Development for Clinical Use of a Multiplexed Immunoassay Using Sputum Samples for Streptococcus pneumoniae: a Non-Culture-Based Approach for Serotype-Specific Detection.

The multiplexed immunoassay (MIA) is an automated, monoclonal antibody-based serotyping assay that uses culture lysates of Streptococcus pneumoniae This study describes the development and validation of applying MIA directly to sputum samples for the serotype-specific detection of S. pneumoniae Sputum optimization involved liquefaction and fractionation. The subjects included 173 adult patients from whom both pneumococcal isolates cultured from sputum samples and the corresponding sputum samples were available at the Korea University Hospital from March 2012 to June 2015. Pneumococcal lysates and the sputum fraction were separately evaluated by MIA with a set A reaction to identify 27 serotypes (24 vaccine serotypes and serotypes 6C, 6D, and 11E). MIA results were validated by multiplex PCR (mPCR). Among the 173 patients analyzed, the pneumococcal isolate MIA detected a single set A serotype in 104 patients, and the corresponding sputum MIA showed concordant results with additional multiple serotypes in 21 patients. For the remaining 69 patients whose pneumococcal isolates were not determined to be set A serotypes by the pneumococcal isolate MIA, the corresponding sputum MIA identified additional set A serotypes (single serotypes, n = 17; multiple serotypes, n = 4). Serotypes 3 and 11A/D/F were the most commonly detected serotypes in both the pneumococcal isolate and sputum MIA analyses. However, serotype 8 was the most prevalent serotype detected only by the sputum MIA. The results of mPCR, performed for validation, showed a high concordance with the results of the sputum MIA. In conclusion, MIA using sputum samples enables the accurate, rapid, direct, and serotype-specific detection of S. pneumoniae, which may improve postvaccination serotype surveillance.

Growth and physiological properties of wild type and mutants of Halomonas subglaciescola DH-1 in saline environment.

A halophilic bacterium was isolated from fermented seafood. The 16S rDNA sequence identity between the isolate and Halomonas subglaciescola AJ306801 was above 95%. The isolate that did not grow in the condition without NaCl or in the condition with other sodium (Na+) or chloride ions (Cl-) instead of NaCl was named H. subglaciescola DH-1. Two mutants capable of growing without NaCl were obtained by random mutagenesis, of which their total soluble protein profiles were compared with those of the wild type by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The external compatible solutes (betaine and choline) and cell extract of the wild type did not function as osmoprotectants, and these parameters within the mutants did not enhance their growth in the saline environment. In the proton translocation test, rapid acidification of the reactant was not detected for the wild type, but it was detected for the mutant in the condition without NaCl. From these results, we derived the hypothesis that NaCl may be absolutely required for the energy metabolism of H. subglaciescola DH-1 but not for its osmoregulation, and the mutants may have another modified proton translocation system that is independent of NaCl, except for those mutants with an NaCl-dependent system.

Association of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms with the susceptibility to major depressive disorder and treatment responses in Korean depressive patients.

OBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is closely related to stress reactions and serotonin probably underpins the pathophysiology of MDD. Alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis at the gene level have reciprocal consequences on serotonin neurotransmission. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms affect glucocorticoid sensitivity, which is associated with cortisol feedback effects. Therefore, we hypothesised that GR polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to MDD and predict the treatment response. METHOD: Ninety-six subjects with a minimum score of 17 on the 21-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) at baseline were enrolled into the present study. The genotypes of GR (N363S, ER22/23EK, Bcl1, and TthIII1 polymorphisms) were analysed. The HAMD score was again measured after 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment to detect whether the therapeutic effects differed with the GR genotype. RESULTS: Our subjects carried no N363S or ER22/23EK genetic polymorphisms and three types of Bcl1 and TthIII1 genetic polymorphisms. The C/C genotype and C allele at Bcl1 polymorphism were more frequent in MDD patients than in normal controls (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively). The genotype distributions did not differ significantly between responders and non-responders. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that GR polymorphism cannot predict the therapeutic response after antidepressant administration. However, GR polymorphism (Bcl1) might play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD. Future studies should check this finding in larger populations with different characteristics.

Association of the adrenergic alpha 2a receptor--1291C/G polymorphism with weight change and treatment response to mirtazapine in patients with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Adrenergic alpha2a receptors (ADRA2A) are expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The primary mechanism of action of mirtazapine is the antagonism of central presynaptic alpha2 receptors. Mirtazapine is reportedly associated with weight gain. Our objective was to determine whether the ADRA2A -1291C/G polymorphism is associated with weight gain and treatment response to mirtazapine in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: The ADRA2A -1291C/G polymorphism was analyzed in 314 MDD patients and 162 control subjects. All patients were evaluated using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of mirtazapine treatment. RESULTS: No relationship was observed between the ADRA2A -1291C/G polymorphism and MDD. No significant difference was found between responder and non-responder groups when comparing the ADRA2A genotype distribution with treatment response to mirtazapine. Repeated measures ANOVA with the last observation carry-forward test indicated that after adjusting for baseline body weight, age, and gender, the subjects with the C/C genotype exhibited a greater mean body weight gain than the subjects with the C/G or G/G genotype after 8 weeks of mirtazapine treatment (p=0.052). CONCLUSIONS: The ADRA2A -1291C/G polymorphism does not appear to be a predictor of treatment response to mirtazapine. This polymorphism was weakly associated with weight change after 8 weeks of mirtazapine treatment. Further investigation is required to determine whether other polymorphisms of this gene influence treatment response and weight change in patients receiving mirtazapine.