Anchorene, a carotenoid-derived growth regulator, modulates auxin homeostasis by suppressing GH3-mediated auxin conjugation.

Anchorene, identified as an endogenous bioactive carotenoid-derived dialdehyde and diapocarotenoid, affects root development by modulating auxin homeostasis. However, the precise interaction between anchorene and auxin, as well as the mechanisms by which anchorene modulates auxin levels, remain largely elusive. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of anchorene's bioactivities alongside auxin and observed that anchorene induces multifaceted auxin-like effects. Through genetic and pharmacological examinations, we revealed that anchorene's auxin-like activities depend on the indole-3-pyruvate-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway, as well as the auxin inactivation pathway mediated by Group II Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) proteins that mainly facilitate the conjugation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to amino acids, leading to the formation of inactivated storage forms. Our measurements indicated that anchorene treatment elevates IAA levels while reducing the quantities of inactivated IAA-amino acid conjugates and oxIAA. RNA sequencing further revealed that anchorene triggers the expression of numerous auxin-responsive genes in a manner reliant on Group II GH3s. Additionally, our in vitro enzymatic assays and biolayer interferometry (BLI) assay demonstrated anchorene's robust suppression of GH3.17-mediated IAA conjugation with glutamate. Collectively, our findings highlight the significant role of carotenoid-derived metabolite anchorene in modulating auxin homeostasis, primarily through the repression of GH3-mediated IAA conjugation and inactivation pathways, offering novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of plant bioactive apocarotenoids.

Iso-anchorene is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits primary root growth in Arabidopsis.

Carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolites and hormones are generally known to arise through the oxidative cleavage of a single double bond in the carotenoid backbone, which yields mono-carbonyl products called apocarotenoids. However, the extended conjugated double bond system of these pigments predestines them also to repeated cleavage forming dialdehyde products, diapocarotenoids, which have been less investigated due to their instability and low abundance. Recently, we reported on the short diapocarotenoid anchorene as an endogenous Arabidopsis metabolite and specific signaling molecule that promotes anchor root formation. In this work, we investigated the biological activity of a synthetic isomer of anchorene, iso-anchorene, which can be derived from repeated carotenoid cleavage. We show that iso-anchorene is a growth inhibitor that specifically inhibits primary root growth by reducing cell division rates in the root apical meristem. Using auxin efflux transporter marker lines, we also show that the effect of iso-anchorene on primary root growth involves the modulation of auxin homeostasis. Moreover, by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrate that iso-anchorene is a natural Arabidopsis metabolite. Chemical inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis led to a significant decrease in the iso-anchorene level, indicating that it originates from this metabolic pathway. Taken together, our results reveal a novel carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolite with a specific biological function that affects root growth, manifesting the biological importance of diapocarotenoids.

ß-Cyclocitral is a conserved root growth regulator.

Natural compounds capable of increasing root depth and branching are desirable tools for enhancing stress tolerance in crops. We devised a sensitized screen to identify natural metabolites capable of regulating root traits in Arabidopsis ß-Cyclocitral, an endogenous root compound, was found to promote cell divisions in root meristems and stimulate lateral root branching. ß-Cyclocitral rescued meristematic cell divisions in ccd1ccd4 biosynthesis mutants, and ß-cyclocitral-driven root growth was found to be independent of auxin, brassinosteroid, and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways. ß-Cyclocitral had a conserved effect on root growth in tomato and rice and generated significantly more compact crown root systems in rice. Moreover, ß-cyclocitral treatment enhanced plant vigor in rice plants exposed to salt-contaminated soil. These results indicate that ß-cyclocitral is a broadly effective root growth promoter in both monocots and eudicots and could be a valuable tool to enhance crop vigor under environmental stress.

Narrow-linewidth single-polarization fiber laser using non-polarization optics.

Single longitudinal mode and single polarization are basic requirements of high performance fiber lasers, while their realizations are nontrivial, owing to the long laser cavity and lack of polarization selection of ordinary optical fibers. Here, we demonstrate an all-fiber narrow-linewidth laser realized on an external high-Q fiber ring, with combined functions of single-longitude-mode selection and linewidth reduction. A single-longitude-mode laser with a high polarization extinction ratio of ∼40dB and low white frequency noise at 0.3Hz2/Hz is achieved, corresponding to a fundamental linewidth of ∼0.92Hz. Using all non-polarization fiber components and ordinary gain fiber, our scheme shows the realization of narrow-linewidth single-polarization fiber lasers in a simple and cost-effective way, promising for broadband applications.

Narrow-linewidth self-injection locked diode laser with a high-Q fiber Fabry-Perot resonator.

Narrow-linewidth lasers are essential for various applications, but are limited by their size, weight, power, and cost requirements. Here we demonstrate a self-injection locked diode laser fabricated with a high quality factor fiber Fabry-Perot resonator, with a 145 Hz free-running linewidth. The locking scheme is all-fiber for plug-and-play operation. White frequency noise of 50Hz2/Hz is measured with over 42 dB reduction from the low-cost TO-can distributed feedback laser diode, and shows its wide applications in a compact and cost-effective way.

Midinfrared Tunable Laser with Noncritical Frequency Matching in Box Resonator Geometry.

Monolithic optical parametric oscillators extend laser frequencies in compact architectures, but normally guide and circulate all pump, signal, and idler beams. Critical frequency matching is raised among these resonances, limiting operation stability and continuous tuning. Here, we develop a box resonator geometry that guides all beams but only resonates for signal. Such noncritical frequency matching enables 227 GHz continuous tuning, with sub-10 kHz linewidth and 0.43 W power at 3310 nm. Our results confirm that monolithic resonator can be effectively used as a tunable laser including midinfrared wavelength, as further harnessed with methane fine spectral measurement at MHz accuracy.

MicroRNA-24-3p Inhibits Microglia Inflammation by Regulating MK2 Following Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a functional impairment of the spinal cord caused by external forces, accompanied by limb movement disorders and permanent paralysis, which seriously lowers the life quality of SCI patients. Secondary injury caused by inflammation attenuated the therapeutic effects of SCI. Therefore, the exploration of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory response following SCI might provide novel therapy strategy against SCI.SCI rat model was established as previously reported and evaluated by BBB score. The expression of microRNA-24-3p (miR-24-3p) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and HAPI cells was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Protein expression of MK2, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) was assessed by western blot assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1ß was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2 was examined by the luciferase reporter system. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score dramatically reduced in rats following SCI compared with sham rats. Moreover, the expression of miR-24-3p was down-regulated, while MK2 was up-regulated in the spinal cord tissues of SCI rats and LPS-induced microglia cells compared with the corresponding control group. Luciferase reporter system confirmed the interaction between miR-24-3p and MK2. In addition, miR-24-3p upregulation or MK2 knockdown attenuated LPS induced activation of microglial cells and expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1ß. Besides, we discovered that miR-24-3p regulated inflammation of highly aggressively proliferating immortalized (HAPI) cells by targeting MK2.In our study, we clarified that miR-24-3p repressed inflammation of microglia cells following SCI by regulating MK2, thereby providing promising biomarkers for SCI therapy.

Photonic Flywheel in a Monolithic Fiber Resonator.

We demonstrate the first compact photonic flywheel with sub-fs time jitter (averaging times up to 10 µs) at the quantum-noise limit of a monolithic fiber resonator. Such quantum-limited performance is accessed through novel two-step pumping scheme for dissipative Kerr soliton generation. Controllable interaction between stimulated Brillouin lasing and Kerr nonlinearity enhances the DKS coherence and mitigates the thermal instability challenge, achieving a remarkable 22-Hz intrinsic comb linewidth and an unprecedented phase noise of -180 dBc/Hz at 945-MHz carrier at free running. The scheme can be generalized to various device platforms for field-deployable precision metrology.

An LC-MS profiling method reveals a route for apocarotene glycosylation and shows its induction by high light stress in Arabidopsis.

Apocarotenoid glycosylation serves as a valve regulating carotenoid homeostasis in plants and may contribute to their response to photo-oxidative stress. However, an analytical method that allows comprehensive and sensitive profiling of glycosylated apocarotenoids (GAPOs) is still missing. We developed an efficient ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS) method to analyze 25 GAPOs present in carotenoid-accumulating E. coli cells and plant tissues. Optimized HR-heated-electrospray ionization (HESI)-MS parameters enabled, based on HR MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data, the identification of yet undescribed GAPOs from Arabidopsis, which include Glc-apo-11-carotenal (GAPO11), Glc-apo-13-carotenone (GAPO13), and their isomers. The identity of these compounds was confirmed by the transformation of deuterium-labelled non-hydroxylated carotene cleavage products into the corresponding GAPOs in planta. Quantitative analysis of GAPOs in Arabidopsis showed that the levels of Glc-cyclocitral (GAPO7), Glc-cyclocitral isomer I (GAPO7I), Glc-ionone (GAPO9), Glc-ionone isomer I (GAPO9I), Glc-apo-11-carotenal isomer I (GAPO11I), Glc-apo-13-carotenone (GAPO13), and Glc-apo-13-carotenone isomers (GAPO13I, GAPO13II, and GAPO13III) significantly increase after high light (HL) treatment. This treatment also led to an obvious increase in the levels of most carotene- and all xanthophyll-derived apocarotenoids detected in our system. Our work demonstrates for the first time that HL stress induces apocarotenoid glycosylation in Arabidopsis and unravels a novel plant metabolic pathway that leads from carotene cleavage products to GAPOs that are identical to xanthophyll derived GAPOs. Thus, our new approach allows sensitive and reliable profiling of GAPOs, which is crucial for understanding the function of apocarotenoid glycosylation in plants and its role in the acclimation to HL stress.

Near-ideal subthreshold swing MoS2 back-gate transistors with an optimized ultrathin HfO2 dielectric layer.

In this paper, a near-ideal subthreshold swing MoS2 back-gate transistor with an optimized ultrathin HfO2 dielectric layer is reported with detailed physical and electrical characteristics analyses. Ultrathin (10 nm) HfO2 films created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) at a low temperature with rapid-thermal annealing (RTA) at different temperatures from 200 °C to 800 °C have a great effect on the electrical characteristics, such as the subthreshold swing (SS), on-to-off current (I ON/I OFF) ratio, etc, of the MoS2 devices. Physical examinations are performed, including x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and electrical experiments of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitance-voltage. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the HfO2 dielectric RTA temperature and the film characteristics, such as film density, crystallization degree, grain size and surface states, inducing a variation in the electrical parameters, such as the leakage, D it, equivalent oxide thickness, SS, and I ON, as well as I ON/I OFF of the MoS2 field effect transistors with the same channel materials and fabrication methods. With a balance between the crystallization degree and the surface state, the ultrathin (10 nm) HfO2 gate dielectric RTA at 500 °C is demonstrated to have the best performance with a field effect mobility of 40 cm2 V-1 s-1 and the lowest SS of 77.6 mV-1 decade, which are superior to those of the control samples at other temperatures. The excellent transistor results with an optimized industry-based HfO2 ALD and RTA process provide a promising approach for MoS2 applications into the scaling of the nanoscale CMOS process.

Blue-light-dependent interaction of cryptochrome 1 with SPA1 defines a dynamic signaling mechanism.

Cryptochromes (CRYs) are blue-light photoreceptors that mediate various light responses in plants and animals. The signaling mechanism by which CRYs regulate light responses involves their physical interactions with COP1. Here, we report that CRY1 interacts physically with SPA1 in a blue-light-dependent manner. SPA acts genetically downstream from CRYs to regulate light-controlled development. Blue-light activation of CRY1 attenuates the association of COP1 with SPA1 in both yeast and plant cells. These results indicate that the blue-light-triggered CRY1-SPA1 interaction may negatively regulate COP1, at least in part, by promoting the dissociation of COP1 from SPA1. This interaction and consequent dissociation define a dynamic photosensory signaling mechanism.

From carotenoids to strigolactones.

Strigolactones are phytohormones that regulate various plant developmental and adaptation processes. When released into soil, strigolactones act as chemical signals, attracting symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and inducing seed germination in root-parasitic weeds. Strigolactones are carotenoid derivatives, characterized by the presence of a butenolide ring that is connected by an enol ether bridge to a less conserved second moiety. Carotenoids are isopenoid pigments that differ in structure, number of conjugated double bonds, and stereoconfiguration. Genetic analysis and enzymatic studies have demonstrated that strigolactones originate from all-trans-ß-carotene in a pathway that involves the all-trans-/9-cis-ß-carotene isomerase DWARF27 and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 7 and 8 (CCD7, 8). The CCD7-mediated, regiospecific and stereospecific double-bond cleavage of 9-cis-ß-carotene leads to a 9-cis-configured intermediate that is converted by CCD8 via a combination of reactions into the central metabolite carlactone. By catalyzing repeated oxygenation reactions that can be coupled to ring closure, CYP711 enzymes convert carlactone into tricyclic-ring-containing canonical and non-canonical strigolactones. Modifying enzymes, which are mostly unknown, further increase the diversity of strigolactones. This review explores carotenogenesis, provides an update on strigolactone biosynthesis, with emphasis on the substrate specificity and reactions catalyzed by the different enzymes, and describes the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway.

Methyl phenlactonoates are efficient strigolactone analogs with simple structure.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a new class of phytohormones that also act as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants, such as Striga spp., and as branching factors for symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sources for natural SLs are very limited. Hence, efficient and simple SL analogs are needed for elucidating SL-related biological processes as well as for agricultural applications. Based on the structure of the non-canonical SL methyl carlactonoate, we developed a new, easy to synthesize series of analogs, termed methyl phenlactonoates (MPs), evaluated their efficacy in exerting different SL functions, and determined their affinity for SL receptors from rice and Striga hermonthica. Most of the MPs showed considerable activity in regulating plant architecture, triggering leaf senescence, and inducing parasitic seed germination. Moreover, some MPs outperformed GR24, a widely used SL analog with a complex structure, in exerting particular SL functions, such as modulating Arabidopsis roots architecture and inhibiting rice tillering. Thus, MPs will help in elucidating the functions of SLs and are promising candidates for agricultural applications. Moreover, MPs demonstrate that slight structural modifications clearly impact the efficiency in exerting particular SL functions, indicating that structural diversity of natural SLs may mirror a functional specificity.

COP1 and phyB Physically Interact with PIL1 to Regulate Its Stability and Photomorphogenic Development in Arabidopsis.

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the cryptochrome and phytochrome photoreceptors act together to promote photomorphogenic development. The cryptochrome and phytochrome signaling mechanisms interact directly with CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a RING motif-containing E3 ligase that acts to negatively regulate photomorphogenesis. COP1 interacts with and ubiquitinates the transcription factors that promote photomorphogenesis, such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 and LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1), to inhibit photomorphogenic development. Here, we show that COP1 physically interacts with PIF3-LIKE1 (PIL1) and promotes PIL1 degradation via the 26S proteasome. We further demonstrate that phyB physically interacts with PIL1 and enhances PIL1 protein accumulation upon red light irradiation, probably through suppressing the COP1-PIL1 association. Biochemical and genetic studies indicate that PIL1 and HFR1 form heterodimers and promote photomorphogenesis cooperatively. Moreover, we demonstrate that PIL1 interacts with PIF1, 3, 4, and 5, resulting in the inhibition of the transcription of PIF direct-target genes. Our results reveal that PIL1 stability is regulated by phyB and COP1, likely through physical interactions, and that PIL1 coordinates with HFR1 to inhibit the transcriptional activity of PIFs, suggesting that PIL1, HFR1, and PIFs constitute a subset of antagonistic basic helix-loop-helix factors acting downstream of phyB and COP1 to regulate photomorphogenic development.

Jasmonic acid enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation is dependent on phytochrome A signaling pathway under far-red light in Arabidopsis.

Anthocyanins are critical for plants. It is shown that the expression of genes encoding the key enzymes such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), UDP-Glc: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT), and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway is regulated by MYB75, a R2R3 MYB transcription factor. The production of anthocyanin is known to be promoted by jasmonic acid (JA) in light but not in darkness. The photoreceptors cryptochrome 1 (CRY1), phytochrome B (phyB), and phytochrome A (phyA) are also shown to mediate light promotion of anthocyanin accumulation, respectively, whereas their downstream factor COP1, a master negative regulator of photomorphogensis, represses anthocyanin accumulation. However, whether JA coordinates with photoreceptors in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation is unknown. Here, we show that under far-red light, JA promotes anthocyanin accumulation in a phyA signaling pathway-dependent manner. The phyA mutant is hyposensitive to jasmonic acid analog methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) under far-red light. The dominant mutant of MYB75, pap1-D, accumulates significantly higher levels of anthocyanin than wild type under far-red light, whereas knockdown of MYBs (MYB75, MYB90, MYB113, and MYB114) through RNAi significantly reduces MeJA promotion of anthocyanin accumulation. The phyA pap1-D double mutant shows reduced responsiveness to MeJA, similar to phyA mutant under far-red light. In darkness, a mutant allele of cop1, cop1-4, shows enhanced responsiveness to MeJA, but pap1-D mutant is barely responsive to MeJA. Upon MeJA application, the cop1-4 pap1-D double mutant accumulates considerably higher levels of anthocyanin than cop1-4 in darkness. Protein studies indicate that MYB75 protein is stabilized by white light and far-red light. Further gene expression studies suggest that MeJA promotes the expression of DFR, UF3GT, and LDOX genes in a phyA- and MYB75-dependent manner under far-red light. Our findings suggest that JA promotion of anthocyanin accumulation under far-red light is dependent on phyA signaling pathway, consisting of phyA, COP1, and MYB75.

Turnkey photonic flywheel in a microresonator-filtered laser.

Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcomb has emerged as an enabling technology that revolutionizes a wide range of applications in both basic science and technological innovation. Reliable turnkey operation with sub-optical-cycle and sub-femtosecond timing jitter is key to the success of many intriguing microcomb applications at the intersection of ultrafast optics and microwave electronics. Here we propose an approach and demonstrate the first turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb to the best of our knowledge. Our microresonator-filtered laser design offers essential benefits, including phase insensitivity, self-healing capability, deterministic selection of the DKS state, and access to the ultralow noise comb state. The demonstrated turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb achieves a fundamental comb linewidth of 100 mHz and DKS timing jitter of 1 femtosecond for averaging times up to 56 µs. The approach is universal and generalizable to various device platforms for user-friendly and field-deployable comb devices.

Mechanisms of oral microflora in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with complex pathogenesis and no effective treatment. Recent studies have shown that dysbiosis of the oral microflora is closely related to the development of PD. The abnormally distributed oral microflora of PD patients cause degenerative damage and necrosis of dopamine neurons by releasing their own components and metabolites, intervening in the oral-gut-brain axis, crossing the biofilm, inducing iron dysregulation, activating inter-microflora interactions, and through the mediation of saliva,ultimately influencing the development of the disease. This article reviews the structure of oral microflora in patients with PD, the mechanism of development of PD caused by oral microflora, and the potential value of targeting oral microflora in developing a new strategy for PD prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

CD95 promotes stemness of colorectal cancer cells by lncRNA MALAT1.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most fatal cancer. Many studies have shown that cancer stemness contributes to resistance to conventional chemotherapy and poor prognosis. However, the mechanisms involved in maintaining cancer stemness in CRC are still obscure and few clinical drugs were used to target cancer stemness. Previous studies had reported CD95 increases the stemness of cancer cells with long-term stimulation of exogenous agonist CD95 ligand (CD95L). However, the expression of CD95L is relative low in certain human tumor tissues. In this study, we found that CD95 was highly expressed in CRC cells, and in vitro it promoted the tumorsphere formation, chemotherapy resistance and in vivo tumor growth without stimulation of exogenous CD95L. Mechanistically, the bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing results suggested that CD95 promotes stemness of CRC cells through upregulation of long non-coding RNAs metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNA MALAT1). MALAT1 knockdown inhibited CD95-induced tumorsphere formation and chemotherapy resistance. In summary, our findings reveal that CD95 has the capability to modulate cancer stemness via the action of the lncRNA MALAT1. Targeting CD95 may be a promising strategy to inhibit cancer stemness in CRC.

Wafer-Scale Periodic Poling of Thin-Film Lithium Niobate.

Periodically poled lithium niobate on insulator (PPLNOI) offers an admirably promising platform for the advancement of nonlinear photonic integrated circuits (PICs). In this context, domain inversion engineering emerges as a key process to achieve efficient nonlinear conversion. However, periodic poling processing of thin-film lithium niobate has only been realized on the chip level, which significantly limits its applications in large-scale nonlinear photonic systems that necessitate the integration of multiple nonlinear components on a single chip with uniform performances. Here, we demonstrate a wafer-scale periodic poling technique on a 4-inch LNOI wafer with high fidelity. The reversal lengths span from 0.5 to 10.17 mm, encompassing an area of ~1 cm2 with periods ranging from 4.38 to 5.51 µm. Efficient poling was achieved with a single manipulation, benefiting from the targeted grouped electrode pads and adaptable comb line widths in our experiment. As a result, domain inversion is ultimately implemented across the entire wafer with a 100% success rate and 98% high-quality rate on average, showcasing high throughput and stability, which is fundamentally scalable and highly cost-effective in contrast to traditional size-restricted chiplet-level poling. Our study holds significant promise to dramatically promote ultra-high performance to a broad spectrum of applications, including optical communications, photonic neural networks, and quantum photonics.

Turnkey photonic flywheel in a Chimera cavity.

Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcomb has emerged as an enabling technology that revolutionizes a wide range of applications in both basic science and technological innovation. Reliable turnkey operation with sub-optical-cycle and sub-femtosecond timing jitter is key to the success of many intriguing microcomb applications at the intersection of ultrafast optics and microwave electronics. Here we propose a novel approach to demonstrate the first turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb. Our approach with a Chimera cavity offers essential benefits that are not attainable previously, including phase insensitivity, self-healing capability, deterministic selection of DKS state, and access to the ultralow noise comb state. The demonstrated turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb achieves a fundamental comb linewidth of 100 mHz and DKS timing jitter of 1 femtosecond for averaging times up to 56 µs. The approach is universal and generalizable to various device platforms for user-friendly and field-deployable comb devices.