Moonlighting Protein Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase: A Cellular Rapid-Response Molecule for Maintenance of Iron Homeostasis in Hypoxia.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hypoxia triggers a rapid increase in iron demand to meet the requirements of enhanced erythropoiesis. The mobilization of iron stores from macrophage to plasma as holo-transferrin (Tf) from where it is accessible to erythroid precursor cells impacts iron homeostasis. Despite the immediate need for enhanced iron uptake by bone marrow cells, numerous studies have shown that transferrin receptor levels do not rise until more than 24 hours after the onset of hypoxia, suggesting the existence of heretofore unknown rapid response cellular machinery for iron acquisition in the early stages of cellular hypoxia. METHODS: We performed flow cytometry to measure cell surface levels of TfR1, GAPDH, and Tf binding after hypoxia treatment. We utilized FRET analysis and co-immunoprecipitation methods to establish the interaction between Tf and GAPDH. RESULTS: In the current study, we demonstrated that hypoxia induces K562 cells to translocate the cytosolic moonlighting protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) onto cell surfaces and into the extracellular milieu to acquire transferrin-bound iron, even while levels of the classical transferrin receptor TfR1 (CD71) remain suppressed. GAPDH knockdown confirmed this protein's role in transferrin acquisition. Interestingly, macrophages did not show enhanced levels of extracellular GAPDH under hypoxia. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the role of GAPDH-mediated Tf uptake as a rapid response mechanism by which cells acquire iron during the early stages of hypoxia. This is a tissue-specific phenomenon for the distinct requirements of cells that are consumers of iron versus cells that play a role in iron storage and recycling. This rapid deployment of an abundantly available multipurpose molecule allows hypoxic cells to internalize more Tf and maintain enhanced iron supplies in the early stages of hypoxia before specialized receptors can be synthesized and deployed to the cell membrane.

Agreement between self-report and prescription data in medical records for pregnant women.

BACKGROUND Clinical teratology studies often rely on patient reports of medication use in pregnancy with or without other sources of information. Electronic medical records (EMRs), administrative databases, pharmacy dispensing records, drug registries, and patients' self-reports are all widely used sources of information to assess potential teratogenic effect of medications. The objective of this study was to assess comparability of self-reported and prescription medication data in EMRs for the most common therapeutic classes. METHODS The study population included 404 pregnant women prospectively recruited from five prenatal care clinics affiliated with the University of New Mexico. Self-reported information on prescription medications taken since the last menstrual period (LMP) was obtained by semistructured interviews in either English or Spanish. For validation purposes, EMRs were reviewed to abstract information on medications prescribed between the LMP and the date of the interview. Agreement was estimated by calculating a kappa (κ) coefficient, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS In this sample of socially-disadvantaged (i.e., 67.9% high school education or less, 48.5% no health insurance), predominantly Latina (80.4%) pregnant women, antibiotics and antidiabetic agents were the most prevalent therapeutic classes. The agreement between the two sources substantially varied by therapeutic class, with the highest level of agreement seen among antidiabetic and thyroid medications (κ ≥0.8) and the lowest among opioid analgesics (κ = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a high concordance between self-report and prescription data for therapeutic classes used chronically, while poor agreement was observed for medications used intermittently, on an 'as needed" basis, or in short courses.

Structural Features of Coronavirus and the COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact in India.

The rapid transmission of COVID-19 infection around the world in a brief timeframe has caused an exponential decline in street traffic and other industrial activities in various parts of the world. The confined human collaboration with the nature at the time of this emergency has shown up as an advantage for Mother Nature after COVID-19 flare because the air present in the atmosphere and water flowing in river streams is upgrading and untamed life is blossoming. India, being consistently seen as the center of contamination due to a tremendous population, overwhelming road traffic and industries which contribute to heavy pollution prompting rise in air quality index for almost all the big cities of the country. However, after the announcement of lockdown because of COVID-19, the air quality begun to upgrade and other environmental variables, for example, water quality in streams and waterways have begun offering a positive hint towards restoration. This review gives a brief knowledge on the structure and genomic organization of novel coronavirus as well as it focuses on alterations in air and water quality along with its environmental consequences at specific locations of the country during lockdown due to this pandemic circumstance.

Biochemical Pathways Regulated by Algae to Mitigate Global Carbon Emissions: A Review.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), being an important greenhouse gas (GHG) significantly present in Earth's atmosphere, has been increasing because of several anthropogenic activities leading to global warming. Globally, various efforts have been made to confront climate change, and various CO2 capture and storage methods have been designed. This review aims at describing detailed studies about algae and the methods used by algae to capture and sequester carbon from the atmospheric environment. Algae exist in varied terrestrial and aqueous habitats. Under certain conditions, microalgae are potential accumulators of lipids, which act as a biofuel. Algal biofuel production promotes carbon sequestration and future energy production. This review explicates the opportunities and challenges for biological systems in CO2 sequestration by algae. In addition, the CO2 fixation by algae is explored and leading biochemical channels and enzymes involved in it are studied.

Detrimental Effects of Heavy Metals in Soil, Plants, and Aquatic Ecosystems and in Humans.

Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to flora as well as fauna for the past few decades. Industries release effluents into the environment which act as the major source of pollution. The hazardous effects of heavy metals released from these industries impact the soil and due to bioaccumulation of these compounds in the food chain, they ultimately result in a serious human health hazard. The concentration of metals like chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), and several others in plants as well as in aquatic animals is above permissible limits according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) guidelines. This is why we need to prevent the aquatic ecosystem and human health from detrimental effects. In this review we will be discussing the harmful effects of these metals on soil, plants, aquatic ecosystems, and human health.