Loss of Grhl3 is correlated with altered cellular protrusions in the non-neural ectoderm during neural tube closure.

BACKGROUND: The transcription factor Grainyhead-like 3 (GRHL3) has multiple roles in a variety of tissues during development including epithelial patterning and actin cytoskeletal regulation. During neural tube closure (NTC) in the mouse embryo, GRHL3 is expressed and functions in the non-neural ectoderm (NNE). Two important functions of GRHL3 are regulating the actin cytoskeleton during NTC and regulating the boundary between the NNE and neural ectoderm. However, an open question that remains is whether these functions explain the caudally restricted neural tube defect (NTD) of spina bifida observed in Grhl3 mutants. RESULTS: Using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence based imaging on Grhl3 mutants and wildtype controls, we show that GRHL3 is dispensable for NNE identity or epithelial maintenance in the caudal NNE but is needed for regulation of cellular protrusions during NTC. Grhl3 mutants have decreased lamellipodia relative to wildtype embryos during caudal NTC, first observed at the onset of delays when lamellipodia become prominent in wildtype embryos. At the axial level of NTD, half of the mutants show increased and disorganized filopodia and half lack cellular protrusions. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that altered cellular protrusions during NTC contribute to the etiology of NTD in Grhl3 mutants.

Case Report: Diffuse T wave inversions as initial electrocardiographic evidence in acute pulmonary embolism.

Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition and is typically diagnosed by a combination of symptoms, clinical signs and imaging. Electrocardiogram may be helpful in diagnosis, and the most widely described pattern of occurrence is the so-called S 1Q 3T 3 pattern. Here, we describe the case of an African-American male who presented with typical chest pain, diffuse T wave inversions with serial troponin elevation. There was initial concern for Wellen's syndrome but was finally diagnosed as acute PE. This case underscores the necessity of vigilance and a lower threshold for PE work up even in patients presenting as acute coronary syndrome.

Endothelial cell culture: beginnings of modern vascular biology.

Endothelial cells derived from human umbilical veins were first successfully cultured in vitro in 1973. Weibel-Palade bodies and the von Willebrand factor antigen were used as morphological, immunohistochemical, and functional markers to unequivocally identify the cells. These landmark studies helped initiate the growth of modern vascular biology.

G6b-B cell surface inhibitory receptor expression is highly restricted to CD4+ T-cells and induced by interleukin-4-activated STAT6 pathway.

The G6b-B gene encodes a novel cell surface receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that activates inhibitory signaling pathways by triggering SHP-1/SHP-2 via immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain. We previously identified decreased G6b-B expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) during acute cellular cardiac allograft rejection. We studied the expression of G6b-B in different human mononuclear cell populations and its regulation. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that G6b-B mRNA is higher in CD4+ T cells or monocytes, but is not different between CD25+ CD4+ T cells and CD25- CD4+ T cells. G6b-B mRNA was increased in CD4+ T cells in presence of interleukin-4 in dose- and time-dependent manners. To understand the regulatory mechanism, we analyzed a 1.9-kb 5'-flanking region of the G6b-B translation start site and found a putative cis-acting element for Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-6. Luciferase-reporter-gene-assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified the STAT6 site as necessary for the induction of G6b-B by IL-4. Our study demonstrates that G6b-B expression is highly restricted to peripheral CD4+ T cells and up-regulated by the IL-4-induced STAT6 pathway, strongly suggesting that G6b-B is involved in regulation of the immune response by CD4+ T cell-mediated and IL-4 induced regulatory mechanisms.

Spontaneous iliopsoas haematoma: a complication of hypertensive urgency.

Iliopsoas haematoma is a rare clinical entity which can be life threatening in extreme cases. We are reporting a case of iliopsoas haematoma as a complication of hypertensive urgency. A 67-year old woman presented to emergency room with hypertensive urgency and hip pain. During hospitalisation, her haemoglobin was decreasing and on further evaluation, she did not have any signs of external bleeding and laboratory results were not suggestive of haemolysis. CT scan of abdomen and pelvis revealed a spontaneous iliopsoas haematoma. A likely explanation for this presentation in the absence of coagulopathy and trauma is very high blood pressure. Patient was on low-dose aspirin at home which could have further aggravated her bleeding due to platelet dysfunction. She was managed conservatively with blood transfusions and blood pressure was reduced to target after which she recovered.

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus associated with esophagitis dissecans superficialis.

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus is one of the rare autoantibody mediated skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) demonstrating subepidermal blistering with neutrophilic infiltrate histologically. We present a case of a 40-year-old Hispanic female who presented with a several months' history of multiple blistering pruritic skin lesions involving the face and trunk, a photosensitive rash over the face and neck, swelling of the right neck lymph node, and joint pain involving her elbows and wrist. Her malady was diagnosed as bullous systemic lupus erythematosus based on the immunological workup and biopsy of her skin lesions. The patient also complained of odynophagia and endoscopy revealed esophagitis dissecans superficialis which is a rare endoscopic finding characterized by sloughing of the esophageal mucosa. The bullous disorders typically associated with esophagitis dissecans superficialis are pemphigus and rarely bullous pemphigoid. However, this is the first reported case of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus associated with esophagitis dissecans superficialis.

Not every recurrent pelvic mass in a female is a leiomyoma.

Desmoid tumors are rare neoplasms. They occur mostly in females in their reproductive age and may present with pelvic pain and intestinal obstruction. These connective tissue neoplasms are because of uncontrolled proliferation of differentiated myofibroblasts. The cells may synthesize vast amounts of collagen fibers in response to various stimuli. We describe a case of a pelvic desmoid tumor simulating a uterine leiomyoma recurrence. We review the literature on the epidemiology and the treatment options for desmoid tumors and suggest a strong index of suspicion when a new pelvic mass arises in an adult with previous pelvic surgery. We advise a planned multidisciplinary treatment approach at the first hint of the diagnosis of desmoid tumor.

Influenza A(H7N9) virus gains neuraminidase inhibitor resistance without loss of in vivo virulence or transmissibility.

Without baseline human immunity to the emergent avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, neuraminidase inhibitors are vital for controlling viral replication in severe infections. An amino acid change in the viral neuraminidase associated with drug resistance, NA-R292K (N2 numbering), has been found in some H7N9 clinical isolates. Here we assess the impact of the NA-R292K substitution on antiviral sensitivity and viral replication, pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 viruses. Our data indicate that an H7N9 isolate encoding the NA-R292K substitution is highly resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir and partially resistant to zanamivir. Furthermore, H7N9 reassortants with and without the resistance mutation demonstrate comparable viral replication in primary human respiratory cells, virulence in mice and transmissibility in guinea pigs. Thus, in stark contrast to oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses, H7N9 virus replication and pathogenicity in these models are not substantially altered by the acquisition of high-level oseltamivir resistance due to the NA-R292K mutation.

Klippel-trenaunay syndrome: an often overlooked risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital condition redefined by Oduber et al (2008) by the coexistence of vascular malformations and disturbed soft tissue or bony growth, including hypertrophy or hypotrophy in the same or opposite sides of the body. The anomalies may involve part of a limb, a whole limb, a limb girdle, or a hemibody. Vascular malformations may involve veins, capillaries, or lymphatics although venous or capillary malformations are essential for the diagnosis. Associated venous anomalies include dysplasia, valvular malformations, and varicosities. Congenital venous anomalies are often associated with disturbances of blood flow and should be considered as prothrombotic states. However, such anomalies are not considered in Wells scores and used to determine the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). We present the case of a male with unrecognized crossed dissociated form of KTS and unsuspected VTE. The pathophysiology and the treatment of VTE in KTS are discussed. We suggest physicians to be aware of KTS and that its recognition in a critically ill patient should prompt consideration for appropriate prophylaxis for high-risk category for VTE. Dedicated duplex sonography should be obtained if VTE is suspected. We also suggest a modification of the Wells scores to reflect the association of KTS and VTE.

Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia associated with uterine leiomyomata.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) in a patient with large leiomyomata. METHODS: We present the clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings of a diabetic patient who presented with recurrent hypoglycemia later linked to uterine leiomyomata. RESULTS: An 80-year-old woman with diabetes was admitted after falling at home. She reported dizziness and had recorded low capillary blood glucose despite discontinuing her diabetic medication prior to admission. Her physical examination was remarkable for nonorthostatic vital signs, normal cardiovascular and lung examination, and a pelvi-abdominal mass the size of a gravid uterus at 28 weeks of gestation. After receiving a 50% dextrose infusion, she became alert with no focal neurological deficit. Capillary blood glucose rose from 31 mg/dL to 110 mg/dL. A pelvic sonogram confirmed fibromyomata. She was initially treated with steroids after a hormonal profile suggested NICTH (normal fasting insulin, C-peptide, cosyntropin and glucagon stimulation tests, and negative insulin antibodies). Insulinlike growth factor (IGF) levels were IGF-1, 69 ng/mL and IGF-2, 782 ng/mL, and the IGF-2/IGF-1 ratio was 10.8. The patient underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy. Pathology reported a 3-kg uterus with multiple, large cellular fibromyomas. After steroids were discontinued, she became hyperglycemic requiring insulin and oral diabetic agents. Repeat IGF-2 and IGF-1 measurements were 261 ng/mL and 36 ng/mL, respectively. She was discharged 2 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSION: NICTH is a rare complication associated with large neoplasms. Leiomyomata should be included in the differential diagnoses of NICTH. Surgery is curative in such cases.

An obscure case of hepatic subcapsular hematoma.

Spontaneous liver bleeding is often reported in preeclampsia. It is otherwise rare and has been linked to gross anatomical lesions and coagulopathy. We report a case of subcapsular hematoma of the liver without any apparent lesion and in the absence of coagulopathy. A 41-year-old male, paraplegic for 16 years, presented to the emergency department 3 days after sudden onset of right upper quadrant and shoulder pain. He had been on vitamins and 5,000 units subcutaneous heparin 12-hourly at the nursing home for the last month. He was in no distress, afebrile, with stable vitals. Physical examination showed a diverting colostomy, tender hepatomegaly and sacral decubiti. A fecal occult blood test was negative. There was spastic paraplegia below the level of T12. Two days after admission, the patient was afebrile and hemodynamically stable. PTT, PT, liver profile, BUN and creatinine were all normal, however his hemoglobin had dropped from 11.3 to 7.6 g/dl. An abdominal CT scan revealed an isolated 9.0 × 1.8 cm subcapsular hematoma. The patient received blood transfusion in the intensive care unit and was discharged 7 days later. In conclusion, spontaneous liver hemorrhage occurs in the nonobstetrical population in the setting of gross anatomical lesions or coagulopathy. This is the first report of an isolated subcapsular liver hematoma.