[The construction of ethical competence in the perception of primary care nurses]. / A construção da competência ética na percepção de enfermeiros da Atenção Primária.

The study intended to understand the perception of nurses of Primary Care Services about the construction of ethical competence on their formation and practices. This is a qualitative study, with an interpretative phenomenological approach and interviews with ten nurses of the community health services of Porto Alegre, RS. The results showed that the interviewed professionals had already experienced situations with ethical conflicts and knew what ethical competence means. The central themes point out three fundamental issues in the construction of the ethical competence: personal values, education and practice. Taking into account that ethical competence is in permanent construction, the study shows the importance to promote organizational and educational activities in a transversal manner, as a tool to cope the moral stress and contribute in improving the quality of care in the primary health attention.

[Validation of the comprehensiveness of an instrument on ethical problems in primary care]. / Validação da compreensibilidade de um instrumento sobre problemas éticos na atençao primária.

The study aimed to validate the comprehensiveness of an instrument on the occurrence of ethical problems in primary health care and discuss their results. This is a methodological research. The technique used was Delphi, which seeks to obtain a consensus on a subject by experts, using structured questionnaires that are modified to obtain consensus on the comprehensibility of content. The sample was composed by nine professionals with expertise in primary health care in São Leopoldo. Data collection was in March and April 2011. In the first round, the professional was asked to respond whether the described situation has represented an ethical problem, whether the statement was clear and whether there was any suggestion to rewriting the problem. Were presented thirty-six statements, and to twenty was suggested new rewrite. After the review and systematization the proposed amendments, has begun the second round to seek consensus among all the statements that its writing had changed. In the second round, the consensus required by the method was obtained. Using the method supported significantly to build the instrument in its initial stage, what makes it appropriated and comprehensive for the subsequent steps of the validation.

[Urban violence and social capital in a southern Brazilian city: a quantitative and qualitative study]. / Violência urbana e capital social em uma cidade no Sul do Brasil: um estudo quantitativo e qualitativo.

OBJECTIVE: to study the relationship between reported urban violence and social capital in a medium-sized city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: the study was carried out with adults living in the urban area of São Leopoldo. For the quantitative analysis, a structured questionnaire was answered by 1 100 individuals older than 20 years of age and in charge of the household at the moment of the interview. Violence was evaluated based on the reports of violent arguments, theft or robbery, drug-related events, and homicides in the neighborhood over the previous six months. Social capital was defined based on the reported degree of trust among neighbors, informal social control, opinions on the actions of government and politicians, and social action in the neighborhoods. For the qualitative analysis, 11 participants residing in the area with the lowest or with the highest social capital answered a semi-structured interview. RESULTS: people living in low-trust neighborhoods reported higher rates of homicide (OR = 2.82; 95%CI: 1.67-4.74; P > 0.001) and violent arguments (OR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.82-3.59; P > 0.001) than people living in high-trust neighborhoods. Violent situations were reported most often in neighborhoods with low social capital, in which a lack of government attention was also reported. CONCLUSIONS: in neighborhoods with the highest social capital, the prevalence of reported violence was lower. Priority should be given to public policies that promote social capital for the common good.

[Making sense of the narratives of chronically ill persons]. / Construção de sentido nas narrativas de doentes crônicos.

OBJECTIVE: Understand how chronically ill persons reframe life through their discursive practices. METHODS: Six interviews were selected from the original seventeen made with chronically ill persons from a public hospital in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. Recorded and transcribed interviews produced narratives concerning the existential situation in the face of disease, perspectives for the future, a comprehension of diagnosis and of therapy as well as the role of professionals for the reframing. Talks were divided in linguistic repertoires concerning diagnosis and therapy. RESULTS: In the first, the narratives of meaning are structured around cause of the disease from a genetic background (destiny) or due to the style of life (fault). In the repertoires about therapy, narratives of the self identity reconfiguration depend on the autonomy or heteronomy in relation to the physician's words as mediator of salvation, on perception of the body as a factor of relation, on the social representation of medication and on emotional situation. CONCLUSION: Self-satisfaction relies on finding the thread to bring together the elements of existence based on a new model permitting a new identity. The professional must be involved in the narratives of identity reconstruction enabling therapy to produce the expected effect and for the patient to feel as a participant of the process, assuming with autonomy the necessary changes in life.

[Work processes in the family health program: crossings and transverses]. / Processos de trabalho no Programa Saúde da Família: atravessamentos e transversalidades.

The study was performed with the objective to understand the ethical challenges of implementing the Program, using a qualitative approach and focal group discussion. The study included members from different FHP teams in the city of Campo Bom (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): three physicians, three nurses, two technicians, and four community health agents. Eight situations were created to discuss different aspects of the FHP. This article is an excerpt of the study, addressing the bottleneck effects in the FHP work process. The theoretical framework included concepts of crossing and transverse and the amplified clinic proposition. The results were categorized according to the individuals involved in the work processes: users of the health system, community health agents, professionals, administrators, and health system. The bottleneck effect in these processes originates in the repetition of primary care procedures and hospital practices, disregarding the subjective and social dimensions of the health/disease process. The amplified clinic proposition could be an answer since it holds that the therapeutic plans should result from an agreement between the health system user and the professional.

Lung transplantation and organ allocation in Brazil: necessity or utility.

The philosophy of organ allocation is the result of two seemingly irreconcilable principles: utilitarianism and distributive justice. The process of organ donation and transplantation in Brazil reveals large inequalities between regions and units of the Federation, from the harvesting of organs to their implantation. In this context, lung transplantation is performed in only a few centers in the country and is still a treatment with limited long-term results. The allocation of the few organs harvested for the few procedures performed is defined mainly by chronology, a criterion that is not linked to necessity, which is a criterion of distributive justice, and neither to utility, a criterion of utilitarianism. This article reviews the organ allocation philosophy focusing on the case of lung transplantations in Brazil.

Transmissão vertical do HIV na rede de saúde: reflexões bioéticas sobre gênero e cuidado a partir de um caso emblemático / Vertical transmission of HIV in the health network: bioethics reflections on gender and care based on an emblematic case

Resumo Num cenário epidêmico ainda preocupante, a prevenção da Transmissão Vertical (TV) do HIV impõe problemas complexos, devido as vulnerabilidades individual, social e moral das mulheres vivendo com o vírus, somadas às fragilidades da rede de saúde. A partir de um caso emblemático, este estudo buscou compreender os desafios bioéticos do cuidado para a prevenção da TV do HIV no âmbito do Comitê de Porto Alegre/RS. Os eixos analíticos desenvolvidos refletem sobre como a produção do cuidado se articula, por um lado, com discursos e práticas relacionais pautadas no gênero e interseccionadas por raça e classe social e, por outro, com vulnerabilidades programáticas das políticas de saúde. Vislumbrou-se um processo de extrema estigmatização, em que as poucas ofertas para as mulheres cisgênero se dirigiam à regulação reprodutiva e perpetuavam dinâmicas de violência estrutural. Discute-se caminhos para a construção de um cuidado que incorpore a perspectiva decolonial e busque produzir equidade e justiça social ao reconhecer as trajetórias das mulheres.

Abstract In a still worrying epidemic scenario, the prevention of Vertical Transmission (VT) of HIV poses complex problems, due to the individual, social, and moral vulnerabilities of women living with the virus, in addition to the weaknesses of the health network. Based on an emblematic case, this study sought to understand the bioethical challenges of HIV VT prevention in the scope of the Porto Alegre/RS Committee. The analytical categories developed reflect on how the production of care is articulated, on the one hand, with relational discourses and practices based on gender and intersected by race and social class and, on the other, with programmatic vulnerabilities of health policies. A process of extreme stigmatization was revealed, in which the few offers for cisgender women were aimed toward reproductive regulation and perpetuated dynamics of structural violence. We discuss ways of building care that incorporates a decolonial perspective and seeks to produce equity and social justice by recognizing women's trajectories.

Bioethics and environment: a hermeneutic approach.

This article presents the discussion about environmental bioethics in Brazil. Brazil's naturally environmentalist vocation is due to the wealth of its biodiversity and to the possible contribution it can offer, in international forums, to defining the close relation between the protection of the environment and social justice--a challenge that Brazil has to face. A first important aspect is the discussion on natural and cultural biodiversity. The loss of natural biodiversity corresponds to a loss of cultural diversity in the way human beings relate to nature. Brazilian culture presents rich and diversified traditional uses of natural resources, in harmony with the corresponding natural ecosystem. This cultural biodiversity is being lost due to the introduction of technology-based, extensive agriculture by agro-business, which does not construct agricultural models in interaction with the local ecosystem, imposing homogeneous production modes for completely different regions. This issue makes us rethink the meaning of sustainable development. Due to its vagueness, this concept has been identified with material and measurable progress based on economic criteria. The impossibility of determining the price of common, permanent goods from nature, as well as the adoption of the Index of Human Development, have represented an effort toward the correction of this economicist reductionism and an attempt to understand sustainability in more comprehensive ecological terms. This concern points to a social movement known as Environmental Justice, which denounces the environmental burden that invariably affects marginalized groups within society, representing a risk to their life and health; that represents an environmental injustice. Understanding how Environmental Justice defines those hazards compels us to adopt an ecosystemic vision of health, in which the life conditions of the environment are part of the understanding of health itself. This integral vision is part of the movement's proposals to promote health and to fight for healthful urban environments.

Plataformas digitais de entrega de alimentação: condições de trabalho e riscos para a saúde / Digital food delivery platforms: working conditions and health risks

Resumo O isolamento social provocado pela pandemia do covid-19 acelerou um processo que já estava em curso: a plataformização da economia. Uma das aplicações presentes nesse processo foi a distribuição de comida por motoboys, ocasionando uma transformação radical das condições de trabalho, que necessita ser investigada. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi discutir essas condições e os riscos que representam para a saúde do trabalhador. 14 entregadores de alimentos foram entrevistados, suas falas foram gravadas e transcritas para análise temática, obtendo dois principais resultados: a precarização das condições de trabalho e a vulneração da saúde. A plataforma promete independência e autonomia quanto ao trabalho, mas, ao mesmo tempo, cria insegurança, não garantindo nenhuma proteção trabalhista nem subsistência financeira estável, por não assegurar os meios para o trabalho. Por outro lado, essa precarização do trabalho produz riscos para a saúde. Essa situação demanda uma discussão sobre o amparo legal dos direitos e a proteção da saúde desses trabalhadores.

Abstract The social distancing brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic sped up a process that was already underway: the emergence of the platform economy. One of the applications present in this process was for the delivery of food by motorbike couriers, causing a radical transformation of working conditions that requires investigation. The objective of this study was to discuss those conditions and the risks that they pose to the health of workers. A group of 14 food delivery couriers were interviewed and their statements were recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis, resulting in two main findings: precarious employment conditions and health vulnerabilities. The platform promises independence and autonomy regarding work, but at the same time creates insecurity, failing to ensure work protection or financial stability, as it does not guarantee working conditions. On the other hand, such precarious work generates health risks. This situation requires a discussion on the legal protection of the labor rights and health protection of these workers.

Concepção de saúde dos profissionais que usam práticas integrativas e complementares no cuidado / Health conception of professionals using integrative and complementary practices in healthcare

Resumo As práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde (PICS) ampliam o cuidado, dependendo das concepções de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as representações e os significados de saúde dos profissionais que usam PICS e os motivos para inseri-las em suas práticas. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa e coleta de dados on-line. Para a análise, utilizou-se a Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras para as dimensões da saúde, visando embasar as análises das representações sobre saúde e a criação de categorias sobre a motivação. A hermenêutica dialética serviu de referencial teórico para interpretação. Participaram 19 profissionais que utilizavam PICS, cuja maioria era enfermeira. As representações sociais foram descritas em 49 palavras, sendo as mais significativas "bem-estar" e "integralidade". Na motivação para a utilização, revelaram-se dois conjuntos de significados: promoção da saúde e enfrentamento da doença. O primeiro expressou-se como saúde integral; autocuidado individual; equilíbrio e não tratar os sintomas. O segundo tomou a forma de redução da medicação alopática; ineficiência do modelo atual; tratar as patologias biomédicas de outra forma. Emergiram dois paradigmas, o biomédico e o vitalista, entrelaçados no discurso, mostrando o sincretismo de significados nas práticas em saúde dos profissionais.

Abstract The Integrative and Complementary Health Practices broaden care, depending on the conception of health. The research aimed at analyzing the representations and meanings given to health by professionals using Integrative and Complementary Health Practices, and the reasons to include them in their practice. Research data was collected online and the method of free association was used to analyze the dimensions of health, which substantiated the analyses of the representations on health, and the motive categories. Hermeneutics served as the theoretical background for data interpretation. Nineteen professionals, mostly nurses, who use Integrative and Complementary Health Practices, participated in the study. Social representations of health were described in 49 words, and the most significant are "well-being" and "comprehensiveness". Two set of meanings emerged while interpreting the reasons that led professionals to use Integrative and Complementary Health Practices: health promotion and confronting disease. The first expresses Comprehensive Health; Individual Self-care; Balance, and do not treat symptoms. The second includes Reduction of Allopathic Medication; Inefficacy of the Current Model; Treating Biomedical Pathology in different ways. Two paradigms were identified: biomedicine and vitalism, both intertwined in speech, revealing syncretism of meanings in the practices of professionals.

[Liver transplants and organ allocation in Brazil: from Rawls to utilitarianism]. / Transplante de fígado e alocação dos órgãos no Brasil: entre Rawls e o utilitarismo.

The process of liver donations and transplants in Brazil reveals major inequalities between regions and states of the country, ranging from uptake of the organs to their transplantation. In 2006, the MELD score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease), inspired by the U.S. model and based on the principle of need, was introduced in Brazil for liver transplant allocation. However, Brazil's inequalities have partially undermined the initiative's success. Other countries have already benefited from growing discussion on the benefits of models that seek to harmonize utilitarianism and need. The current article reviews the relevant literature with a special focus on the Brazilian reality.

O processo de doação e transplante hepático no Brasil revela grandes desigualdades entre regiões e Unidades da Federação, desde a captação de órgãos até o implante do fígado. Em 2006, o escore MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease), inspirado no modelo estadunidense e baseado no princípio da necessidade, foi introduzido no Brasil para a alocação de fígado. Porém, as desigualdades no nosso país têm comprometido, parcialmente, o sucesso dessa iniciativa. Em outros países, já se presencia uma crescente discussão sobre o benefício de modelos que tentam harmonizar utilitarismo e necessidade. O presente artigo revisa a literatura pertinente com um foco especial na realidade brasileira.

El proceso de donación y trasplante hepático en Brasil revela grandes desigualdades entre regiones y unidades de la federación, desde la captación del órgano hasta el implante del mismo. En 2006, el marcador MELD (Model for End-stage Liver Disease), inspirado en el modelo estadounidense, y basado en el principio de necesidad, fue incorporado en Brasil para la asignación en trasplantes de hígado. No obstante, las desigualdades en nuestro país han comprometido, parcialmente, el éxito de esta iniciativa. En otros países, ya se vive una creciente discusión sobre el beneficio de modelos que intentan armonizar utilitarismo y necesidad. Este artículo revisa la literatura pertinente, centrándose especialmente en la realidad brasileña.

Participação social e Atenção Primária em Saúde no Brasil: uma revisão de escopo / Social participation and Primary Health Care in Brazil: a scoping review

Resumo O presente artigo objetiva realizar uma revisão de escopo da literatura, com o intuito de compreender as experiências formais de participação social que tem sido desenvolvidas no contexto da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) no Brasil, desde a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) até novembro de 2020. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases Lilacs, PubMed, PsycINFO e Sociological Abstracts, sendo achados 20 artigos abordando a participação social e a APS. Os resultados encontrados foram discutidos no que se refere ao perfil dos participantes e à competência para participar, ao processo de participar e à construção de ações participativas, além da centralidade da educação permanente como forma de fortalecer a participação social em saúde. A pesquisa revelou distintas experiências de participação social desenvolvidas nos territórios onde atua a APS, destacando-se as dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de implementação dos Conselhos Locais de Saúde (CLS). Sendo assim, discute-se que o fortalecimento da APS, principalmente do modelo Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF), envolve, de modo dialético, a construção e qualificação dos espaços participativos, o que resultaria em uma estratégia central de defesa do SUS em um momento de recrudescimento das relações democráticas no país.

Abstract This article aimed to carry out a scoping review of the literature to understand the formal experiences of social participation that have been developed in the context of the Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC), since the creation of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) until November 2020. The databases LILACS, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts were searched, and 20 articles were included that described the social participation in the context of PHC. The results found were discussed regarding the profile of the participants and the competence to participate, the process of participation and the building of participatory actions, and the centrality of permanent education as a way to strengthen social participation in health. The research revealed distinct experiences of social participation developed in the territories where the PHC operates, highlighting the difficulties faced in the process of implementing the Local Health Councils (LHC). Thus, it is understood that strengthening the PHC, especially the Family Health Strategy (FHS) model, involves, in a dialectical way, the construction and the qualification of participatory spaces, which would result in a central strategy to defend the SUS at this time of resurgence of democratic relations in Brazil.

[Social capital and the research agenda in epidemiology]. / Capital social e a agenda de pesquisa em epidemiologia.

Social capital refers to those features of social organization that enable participants to act together and more effectively pursue common goals. A growing body of evidence suggests that societies with high levels of social capital have lower morbidity and mortality rates and higher life expectancy and are less violent. The main goal of this article is to review the relationship between social capital and health. First, the main concepts and criticisms of social capital theory are discussed. Next, commonly used assessment tools are elucidated. Then, the relationship between social capital and health is analyzed. Finally, the article comments on the theory's application to Brazilian reality. If scientific rigor is applied to social capital research, recognizing theoretical and methodological difficulties, it can expand the research agenda and contribute to a better understanding of how to effectively deal with health inequalities.

O novo regime climático do Antropoceno e de Gaia / The new climatic regime of Anthropocene and Gaia / El nuevo régimen climático del Antropoceno y de Gaia

Resumo O artigo discute os conceitos de Antropoceno e de Gaia, apontados por Bruno Latour como categorias para entender o regime climático que estamos vivendo e servir de base teórica para buscar respostas apropriadas para a crise do clima. Os conceitos buscam superar dois pressupostos da racionalidade moderna: a oposição entre natureza e cultura - questionando o princípio de que os humanos são os únicos atores da realidade e introduzindo todos os seres vivos como agentes conformadores do ambiente - e a visão globalizante do planeta Terra, que impede de ver a terra como solo localizado onde acontecem os ciclos biogeoquímicos de transformação da energia que possibilitam a vida. Conclui-se que a reflexão de Latour fornece bases ontológicas para a discussão sobre a mudança climática e pressupostos para a bioética ambiental.

Abstract This article discusses the concepts of Anthropocene and Gaia, raised by Bruno Latour, as categories to understand the climate regime we are experiencing and serve as a theoretical basis to seek appropriate responses to the climate crisis. These concepts seek to overcome two assumptions of modern rationality: the opposition between nature and culture - questioning the principle that humans are the only actors in reality and introducing all living beings as agents shaping the environment - and the globalizing vision of planet Earth that prevents us from seeing it as localized soil where biogeochemical cycles of energy transformation that make life possible take place. It is concluded that Latour's reflection provides ontological bases for the discussion on climate change and assumptions for environmental bioethics.

Resumen Este artículo discute los conceptos de Antropoceno y Gaia, señalados por Bruno Latour como categorías para entender el régimen climático que estamos viviendo y para servir de base teórica para buscar respuestas adecuadas a la crisis climática. Los conceptos buscan superar dos supuestos de la racionalidad moderna: la oposición entre naturaleza y cultura -cuestionando el principio de que los humanos son los únicos actores de la realidad e introduciendo a todos los seres vivos como agentes conformadores del medio ambiente- y la visión globalizante del planeta Tierra, que impide ver la tierra como un suelo localizado en el que tienen lugar los ciclos biogeoquímicos de transformación de la energía que hacen posible la vida. Se concluye que la reflexión de Latour proporciona bases ontológicas para la discusión sobre el cambio climático y supuestos para la bioética ambiental.

Segurança do paciente e aspectos éticos: revisão de escopo / Patient safety and ethical aspects: scoping review / Seguridad del paciente y aspectos éticos: revisión de alcance

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar aspectos éticos relacionados à segurança do paciente em serviços de saúde. Para isso, realizou-se uma revisão de escopo nas bases SciELO, Lilacs, Ibecs, Medline, Bdenf, Cinahl e Google Acadêmico em setembro de 2019. Foram incluídos na amostra artigos originais, relatos de experiência, estudos teóricos e editoriais. A revisão abrangeu 32 estudos, publicados entre 2004 e 2019. Da análise do corpus resultaram sete categorias: fatores organizacionais e da equipe; comunicação com o paciente; comunicação de incidentes; beneficência e não maleficência; justiça; autonomia; e elementos potencializadores da ética na segurança do paciente. Acredita-se que os resultados desta revisão podem ser úteis para sensibilizar profissionais de saúde para aspectos éticos que envolvem a segurança do paciente.

Abstract The objective was to identify the ethical aspects present in the context of patient safety in health services. This was a scoping review on the following databases: Lilacs, Medline, Ibecs, BDENF, CINAHL, SciELO and Google Scholar in September 2019. Original research papers, experience report, theoretical studies, and editorials were included. The review comprised 32 studies published between 2004 and 2019. Seven categories emerged from the analysis: organizational and team factors; communication with patient; incident reporting; beneficence and non-maleficence; justice; autonomy and potential elements of ethics in patient safety. The results of this review may be useful to improve the sensitivity of healthcare professionals working in patient care about the ethical aspects that involve patient safety.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudo es identificar aspectos éticos relacionados con la seguridad del paciente en los servicios de salud. Para ello, se realizó una revisión de alcance en las bases SciELO, Lilacs, Ibecs, Medline, Bdenf, Cinahl y Google Académico en septiembre del 2019. Se incluyeron en la muestra artículos originales, relatos de experiencia, estudios teóricos y editoriales. La revisión incluyó 32 estudios publicados entre el 2004 y el 2019. Del análisis del corpus resultaron siete categorías: factores organizacionales y del equipo; comunicación con el paciente; comunicação de incidentes; beneficência y no maleficencia; justicia; autonomía; y elementos potenciadores de la ética en la seguridad del paciente. Se considera que los resultados de esta revisión pueden resultar útiles para sensibilizar a los profesionales de la salud hacia los aspectos éticos que implican la seguridad del paciente.

Institucionalização das práticas de atenção às condições crônicas e gestão do cuidado na Atenção Primária / Institucionalización de las prácticas de atención a las enfermedades crónicas y a la gestión del cuidado en la atención primaria / Institutionalization of care practices for chronic conditions and the management of assistance in Primary Health Care

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a institucionalização das práticas de atenção às condições crônicas e da gestão do cuidado em um serviço de Atenção Primária. A Análise Institucional, na vertente socioanalítica, consistiu no referencial teórico-metodológico escolhido. Foram utilizadas como ferramentas a observação participante, a realização de grupos com as equipes de Saúde e entrevistas com os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de pesquisas e avaliação do serviço. Os resultados mostraram que a resistência do sujeito à mudança implica obstáculo para o desenvolvimento e a consolidação das práticas de atenção às condições crônicas. Além disso, não há uma responsabilidade coletiva dos profissionais, demonstrando a falta de planejamento e engajamento da equipe. Destaca-se, também, uma política de gestão por resultados que oprime e desestimula a potência dos coletivos e a criação de novas alternativas diante dos impasses vivenciados. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la institucionalización de las prácticas de atención a las enfermedades crónicas y de la gestión del cuidado en un servicio de atención primaria. El análisis institucional, en la vertiente socioanalítica, constituyó el referencial teórico-metodológico elegido. Como herramientas se utilizaron la observación participante, la realización de grupos con los equipos de salud y entrevistas con los responsables por el desarrollo de investigaciones y evaluación del servicio. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia del sujeto al cambio implica un obstáculo para el desarrollo y la consolidación de las prácticas de atención a las enfermedades crónicas. Además, no hay una responsabilidad colectiva de todos los profesionales, demostrando la falta de planificación y compromiso del equipo. También se destaca una política de gestión por resultados que oprime y desincentiva la potencia de los colectivos y la creación de nuevas alternativas ante los impases vividos. (AU)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the institutionalization of care practices for chronic conditions and the management of assistance in a primary care service. The socio-analytical line of Institutional Analysis was chosen as the theoretical-methodological framework. In this intervention research, participant observation, groups held with health teams and interviews conducted with the individuals responsible for developing research and evaluating the service were used as tools. The results show that the subject's resistance to change is an obstacle to the development and consolidation of the care practices for chronic conditions. In addition, there is not a collective responsibility of all the professionals, demonstrating the lack of planning and engagement of the team. Also worthy of note is the results-oriented management policy, which oppresses and discourages collective power and innovation. (AU)

Análise institucional da vigilância em saúde em um município da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS / Institutional analysis of health surveillance in a city in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo identificar e analisar a institucionalização das ações de vigilância em saúde em um município da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS visando perceber suas dimensões instituídas e instituintes, bem como caracterizar as lógicas de atuação dessa vigilância. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado foi a análise institucional, na vertente socioanalítica. A pesquisa foi realizada em dois momentos, usando como ferramentas de coleta de informações a observação participante, as reuniões de grupo com o coletivo dos trabalhadores e o diário da primeira autora. Apareceram como resultados a institucionalização da vigilância - em decorrência do analisador "identificação de toda vigilância com a vigilância sanitária" -, a relevância do trabalho em rede - a partir de situações pontuais - e a fragilidade da vigilância da saúde do trabalhador, tendo presente o analisador da invisibilidade dessa vigilância no sistema. Foram observadas ações educativas - especialmente na vigilância sanitária -, processos instituintes e parcerias entre a vigilância em saúde e a atenção básica e entre as diferentes vigilâncias. Por fim, percebeu-se que nas ações intersetoriais é importante ter presentes as diferenças culturais, históricas e funcionais dos diferentes setores envolvidos.

Abstract The article aims to identify and analyze the institutionalization of Health Surveillance actions in a municipality in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, aiming to perceive its instituted and instituting dimensions, as well as to characterize the logic of this Surveillance's performance. The theoretical-methodological framework used was Institutional Analysis, in the socio-analytical aspect. The research was carried out in two moments, using participant observation, group meetings with the workers' collective and the diary of the first author as a tool for collecting information. As a result, the following emerged: the institutionalization of surveillance - due to the analyzer "identification of all surveillance with health surveillance"; the relevance of networking - from specific situations; and the fragility of the worker health surveillance, bearing in mind the analyzer for the invisibility of this surveillance in the system. Educational actions were observed - especially at health surveillance - instituting processes; partnership between health surveillance and primary healthcare and between the different surveillances. Finally, it was realized that in intersectoral actions it is important to bear in mind the cultural, historical and functional differences of the different sectors involved.

Processo de trabalho na vigilância em saúde no Brasil: uma scoping review / Work process in health surveillance in Brazil: a scoping review

Resumo Introdução A descentralização da vigilância em saúde demandou dos municípios uma reorganização dos processos de trabalho. Ao passo que aproximou o serviço do território, também suscitou desafios em formular propostas de intervenção sobre problemas de saúde. Objetivo Analisar o processo de trabalho dos profissionais que executam ações de vigilância em saúde no Brasil. Método Estudo de revisão da literatura de tipo scoping review. A estratégia de busca incluiu a consulta em bases de dados, Google Scholar e listas de referências, para artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2016. As buscas foram realizadas em abril de 2017 por dois pesquisadores, separadamente. A amostra compõe-se de 38 estudos. Resultados Resultaram cinco categorias: descentralização das ações de vigilância; vigilância em saúde e o trabalho em rede; processos educativos; análise territorial, e participação social. O processo descentralizado aproximou a vigilância do território e da comunidade, favorecendo a sua capacidade antecipatória, o trabalho intersetorial e a atuação ajustada aos problemas. Contudo, a descentralização ainda é um desafio na construção da vigilância como um trabalho em rede que tenha, como ponto de partida, a atenção básica, através de uma análise territorial. A resposta ao desafio exige processos de educação permanente e o engajamento participativo da comunidade e do controle social. Conclusão A descentralização exige ações conjuntas dos trabalhadores da vigilância e da atenção, tendo como base o território e as ações de cunho intersetorial e com participação social.

Abstract Introduction Decentralization of health surveillance required municipalities to reorganize work processes. While bringing the service closer to the territory, it also raised challenges in formulating intervention proposals on health problems. Objective to analyze the work process of professionals who perform health surveillance actions in Brazil. Method This is a literature scoping review study. The search strategy included health databases, Google Scholar, and reference lists for articles published between 2000 and 2016. Searches were conducted in April 2017 by two researchers separately. The sample consists of 38 studies. Results Five categories emerged: decentralization of surveillance actions, health surveillance and networking, educational processes, territorial analysis, and social participation. The decentralized process approached the surveillance of the territory and the community, favoring its anticipatory capacity, the intersectoral work, and the action adjusted to the problems. However, this approach is still a challenge for the construction of the surveillance as a network, based on the primary care through a territorial analysis. The answer to this challenge demands processes of permanent education and the participative compromise of the community and social control. Conclusion The decentralization requires united actions of the professionals of surveillance and attendance, having as focus the territory, intersectoral actions, and social participation.

[Nursing in life re-significance on the face of disease]. / A enfermagem na ressignificação da vida diante da enfermidade.

The paper deals with the educational role played by the health care provider. The ideas exposed stem from a reflection made from a research on the resignification of life of individuals affected by diseases that entail changes to their lifestyle. The health care provider has a key role in this process, influencing the patient positively or negatively. The reflection approaches the subjective process of life resignification in the health/disease situation and the educational role of the nursing professional in performing their tasks. Teaching and learning influence the configuration of the individual's imagery, constituting thereby an important ingredient to the educational know-how in the professional practice.

Estudo comparativo das inovações sobre condições crônicas na atenção primária em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil e Ferrara, Itália / Comparative study of innovations on chronic conditions in primary health care in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Ferrara, Italy

Resumo Este estudo visa comparar os principais desafios referentes às inovações na atenção às condições crônicas percebidos por profissionais de atenção primária de Porto Alegre, Brasil, e Ferrara, Itália. Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória descritiva de abordagem qualitativa realizada em unidades da atenção primária, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais da Unidade Sanitária Local de Ferrara e grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição de Porto Alegre. Os dados foram discutidos por meio de análise temática. Colocando em análise os dois casos, destaca-se como desafios, a resistência tanto dos profissionais, quanto dos usuários diante das práticas inovadoras, dificuldades na gestão do cuidado e deficiência no processo de formação, que ainda não prepara o profissional para o novo modelo de atenção. Conclui-se que estes desafios influenciam claramente no dia a dia dos serviços e desestimulam a incorporação de práticas inovadoras no cuidado das pessoas com condições crônicas.

Abstract This study compares the main challenges related to innovations in health care concerning chronic conditions perceived by primary care professionals from Porto Alegre, Brazil, and Ferrara, Italy. This is a descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach performed in primary care units whose data were collected through semi-structured interviews with professionals from the Local Sanitary Unit of Ferrara and focus groups and semi-structured interviews with workers of the Community Health Service of the Grupo Hospitalar Alegre Conceição of Porto Alegre. Data were discussed using thematic analysis. By analyzing both cases, the main challenges of both professionals and users are innovative practices, difficulties in the organization and management of care, and inefficient training process, which still does not prepare the professional for the new health care model. We conclude that these challenges influence the daily routine of these professionals and discourage the incorporation of innovative practices in the care of people with chronic conditions.