Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and change in tumor load on MRI to assess response and prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to explore if the combination of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and change in tumor load on dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging leads to better assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with breast cancer, compared to either alone. METHODS: In 190 NAC treated patients, MRI scans were performed before and at the end of treatment. The percentage of stromal TILs (%TILs) was assessed in pre-NAC biopsies according to established criteria. Prediction models were developed with linear regression by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and cross validation (CV), with residual cancer burden as the dependent variable. Discrimination for pathological complete response (pCR) was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). We used Cox regression analysis for exploring the association between %TILs and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS: Fifty-one patients reached pCR. In all patients, the %TILs model and change in MRI tumor load model had an estimated CV AUC of 0.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-0.78) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.61-0.79), respectively, whereas a model combining the variables resulted in an estimated CV AUC of 0.75 (95% CI 0.66-0.83). In the group with tumors that were ER positive and HER2 negative (ER+/HER2-) and in the group with tumors that were either triple negative or HER2 positive (TN&HER2+) separately, the combined model reached an estimated CV AUC of 0.72 (95% CI 0.60-0.88) and 0.70(95% CI 0.59-0.82), respectively. A significant association was observed between pre-treatment %TILS and RFS (hazard ratio (HR) 0.72 (95% CI 0.53-0.98), for every standard deviation increase in %TILS, p = 0.038). CONCLUSION: The combination of TILs and MRI is informative of response to NAC in patients with both ER+/HER2- and TN&HER2+ tumors.

Predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with liquid biopsies and multiparametric MRI in patients with breast cancer.

Accurate prediction of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can help tailor treatment to individual patients' needs. Little is known about the combination of liquid biopsies and computer extracted features from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the prediction of NAC response in breast cancer. Here, we report on a prospective study with the aim to explore the predictive potential of this combination in adjunct to standard clinical and pathological information before, during and after NAC. The study was performed in four Dutch hospitals. Patients without metastases treated with NAC underwent 3 T multiparametric MRI scans before, during and after NAC. Liquid biopsies were obtained before every chemotherapy cycle and before surgery. Prediction models were developed using penalized linear regression to forecast residual cancer burden after NAC and evaluated for pathologic complete response (pCR) using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Sixty-one patients were included. Twenty-three patients (38%) achieved pCR. Most prediction models yielded the highest estimated LOOCV area under the curve (AUC) at the post-treatment timepoint. A clinical-only model including tumor grade, nodal status and receptor subtype yielded an estimated LOOCV AUC for pCR of 0.76, which increased to 0.82 by incorporating post-treatment radiological MRI assessment (i.e., the "clinical-radiological" model). The estimated LOOCV AUC was 0.84 after incorporation of computer-extracted MRI features, and 0.85 when liquid biopsy information was added instead of the radiological MRI assessment. Adding liquid biopsy information to the clinical-radiological resulted in an estimated LOOCV AUC of 0.86. In conclusion, inclusion of liquid biopsy-derived markers in clinical-radiological prediction models may have potential to improve prediction of pCR after NAC in breast cancer.

Paternity testing using the poisonous sting in captive white-spotted eagle rays Aetobatus narinari: a non-invasive tool for captive sustainability programmes.

A group of captive white-spotted eagle rays Aetobatus narinari produced 20 offspring, with an unknown father. Part of the poisonous sting was removed from each fish and DNA was extracted from the epidermis for paternity research using eight microsatellite markers of which four were from another species Aetobatus flagellum. This non-invasive sampling technique can be applied on all members of Myliobatiformes.

The sea louse Lepeophtheirus acutus (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda) as a pathogen of aquarium-held elasmobranchs.

Lepeophtheirus acutus Heegaard, 1943 (Caligidae, Siphonostomatoida, Copepoda), was collected from or observed on four of six elasmobranch species held at Burgers' Zoo (Arnhem, The Netherlands). Circumstantial evidence suggested that a zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann), from the wild carried the infection into the facility, where copepods reproduced and colonized additional hosts. Copepods typically attached on and about the eyes, in the mouth and occasionally about the cloaca and on the claspers. Severe ocular lesions were associated with infections on zebra sharks, a grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker), whitetip reef sharks, Triaenodon obesus (Rüppell), and giant shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus Bennett, while blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard), and blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes), living in infested aquaria showed no sign of infection. Water treatments using trichlorfon were considered primarily responsible for the eradication of copepods from hosts and infested aquaria. This case is the first report of a copepod infection being closely associated with disease and death of an aquarium-held elasmobranch. Given its ability to infect a wide variety of elasmobranchs and promote life-threatening lesions on some hosts, L. acutus should be considered a dangerous pathogen of captive elasmobranchs.

Langerhans' cells, veiled cells, and interdigitating cells in the mouse recognized by a monoclonal antibody.

An mAb, NLDC-145, is described that specifically reacts with a group of nonlymphoid dendritic cells including Langerhans cells (LC), veiled cells (VC), and interdigitating cells (IDC). The antibody does not react with precursor cells in bone marrow and blood. Macrophages are not stained by the antibody, but a subpopulation of Ia+ peritoneal exudate cells is recognized. Possible relationships of the various nonlymphoid dendritic cell (NLDC) types are discussed.

History of arrhythmias.

A historical overview is given on the techniques to record the electrical activity of the heart, some anatomical aspects relevant for the understanding of arrhythmias, general mechanisms of arrhythmias, mechanisms of some specific arrhythmias and nonpharmacological forms of therapy. The unravelling of arrhythmia mechanisms depends, of course, on the ability to record the electrical activity of the heart. It is therefore no surprise that following the construction of the string galvanometer by Einthoven in 1901, which allowed high-fidelity recording of the body surface electrocardiogram, the study of arrhythmias developed in an explosive way. Still, papers from McWilliam (1887), Garrey (1914) and Mines (1913, 1914) in which neither mechanical nor electrical activity was recorded provided crucial insights into re-entry as a mechanism for atrial and ventricular fibrillation, atrioventricular nodal re-entry and atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia in hearts with an accessory atrioventricular connection. The components of the electrocardiogram, and of extracellular electrograms directly recorded from the heart, could only be well understood by comparing such registrations with recordings of transmembrane potentials. The first intracellular potentials were recorded with microelectrodes in 1949 by Coraboeuf and Weidmann. It is remarkable that the interpretation of extracellular electrograms was still controversial in the 1950s, and it was not until 1962 that Dower showed that the transmembrane action potential upstroke coincided with the steep negative deflection in the electrogram. For many decades, mapping of the spread of activation during an arrhythmia was performed with a "roving" electrode that was subsequently placed on different sites on the cardiac surface with a simultaneous recording of another signal as time reference. This method could only provide reliable information if the arrhythmia was strictly regular. When multiplexing systems became available in the late 1970s, and optical mapping in the 1980s, simultaneous registrations could be made from many sites. The analysis of atrial and ventricular fibrillation then became much more precise. The old question whether an arrhythmia is due to a focal or a re-entrant mechanism could be answered, and for atrial fibrillation, for instance, the answer is that both mechanisms may be operative. The road from understanding the mechanism of an arrhythmia to its successful therapy has been long: the studies of Mines in 1913 and 1914, microelectrode studies in animal preparations in the 1960s and 1970s, experimental and clinical demonstrations of initiation and termination of tachycardias by premature stimuli in the 1960s and 1970s, successful surgery in the 1980s, the development of external and implantable defibrillators in the 1960s and 1980s, and finally catheter ablation at the end of the previous century, with success rates that approach 99% for supraventricular tachycardias.

Changes in sinus node function in a rabbit model of heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is associated with profound changes in the balance of the autonomic nervous system, such as vagal withdrawal and increased catecholamine levels. It is not known whether the intrinsic sinus node function changes during the progression of heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: We implanted transmitters for Holter recording in an established rabbit model of heart failure (n=9) and observed changes in sinus cycle length and the occurrence of arrhythmias during the progression of heart failure. The in vitro sinus cycle length and the responses to acetylcholine and norepinephrine in the isolated right atria were analyzed in 12 rabbits with heart failure and in 6 control rabbits. In vivo cycle length increased in some animals and decreased in others. Sudden death occurred in 3 of 9 rabbits. These rabbits had developed a shorter cycle length than the surviving rabbits. Ventricular tachycardias developed in all but 1 rabbit. The in vitro sinus cycle length increased in heart failure. The response to acetylcholine also increased in heart failure, whereas the response to norepinephrine was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in intrinsic sinus node function during the progression of heart failure cannot explain the observed decreases in heart rate variability and/or baroreflex sensitivity in this disease, because increased responsiveness to acetylcholine would be expected to cause the opposite.

Reentrant pathway during ventricular echoes is confined to the atrioventricular node : high-resolution mapping and dissection of the triangle of koch in isolated, perfused canine hearts.

Background-During ventricular echoes, reentrant excitation is supposed to involve 2 functionally distinct pathways in the atrioventricular (AV) nodal area. The exact pathway of reentrant excitation is unknown. The objectives of this study were to analyze electrical activity in the AV nodal area after ventricular stimulation and during ventricular echoes and to assess the role of perinodal atrial tissue in AV nodal reentry. Methods and Results-In 16 isolated, blood-perfused canine hearts, multiterminal electrodes were used to map electrical activity in Koch's triangle after ventricular stimulation and during ventricular echoes. The subendocardial cell layers were chemically destroyed in 3 hearts. Incisions in the posterior approach to the compact node were made in 6 hearts. The apex of the triangle of Koch was surgically dissociated from the perinodal atrial tissue in 5 hearts. Retrograde atrial activation occurred via 2 distinct endocardial exit sites. Ventricular echoes could be induced in all hearts irrespective of the atrial activation pattern. Simultaneous retrograde activation of both exit sites often preceded reciprocation. Ventricular echoes were demonstrable after chemical destruction of the endocardium and after surgical dissociation of the perinodal atrial tissue from the AV node. Conclusions-Our data show that the reentrant pathway during ventricular echoes is confined to the AV node. The tissue that connects the node to the endocardial exit sites has to be excluded from the reentrant circuit responsible for single echoes.

Activation delay after premature stimulation in chronically diseased human myocardium relates to the architecture of interstitial fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Progressive activation delay starting at long coupling intervals of premature stimuli has been shown to correlate with sudden cardiac death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of increased activation delay in chronically diseased myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS: High-resolution unipolar mapping (105, 208, or 247 recording sites with interelectrode distances of 0.8, 0.5, or 0.3 mm, respectively) of epicardial electrical activity was carried out during premature stimulation in 11 explanted human hearts. The hearts came from patients who underwent heart transplantation and were in the end stage of heart failure (coronary artery disease, 4; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1; and dilated cardiomyopathy, 6). Eight hearts were Langendorff-perfused. Epicardial sheets were taken from the remaining hearts and studied in a tissue bath. Activation maps and conduction curves were constructed and correlated with histology. Conduction curves revealing prominent increase of activation delay were associated with zones of dense, patchy fibrosis with long fibrotic strands. Dense, diffuse fibrosis with short fibrotic strands only marginally affected conduction curves. The course of conduction curves in patchy fibrotic areas greatly depended on the direction of propagation relative to fiber direction. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that in chronically diseased human myocardium, nonuniform anisotropic characteristics imposed by long fibrotic strands cause a progressive increase of activation delay, starting at long coupling intervals of premature stimuli. The increase strongly depends on the direction of the wave front with respect to fiber direction and the architecture of fibrosis.

Amiodarone interaction with beta-blockers: analysis of the merged EMIAT (European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial) and CAMIAT (Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Trial) databases. The EMIAT and CAMIAT Investigators.

BACKGROUND: Investigations with in vitro and animal models suggest an interaction between amiodarone and beta-blockers. The objective of this work was to explore if an interaction with beta-blocker treatment plays a role in the decrease of cardiac arrhythmic deaths with amiodarone in patients recovered from an acute myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS: A pooled database from 2 similar randomized clinical trials, the European Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Trial (EMIAT) and the Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Trial (CAMIAT), was used. Four groups of post-myocardial infarction patients were defined: beta-blockers and amiodarone used, beta-blockers used alone, amiodarone used alone, and neither used. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. Unadjusted and adjusted relative risks for all-cause mortality, cardiac death, arrhythmic cardiac death, nonarrhythmic cardiac death, arrhythmic death, or resuscitated cardiac arrest were lower for patients receiving beta-blockers and amiodarone than for those without beta-blockers, with or without amiodarone. The interaction was statistically significant for cardiac death and arrhythmic death or resuscitated cardiac arrest (P=0.05 and 0.03, respectively). Findings were consistent across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are based on a post hoc analysis. However, they confirm prior results from in vitro and animal experiments suggesting an interaction between beta-blockers and amiodarone. In practice, not only is the adjunct of amiodarone to beta-blockers not hazardous, but beta-blocker therapy should be continued if possible in patients in whom amiodarone is indicated.

Endocardial mapping by simultaneous recording of endocardial electrograms during cardiac surgery for ventricular aneurysm.

A technique was developed for the simultaneous recording of 30 endocardial electrograms during cardiac surgery in patients undergoing aneurysmectomy or endocardial resection, or both, for medically intractable ventricular tachycardia. An inflatable balloon covered with 30 terminals at distances of 1.5 to 2 cm was used to record from the entire endocardial surface; a smaller silicone rubber sheet with 30 terminals at distances of 0.7 cm was used to obtain a better spatial resolution. The multielectrodes were inserted into the left ventricular cavity by way of an incision in the aneurysm. A transportable minicomputer was used for the acquisition and analysis of the signals. After initiation of ventricular tachycardia by programmed stimulation, signals of a 1.5 second period were stored and analyzed. The earliest activated terminal could be determined within 2 to 5 minutes. The technique was applied in 32 patients and proved especially useful in those patients in whom sustained tachycardia could not be evoked and in whom conventional mapping with a roving electrode would have been impossible or very time consuming. In all patients, the isochronic maps showed that the ectopic impulses originated from a rather localized area and no evidence was found for large endocardial circus movements, thereby excluding these as a mechanism underlying the tachycardia. Isochronic maps, depicting activation sequences during consecutive ectopic beats with the same QRS morphologic features, showed the same site of origin in all but six patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Depressed heart rate variability identifies postinfarction patients who might benefit from prophylactic treatment with amiodarone: a substudy of EMIAT (The European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial).

OBJECTIVES: This substudy tested a prospective hypothesis that European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial (EMIAT) patients with depressed heart rate variability (HRV) benefit from amiodarone treatment. BACKGROUND: The EMIAT randomized 1,486 survivors of acute myocardial infarction (MI) aged < or =75 years with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or =40% to amiodarone or placebo. Despite a reduction of arrhythmic mortality on amiodarone, all-cause mortality was not changed. METHODS: Heart rate variability was assessed from prerandomization 24-h Holter tapes in 1,216 patients (606 on amiodarone). Two definitions of depressed HRV were used: standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN) < or =50 ms and HRV index < or =20 units. The survival of patients with depressed HRV was compared in the placebo and amiodarone arms. A retrospective analysis investigated the prospective dichotomy limits. All tests were repeated in five subpopulations: patients with first MI, patients on beta-adrenergic blocking agents, patients with LVEF < or =30%, patients with Holter arrhythmia and patients with baseline heart rate > or =75 beats/min. RESULTS: Centralized Holter processing produced artificially high SDNN but accurate HRV index values. Heart rate variability index was < or =20 U in 363 (29.9%) patients (183 on amiodarone) with all-cause mortality 22.8% on placebo and 17.5% on amiodarone (23.2% reduction, p = 0.24) and cardiac arrhythmic mortality 12.8% on placebo and 4.4% on amiodarone (66% reduction, p = 0.0054). Among patients with prospectively defined depressed HRV, the largest reduction of all-cause mortality was in patients with first MI (placebo 17.9%, amiodarone 10.3%, 42.5% reduction, p = 0.079) and in patients with heart rate < or =75 beats/min (placebo 29.0%, amiodarone 19.3%, 33.7% reduction, p = 0.075). Among patients with first MI and depressed HRV, amiodarone treatment was an independent predictor of survival in a multivariate Cox analysis. The retrospective analysis found a larger reduction of mortality on amiodarone in 313 (25.7%) patients with HRV index < or =19 U: 23.9% on placebo and 17.1% on amiodarone (28.4% reduction, p = 0.15). This was more expressed in patients with first MI: 49.4% mortality reduction on amiodarone (p = 0.046), on beta-blockers: 69.0% reduction (p = 0.047) and with heart rate > or =75 beats/min: 37.9% reduction (p = 0.054). CONCLUSION: Measurement of HRV in a large set of centrally processed Holter recordings is feasible with robust methods of assessment. Patients with LVEF < or =40% and depressed HRV benefit from prophylactic antiarrhythmic treatment with amiodarone. However, this finding needs confirmation in an independent data set before clinical practice is changed.

Double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the atrioventricular node: do they reflect activation delay in the slow pathway?

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to elucidate the mechanism of double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the atrioventricular (AV) junctional area. BACKGROUND: Double component action potentials are often associated with activation delay and therefore might be a marker of the location of the so-called slow pathway. METHODS: The AV junction was scanned for double component action potentials in Langendorff perfused pig and dog hearts, using conventional microelectrode recordings. Characteristics of these action potentials were investigated during basic and premature stimulation and cooling of the anterior approach to the node. RESULTS: During basic stimulation, double component action potentials were recorded in 19 out of 20 hearts. In 74% of these cases, the second component occurred before the His deflection. During premature stimulation this percentage was 50%, while delay between the two components always increased. In 80% of the cases, the amplitude of the two components became <20 mV during progressive shortening of the coupling interval. The first component was generated by activation in superficial layers, the second one by activation in deeper layers. Cooling of the anterior region revealed that the second component was caused by activation arriving from the anterior region. CONCLUSIONS: Double component action potentials in the posterior approach to the AV node are generated by the asynchronous arrival of wave fronts in different, weakly coupled layers or by the summation of asynchronously arriving wave fronts. They are not always associated with activation delay in the slow pathway.

Increased dispersion of "refractoriness" in patients with idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

The average interval between local depolarizations during atrial fibrillation, the so-called atrial fibrillation interval, was used as an index for local "refractoriness." This was based on the assumption that during fibrillation, cells are reexcited as soon as their refractory period ends. A very good correlation was found between refractory periods determined with the extrastimulus technique at a basic cycle length of 400 ms and atrial fibrillation intervals measured at the same epicardial sites of the right atrium. This new technique was used to assess dispersion in atrial fibrillation intervals in 10 patients with idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and in a control group of 6 patients who were undergoing cardiac surgery. After a routine median sternotomy a multiterminal grid with up to 40 electrodes was placed over the right atrium, and atrial fibrillation was induced by premature stimulation. The average fibrillation interval in the test group, recorded at 247 sites, was 152 +/- 3 ms and that in the control group, recorded at 118 sites, was 176 +/- 8.1 ms (p less than 0.05). Dispersion in atrial fibrillation intervals, defined as the variance of the fibrillation intervals at all the recording sites, was three times larger in the group with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation than in the control group. This study suggests that both a shorter refractory period and a larger dispersion in refractoriness are responsible for the recurrence of atrial fibrillation.

Ventricular tachycardia in the infarcted, Langendorff-perfused human heart: role of the arrangement of surviving cardiac fibers.

Electrophysiologic and histologic studies were performed on Langendorff-perfused human hearts from patients who underwent heart transplantation because of extensive infarction. In nine hearts, 15 sustained ventricular tachycardias could be induced by programmed stimulation. In all hearts, mapping of epicardial and endocardial electrical activity during tachycardia was carried out. Histologic examination of the infarcted area between the site of latest activation of one cycle and the site of earliest activation of the next cycle revealed zones of viable myocardial tissue. In two hearts in which the time gap between latest and earliest activation was small, surviving myocardial tissue constituted a continuous tract that traversed the infarct. In three other hearts in which the time gap was large, surviving tissue consisted of parallel bundles that coursed separately over a few hundred micrometers, then merged into a single bundle and finally branched again. The direction of the fibers within the bundles was perpendicular to the direction of the activation front in that area. A similar type of inhomogeneous anisotrophy and activation delay was found in an infarcted papillary muscle removed from one of the explanted hearts and studied in a tissue bath during basic stimulation. Histologic examination of this preparation revealed that the delay was caused by a zigzag route of activation over branching and merging bundles of surviving myocytes separated by connective tissue.

Standards for analysis of ventricular late potentials using high-resolution or signal-averaged electrocardiography: a statement by a task force committee of the European Society of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, and the American College of Cardiology.

Sufficient data are available to recommend the use of the high-resolution or signal-averaged electrocardiogram in patients recovering from myocardial infarction without bundle branch block to help determine their risk for developing sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. However, no data are available about the extent to which pharmacological or nonpharmacological interventions in patients with late potentials have an impact on the incidence of sudden cardiac death. Therefore, controlled, prospective studies are required before this issue can be resolved. As refinements in techniques evolve, it is anticipated that the clinical value of high-resolution or signal-averaged electrocardiography will continue to increase.

Value of body surface mapping in localizing the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia in patients with previous myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the performance of the 62-lead body surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in identifying the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia in patients with a previous myocardial infarction. BACKGROUND: Because the accuracy of ECG localization of ventricular tachycardia using standard 12-lead recordings is restricted to the identification of rather large ventricular areas, application of multiple torso lead recordings may augment the resolving power of the surface ECG and result in more discrete localization of arrhythmogenic foci. METHODS: Thirty-two patients were selected for electrophysiologically guided ablative therapy for drug-resistant postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. In these patients, QRS integral maps of distinct monomorphic ventricular tachycardia configurations were correlated with a previously generated infarct-specific reference data base of paced QRS integral maps. Each paced pattern in the data base corresponded with ectopic endocardial impulse formation at 1 of 18 or 22 discrete segments of the left ventricle with a previous anterior or inferior myocardial infarction, respectively. Electrocardiographic localization was compared with the results obtained during intraoperative or catheter endocardial activation sequence mapping. RESULTS: Body surface mapping was performed during 101 distinct ventricular tachycardia configurations. Compared with the activation mapping data that were acquired in 64 of 101 ventricular tachycardias, body surface mapping identified the correct segment of origin in 40 (62%) of 64 tachycardias, a segment adjacent to the segment where the arrhythmia actually originated in 19 (30%) of 64 tachycardias and a segment disparate from the actual segment of origin in 5 (8%) of 64 tachycardias. With respect to infarct location, the segment of origin was correctly identified in 28 (60%) of 47 ventricular tachycardias in patients with anterior, 7 (70%) of 10 tachycardias in patients with inferior and 5 (71%) of 7 tachycardias in patients with combined anterior and inferior myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that body surface mapping enables precise localization of the origin of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia in 62% and regional approximation in 30% of tachycardias. The multiple-lead ECG may be used to guide and shorten catheter-based mapping procedures during ventricular tachycardia and to provide relevant information on the origin of tachycardias that cannot be mapped with conventional single-site mapping techniques because of unfavorable characteristics.

Fractionated electrograms in dilated cardiomyopathy: origin and relation to abnormal conduction.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the origin of the fractionated electrogram and its relations to abnormal conduction in cardiomyopathic myocardium. BACKGROUND: Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy have a high incidence of ventricular tachycardias. Electrograms recorded in these patients are often fractionated. METHODS: High resolution mapping (200-microM interelectrode distance) of the electrical activity was carried out in 11 superfused papillary muscles and 6 trabeculae from 7 patients who underwent heart transplantation because of dilated cardiomyopathy. Similar measurements were taken in four papillary muscles from dog hearts in which electrical barriers had been artificially made. Ten human preparations were studied histologically. RESULTS: All preparations revealed sites with fractionated electrograms. In three human preparations, activation patterns showed a discernible line of activation block running parallel to the fiber direction. Fractionated electrograms were recorded at sites contiguous to the line of block. In five preparations, fractionated electrograms were recorded at sites where lines of block were not identified. In these preparations, electrical barriers consisted of short stretches of fibrous tissue. In the remaining nine preparations, fractionated electrograms were recorded, both from sites contiguous to distinct obstacles and sites without evidence of a barrier. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations showed that fractionated electrograms recorded in myocardium damaged by cardiomyopathy were due to both distinct, long strands and short stretches of fibrous tissue. Delayed conduction was caused by curvation of activation around the distinct lines of block and by the wavy course of activation between the short barriers. The latter reflects extreme nonuniform anisotropy.