Dielectric and Magnetoelectric Properties of TGS-Magnetite Composite.

In our studies, we combined two powdered materials, i.e., ferroelectric triglycine sulfate (TGS) and ferrimagnetic magnetite Fe3O4, to obtain a magnetoelectric composite. The ferroelectric (E) part, i.e., TGS, was a hybrid organic-inorganic crystal, which we obtained as a pure single crystal from an aqueous solution using a static water evaporation method. The magnetic (M) part of the composite was commercially available magnetite. The samples used for the dielectric and magnetoelectric measurements were cold-pressed and made in the form of a circular tablet. The measuring electrodes were made of silver-based conductive paste and were attached to the sample. We measured the temperature dependencies of selected electrical parameters (e.g., dielectric permittivity, electrical capacity, and loss angle tangent). We used the dynamic lock-in method to check whether magnetoelectric coupling existed between the E and M phases. In this paper, we present the dielectric properties of pure monocrystalline TGS as a reference sample and compare the results for TGS powder, TGS + carbon powder, and TGS + Fe3O4 powder. The magnetoelectric coupling presumably appeared for the composite TGS + 10 wt. % Fe3O4, as evidenced by the shift in the phase transition temperature in the TGS. Moreover, the theoretical interpretation of the effect is proposed.

Magnetoelectric Properties of Multiferroic Composites Based on BaTiO3 and Nickel-Zinc Ferrite Material.

The purpose of the present study was to learn the morphological, structural, ferroelectric, dielectric, electromechanical, magnetoelectric, and magnetic properties, and DC conductivity of BaTiO3-Ni0.64Zn0.36Fe2O4 (BT-F) multiferroic composites compacted via the free sintering method. The influence of the ferrite content in ceramic composite materials on the functional properties is investigated and discussed. X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the presence of two main phases of the composite, with strong reflections originating from BaTiO3 and weak peaks originating from nickel-zinc ferrite. BT-F ceramic composites have been shown to exhibit multiferroism at room temperature. All studied compositions have high permittivity values and low dielectric loss, while the ferroelectric properties of the BT component are maintained at a high level. On the other hand, magnetic properties depend on the amount of the ferrite phase and are the strongest for the composition with 15 wt.% of F (magnetization at RT is 4.12 emu/g). The magnetoelectric coupling between BT and F phases confirmed by the lock-in technique is the largest for 15 wt.% ferrite. In the present work, the process conditions of the free sintering method for obtaining BT-F multiferroic composite with good electrical and magnetic properties (in one material) were optimized. An improved set of multifunctional properties allows the expansion of the possibilities of using multiferroic composites in microelectronics.

Influence of the NiFe/Cu/NiFe Structure Dimensions and Position in External Magnetic Field on Resistance Changes under the Magnetoresistance Effect.

The subject of this work is NiFe/Cu/NiFe thin-film structures made by magnetron sputtering and showing the phenomenon of magnetoresistance. Three series of samples differing in spatial dimensions and thickness of the Cu spacer were produced. During the sputtering process, an external magnetic field of approx. 10 mT was applied to the substrate. Measurements of the resistance of the structures were carried out in the field of neodymium magnets in three different positions of the sample in relation to the direction of the field. The measurements allowed us to indicate in which position the structures of different series achieved the greatest changes in resistance. For each of the three series of layer systems, the nature of changes in the determined coefficient of giant magnetoresistance ΔR/R remained similar, while for the series with the smallest copper thickness (2.5 nm), the coefficient reached the highest value of about 2.7‱. In addition, impedance measurements were made for the structures of each series in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. For series with a thinner copper layer, a decrease in impedance values was observed in the 10-100 kHz range.

Structure and Magnetic Properties of Mechanosynthesized Nanocrystalline Fe2CrSi Heusler Alloy.

Heusler alloys constitute an interesting group of materials with wide applications. The purpose of the present study was to use the mechanical alloying method to synthesize Fe2CrSi Heusler alloy and learn about its structure and magnetic properties. Pure metal elements were ground for various periods of time in a planetary ball mill, and the process of alloy formation was monitored using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that after 20 h of milling, the disordered BCC solid solution was formed, with an average crystallite size ~11 nm. After thermal treatment, the desired Fe2CrSi Heusler alloy was obtained, with a small amount of secondary phases. Detailed XRD analysis showed the coexistence of two varieties of Heusler phase, namely Fm-3m and Pm-3n. The main result of this work is the detection of the hyperfine magnetic field distribution using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The occurrence of this distribution proves atomic disorder in the crystalline structure of the obtained Heusler alloy. Macroscopic magnetic measurements revealed soft magnetic properties of the alloy, with a magnetic moment of ~2.3 µB/f.u., only slightly larger than the theoretically predicted value.

Effect of La doping on the structure and cycloidal spin ordering in multiferroic BiFeO3.

A series of Bi1-xLaxFeO3 samples with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.30 was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The effects of lanthanum concentration on the phase formation, microstructure and cycloidal spin ordering were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the La-doped bismuth ferrite transformed from rhombohedral R3c (x ≤ 0.05) to a mixture of R3c and cubic Pm3m (0.07 ≤ x ≤ 0.15) and finally to a mixture of R3c, Pm3m and orthorhombic Pbam (0.20 ≤ x ≤ 0.30). The Pbam phase, with characteristic porous microstructure shown by microscopy images, was observed in Bi1-xLaxFeO3 compounds for the first time. Based on the Mössbauer spectroscopy, it was found that the cycloidal spin ordering started to disappear at x = 0.07. With increasing La concentration the share of the cycloid decreased from 100% at 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.05 to 0% at x = 0.30. At the beginning, for x ≤ 0.02, the anharmonicity parameter, m, of the cycloidal spin ordering was about 0.5, which is typical of a pure BiFeO3 compound. In the range 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.25, the m parameter was of the order of 0.1, which indicated the practically harmonic character of the cycloid. The structural transition at x = 0.07 was accompanied by a substantial increase in magnetization.

Magnetoelectric Effect in Ceramics Based on Bismuth Ferrite.

Solid-state sintering method was used to prepare ceramic materials based on bismuth ferrite, i.e., (BiFeO3)1 - x -(BaTiO3) x and Bi1 - x Nd x FeO3 solid solutions and the Aurivillius Bi5Ti3FeO15 compound. The structure of the materials was examined using X-ray diffraction, and the Rietveld method was applied to phase analysis and structure refinement. Magnetoelectric coupling was registered in all the materials using dynamic lock-in technique. The highest value of magnetoelectric coupling coefficient α ME was obtained for the Bi5Ti3FeO15 compound (α ME ~ 10 mVcm(-1) Oe(-1)). In the case of (BiFeO3)1 - x -(BaTiO3) x and Bi1 - x Nd x FeO3 solid solutions, the maximum α ME is of the order of 1 and 2.7 mVcm(-1) Oe(-1), respectively. The magnitude of magnetoelectric coupling is accompanied with structural transformation in the studied solid solutions. The relatively high magnetoelectric effect in the Aurivillius Bi5Ti3FeO15 compound is surprising, especially since the material is paramagnetic at room temperature. When the materials were subjected to a preliminary electrical poling, the magnitude of the magnetoelectric coupling increased 2-3 times.

Synthesis and characterization of goethite and goethite-hematite composite: experimental study and literature survey.

Aging of synthetic goethite at 140 degrees C overnight leads to a composite material in which hematite is detectable by Mössbauer spectroscopy, but X-ray diffraction does not reveal any hematite peaks. The pristine point of zero charge (PZC) of synthetic goethite was found at pH 9.4 as the common intersection point of potentiometric titration curves at different ionic strengths and the isoelectric point (IEP). For the goethite-hematite composite, the common intersection point (pH 9.4), and the IEP (pH 8.8) do not match. The electrokinetic potential of goethite at ionic strengths up to 1 mol dm(-3) was determined. Unlike metal oxides, for which the electrokinetic potential is reversed to positive over the entire pH range at sufficiently high ionic strength, the IEP of goethite is rather insensitive to the ionic strength. A literature survey of published PZC/IEP values of iron oxides and hydroxides indicated that the average PZC/IEP does not depend on the degree of hydration (oxide or hydroxide). Our material showed a higher PZC and IEP than most published results. The present results confirm the allegation that electroacoustic measurements produce a higher IEP than the average IEP obtained by means of classical electrokinetic methods.