[Progress in diagnosis and treatment of gangrenous cholecystitis].

Gangrenous cholecystitis is a kind of acute cholecystitis, whose course of disease progresses rapidly, early diagnosis is difficult and mortality is high, and clinicians are prone to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in clinical work.However, gangrenous cholecystitis has been ignored in various guidelines.This paper systematically summarized the pathogenesis, pathological manifestations, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of gangrenous cholecystitis, hoping to provide a complete and clear diagnosis and treatment process for clinicians.

[Exploration and application of a novel attempt to recruit participants in clinical trials of vaccines under the emergency].

Objective: To evaluate and share the novel method for recruiting participants in clinical trials of vaccines in emergency situations. Methods: To publish recruitment notice in local areas of Wuhan through websites and medium, and guide interested persons to log in to the"Clinical Trials of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Reservation and Health Declaration System"to appoint and register their health information. The "Health Declaration System" provides each volunteer evaluation and risk levels to preliminarily exclude those who do not meet the inclusion criteria. Researchers review the qualified volunteers by telephone, organize them to go to the vaccination site, and finally conduct a strict medical screening to determine the final subjects. Results: A total of 4 819 people and 5 132 people registered in the Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ recruitment system respectively, with men 2 912 (60.43%) and 2 887 (56.25%) more than women 1 907 (39.57%) and 2 245 (43.75%), mostly in the 20-39 age group, with 3 211 (66.63%) and 3 966 (77.28%). All 13 districts in Wuhan have interested residents to participate clinical research.The initial qualified rate of the Phase Ⅱ recruitment system was higher than that of Phase Ⅰ, with men 2 047 (70.28%) and 2 135(73.95%), higher than women 1 083 (56.80%) and 1 472 (65.57%); 440 and 689 people were reviewed by telephone in Phase Ⅰ and Phase Ⅱ respectively, and the number of verified volunteers was about 440 (35.00%) and 689 (67.20%); Of the 201 603 people who arrived at the vaccination site, 12 and 26 of them were positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody with an antibody positive rate of 6.00% and 4.31% respectively. Conclusion: The novel method for recruiting subjects in this clinical study is efficient and reliable, and the recruitment situation of Phase Ⅰ had set a good example for Phase Ⅱ but the medium-and long-term compliance of subjects and the separation of willingness and behaviors still need to be further studied.

[Progress in molecular mechanism of hepatolenticular degeneration induced by ATP7B gene mutation].

Hepatolenticular degeneration, also named Wilson disease, is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that characterized by copper metabolism disorder. WD mainly caused by the dysfunction of mutant ATP7B variants. This review summaries the mechanisms that different mutations affect the function of ATP7B, including inducing the mislocalization of mutant proteins, affecting the interactions between proteins or domains, regulating catalytic activity of ATP7B, and modifying the splicing of ATP7B gene. Further more, the genotype-phenotype correlation of a few mutations has been reviewed. Several mutations, such as p.R778L, are considered to be associated with more serious clinical symptoms, and the differences in environmental, diet, and lifestyle habits may also have effects on the susceptibility or the onset age of the patients. The research of the pathogenesis and clinical characterization of ATP7B gene mutations in the molecular level helps to deepen the understanding of WD, and suggests that personalized treatments should be used in future clinical practice.

Recent advances of nano-drug delivery system in oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the main causes of death in oral diseases. With the development of nanotechnology, great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors in nanomedicine. Being able to carry drugs, nucleic acids, contrast agents, and so on, nano-medical technology can effectively reduce the toxicity of nano-carried materials while playing a drug role. Nano-drug delivery system can help diagnosis and treatment of OSCC. In the chemotherapy of OSCC, nano-drug delivery system can significantly increase the anti-tumor activity of drugs in drug-resistant strains resistant to chemotherapy and can achieve good curative effect. We summarized the research progress of nano-drug delivery system in OSCC by reviewing relevant literature, so as to provide some reference for relevant clinicians.

[Progress in research of vaccination for patients with cancer].

Due to the tumor malignancy or immunosuppressive treatment, patients with cancer in general are more susceptible to vaccine-preventable infections. The types, timing, dose of vaccination or even the immunization program for them may differ from those for the normal persons. At present, it is recommended to use inactivated vaccines for patients with cancer rather than attenuated live vaccines, Vaccinations should be avoided during immunosuppressive therapy; patients with cancer should receive double dosage of hepatitis B vaccines and two doses of inactivated influenza vaccines yearly. This paper summarizes the progress in clinical trials of vaccination for cancer patients in foreign countries, and provide reference for the development and implementation of vaccination strategy for cancer patients in China.