 years-old was performed. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured by a quantitative immunoassay technique. Handgrip strength was assessed using a dynamometer, while nutritional status was assessed through the Full Mini Nutritional Assessment (Full-MNA). A total of 116 women participated in the study, their mean age was 70.3 ± 5.8 years; 49.1% of the study group had plasma 25(OH)D levels lower than 40 nmol/L [16 ng/mL]. Meanwhile, 28.45% of participants had low handgrip strength (<16 kg), and 23.1% were identified at risk of malnutrition/malnourished according with Full-MNA score. Women with 25(OH)D deficiency (<40 nmol/L [16 ng/mL]) were more likely to have low handgrip strength (OR = 2.64, p = 0.025) compared with those with higher 25(OH)D values. Additionally, being malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (OR = 2.53, p = 0.045) or having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR = 2.92, p = 0.044) was also associated with low 25(OH)D. The prevalence of low plasma 25(OH)D concentrations was high among Mexican active older women. Low handgrip strength, being at risk of malnutrition/malnourished, or diagnosed with T2DM was also associated with Vitamin D deficiency.

[Validation of an instrument for measuring the effects of oral health on the quality of life of older adults in Mexico]. / Validación de un instrumento para medir el efecto de la salud bucal en la calidad de vida de adultos mayores mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: Translate, culturally adapt, and validate a new Spanish version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) for older persons in Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS: A validation study of the new version of OHIP-Mx-49 was carried out through interviews and clinical examinations of people aged 60 or older in the southern area of Mexico City. The following variables were analyzed: sociodemographic (age, sex, marital status, level of schooling, and whether the subject lived alone), clinical (current number of teeth, coronal and root caries, dental hygiene, and the use of removable prostheses and dentures), and self-perception (of the need for dental and general health care). The OHIP-Mx-49 value was calculated as the sum of the scores in seven dimensions: functional limitation, pain, psychological discomfort, physical disability, psychological disability, social disability, and handicap. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), replicability (intraclass correlation coefficient), and convergent and discriminant validity (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests) were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 131 people interviewed (average age: 73.8 +/- 8.3 years), 77.9% were women. High internal consistency values were obtained for the OHIP-Mx-49 (0.96) and the dimensions (0.79-0.86), and replicability in the instrument (0.877) and all the dimensions except social disability (0.176). The average OHIP-Mx-49 score was 37.1 +/- 35.3; higher scores were observed in people with 1-9 teeth (P = 0.02), people who did not have coronal caries (P = 0.02), and people who perceived a need for dental care (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The OHIP-Mx-49 is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used with older Mexicans.

Evaluating the changes in molar incisor hypomineralization prevalence: A comparison of two cross-sectional studies in two elementary schools in Mexico City between 2008 and 2017.

BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the trends over time of the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH). This condition may be preventing dental caries decline. AIM: (a) To compare the prevalence of MIH, in Mexico City schoolchildren, evaluated in 2008 with a group evaluated in 2017, (b) to identify the association of MIH with dental caries, and (c) to assess the mother's perception of her child's oral health status. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional studies performed in 2008 and in 2017 were compared. The oral examiner and the selected schools were the same in both surveys. RESULTS: A total of 549 schoolchildren were evaluated. The prevalence of MIH in the first survey was 20.3%, and 31.9 % in the second survey, (p = .002). Children with MIH were more likely to have dental caries. The odds ratio was 2.24 (p = .036) and 4.18 (p ˂ .001) in the first and second surveys, respectively. Mothers of children with MIH perceived worse oral health status of their children than the mothers whose children did not have MIH (odds ratio = 4.47, p ˂ .001). CONCLUSION: The findings portray a clear increase in prevalence of MIH and highlight the need for increased awareness about this condition among dentists and the general population.

Effect of Income Level and Perception of Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19 on Stay-at-Home Preventive Behavior in a Group of Older Adults in Mexico City.

Early information on public health behaviors adopted to prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) may be useful in controlling the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. The objective of this study was to assess the role of income level (IL) and the perception of older adults, regarding COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, on adopting stay-at-home preventive behavior during the first week of the outbreak in Mexico. Participants in this cross-sectional study were urban community dwellers, aged ≥ 65 years from Mexico City. A total of 380 interviews were conducted over the phone. The mean respondent age was 72.9 years, and 76.1% were women. Over half (54.2%) of the participants perceived their susceptibility to COVID-19 as very low or low. Similarly, 33.4% perceived COVID-19 severity as being very low or low, and 57.6% had decided to stay at home: this behavior was associated with IL (ß = 1.05, p < 0.001), and its total effect was partially mediated (15.1%) by perceived severity. Educational attainment was also associated with staying at home (ß = 0.10, p = 0.018) and its total effect was partially mediated (15.0%) by perceived susceptibility. Interventions aimed at low income and less educated older adults should be developed to improve preventive behaviors in this vulnerable group during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prevalence of Malnutrition and Depression in Older Adults Living in Nursing Homes in Mexico City.

This study evaluated the association between nutritional status, depressive symptoms, and the number of prescription drugs taken by older adults living in nursing homes in Mexico City. In a cross-sectional study, 262 participants were subjected to anthropometric and nutritional (Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)) evaluations; additionally, their depression (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) and functional status were assessed. Multiple logistic regression was used for identifying factors associated with the risk of malnutrition/malnourishment. The mean age of participants was 83.1 ± 8.6 years. A total of 59.9% and 21.1% were at risk of malnutrition and malnourished, respectively. With respect to depression, 27.9% of the participants had mild depression, while 11.4% showed severe depression. An inverse correlation between MNA evaluations and depression scores was found (Spearman's ρ = -0.4624, p < 0.001); residents with a better nutritional status had lower depression scores. Individuals with depressive symptoms were approximately five times more likely to be at risk of malnutrition or malnourished (OR = 5.82, 95% CI = 2.27-14.89) than individuals without depression. Residents taking three or more prescription drugs daily (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.27-2.63, p < 0.001) were more likely to be at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. In summary, poor nutritional status was associated with depression, while the intake of numerous prescription drugs was associated with being at risk of malnutrition or malnourished.