Evidence for Helical Hinge Zero Modes in an Fe-Based Superconductor.

Combining topology and superconductivity provides a powerful tool for investigating fundamental physics as well as a route to fault-tolerant quantum computing. There is mounting evidence that the Fe-based superconductor FeTe0.55Se0.45 (FTS) may also be topologically nontrivial. Should the superconducting order be s±, then FTS could be a higher order topological superconductor with helical hinge zero modes (HHZMs). To test the presence of these modes, we have fabricated normal-metal/superconductor junctions on different surfaces via 2D atomic crystal heterostructures. As expected, junctions in contact with the hinge reveal a sharp zero bias anomaly that is absent when tunneling purely into the c-axis. Additionally, the shape and suppression with temperature are consistent with highly coherent modes along the hinge and are incongruous with other origins of zero bias anomalies. Additional measurements with soft-point contacts in bulk samples with various Fe interstitial contents demonstrate the intrinsic nature of the observed mode. Thus, we provide evidence that FTS is indeed a higher order topological superconductor.

Proceedings from the 9th Annual University of Calgary Leaders in Medicine Research Symposium.

On November 3, 2017 the Leaders in Medicine (LIM) program at the University of Calgary's Cumming School of Medicine hosted the 9th Annual Leaders in Medicine (LIM) Symposium. This year's event commemorated 20 years of the LIM program and its dedication to the training of clinician- scientists.

Rapid Deposition of Uniform Polydopamine Coatings on Nanoparticle Surfaces with Controllable Thickness.

Polydopamine is a bioinspired, versatile material that can adhere to bulk and nanoscale surfaces made of disparate materials to improve their physical and chemical properties in many applications. The typical methods to coat polydopamine on the nanoparticle substrates usually take several hours to a day. This work successfully applies a dispersion method to form a controllable, uniform coating on a nanoparticle surface within minutes. Using plasmonic Ag nanoparticles as a substrate, the coating thickness can be monitored using a spectroscopic method based on the extinction peak shifts of the Ag nanoparticles. The deposition rate increases with dopamine concentration; however, too much excess dopamine leads to the formation of free dopamine particles. The optimized concentration of dopamine (i.e., ∼6 mM) can be applied to other nanoparticles by normalizing the number of particles to maintain a constant concentration of dopamine per unit surface area (i.e., 1.70 × 104 dopamine/nm2). The molecular dynamics simulation reveals that the amount of hydrogen bonding increases with water content, suggesting that sufficient mixing using the dispersion tool facilitates the formation of hydrogen bonding, thus rapidly depositing PDA on the nanoparticle surface. The physical and chemical properties (e.g., pH response and thermal stability) can be tailored by varying the coating thickness due to the changes in the number of hydrogen bonds and the conformation of π-π interactions. This dispersion method provides a facile means to control the PDA coating thickness on nanoparticle surfaces and thus the surface properties of nanoparticles toward various applications.

Perfluorinated Alcohols Induce Complex Coacervation in Mixed Surfactants.

Recently, we reported a unique and nearly ubiquitous phenomenon of inducing simple and complex coacervation in solutions of a broad variety of individual and mixed amphiphiles and over a wide range of concentrations and mole fractions. This paper describes a novel type of biphasic separation in aqueous solutions of mixed cationic-anionic (catanionic) surfactants induced by hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). The test cases included mixtures of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (surfactants with different carbon chain lengths) as well as dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) with SDS (surfactants with the same carbon chain lengths). The CTAB-SDS-HFIP coacervate systems can be produced at many different mole ratios of surfactant, but DTAB-SDS-HFIP formed only coacervates at equimolar (1:1) mole ratios of DTAB and SDS. The phase-transition behavior of both systems was studied over a wide range of surfactant and HFIP concentrations at the stoichiometric (1:1) mole ratio of cationic/anionic surfactants. The chemical compositions of each of the two phases (aqueous-rich and coacervate phases) were studied with regard to the concentrations of HFIP, water, and individual surfactants. It is revealed that the surfactant-rich phase (coacervate phase) contains a large percentage of fluoroalcohol relative to the aqueous phase and is enriched in both surfactants but contains a small percentage of water. Surprisingly, the concentration of water in the coacervate phase increases as the total HFIP concentration is increased while the concentration of HFIP in the coacervate phase remains relatively constant, which means a larger amount of water associated with HFIP molecules is extracted into the coacervate phase, which results in the growth of the phase. The volume of the coacervate phase increases with an increase in surfactant concentration and total HFIP %. The coacervate phase is highly enriched in the two amphiphilic ions (DTA(+) and DS(-)) whereas the two counterions (Br(-) and Na(+)) primarily reside in the aqueous-rich phase. The results suggest the formation of a catanionic complex in the coacervate phase through ion pairing with a concomitant release of the surfactant counterions (Na(+) and Br(-)) into the aqueous-rich phase. Finally, the fluorocarbon alcohol systems are contrasted with the effects of aliphatic alcohols in the mixed catanionic surfactant systems. Isopropanol does not have the same interactions as HFIP with respect to solubilization, aggregation, and phase separation of the oppositely charged surfactants.

Perfluorinated alcohols and acids induce coacervation in aqueous solutions of amphiphiles.

We have discovered that water-miscible perfluorinated alcohols and acids (FA) can induce simple and complex coacervation in aqueous solutions of a wide range of amphiphilic molecules such as synthetic surfactants, phospholipids, and bile salts as well as polyelectrolytes. This unique phenomenon seems to be nearly ubiquitous, especially for complex coacervate systems composed of mixed catanionic amphiphiles. In addition, coacervation and aqueous phase separation were observed over a wide range of surfactants concentrations and for different mole fractions of the oppositely charged amphiphile.

Can age-related changes in parental care modulate inbreeding depression? A test using the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis.

Parental care has been shown to reduce the magnitude of inbreeding depression in some species with facultative care. However, parents often vary in the quality or amount of care they provide to their offspring, and it is less clear whether this variation also impacts the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Here, we tested whether age-related changes in parental care modulate the expression of inbreeding depression in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Consistent with previous studies, we found that older parents produced larger broods of offspring than younger parents without sacrificing mean larval mass. Inbreeding depression was evident in several fitness-related traits: brood size at dispersal, the proportion of the brood that survived to eclosion, and mean age at death were all reduced in inbred broods compared with outbred broods. Surprisingly, inbred offspring were heavier at dispersal than outbred offspring. This was likely due to reduced sibling competition in inbred broods. Despite evidence for age-related changes in parental investment and the existence of inbreeding depression, there was no evidence that an interaction between the two influenced any of the traits we measured. Our results suggest that age-related changes in parental care may be too slight to influence the expression of inbreeding depression.