Eternal Hunt: Unravelling the Challenge of CRE, the Quest for Perfection Continues!

How to cite this article: Salotagi S, Kannan A, Jindal A. Eternal Hunt: Unravelling the Challenge of CRE, the Quest for Perfection Continues! Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(5):513-514.

Methylene Blue in Septic Shock-A Novel Weapon in Our Arsenal: Are Utility Studies Highlighting its Futility?

How to cite this article: Angadi VM, Jindal A. Methylene Blue in Septic Shock-A Novel Weapon in Our Arsenal: Are Utility Studies Highlighting its Futility? Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(1):89.

To C or not to C? Designing a Pragmatic Trial to Deploy a Novel Immunomodulatory Therapy to Fight Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis.

Angadi VM, Jindal A. To C or not to C? Designing a Pragmatic Trial to Deploy a Novel Immunomodulatory Therapy to Fight Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(3):311.

Non-invasive Ventilation Failure - Predict and Protect.

Modified heart rate, acidosis, consciousness, oxygenation and respiratory rate (HACOR) score takes into consideration pneumonia, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), immunosuppression, septic shock, and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score prior to non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) that would impact the success of NIV and are commonly seen in patients presenting to the emergency. Propensity score matching could have been done for similar distribution of baseline characteristics. Specific objective criteria are needed to define respiratory failure requiring intubation. How to cite this article: Pratyusha K, Jindal A. Non-invasive Ventilation Failure - Predict and Protect. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(2):149.

Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hypertension: An Underdiagnosed Entity or a Diagnostic Difficulty?

How to cite this article: Pratyusha K, Jindal A. Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hypertension: An Underdiagnosed Entity or a Diagnostic Difficulty? Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(2):151.

Predisposition, Insult, Response, and Organ Dysfunction: A Well-constructed Score!

How to cite this article: Kannan A, Jindal A. Predisposition, Insult, Response, and Organ Dysfunction: A Well-constructed Score! Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(2):150.

Serial Ultrasonographic-measurement of Gastric Residual Volume in Critically Ill Patients for Prediction of Gastric Tube Feed Intolerance: Views.

How to cite this article: Pratyusha K, Jindal A. Serial Ultrasonographic-measurement of Gastric Residual Volume in Critically Ill Patients for Prediction of Gastric Tube Feed Intolerance: Views. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(1):79.

COVID-19 and T Cells: Do T Cells Really Matter?

How to cite this article: Gajjala C, Jindal, A. COVID-19 and T Cells: Do T Cells Really Matter? Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(1):75.

Normal Anion Gap: A Knowledge Gap.

We studied with great interest the article titled "Acute diarrhea and severe dehydration in children: Does non-anion gap component of severe metabolic acidemia need more attention?" by Takia L et al. and would express our views about the same. Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA) is a common entity following stool loss of bicarbonate during an acute diarrheal illness. Several studies have shown that there is a higher incidence of hyperchloremic acidosis and acute kidney injury (AKI) with normal saline (NS) when compared to balanced crystalloids like Ringer's lactate (RL) or balanced salt solutions like plasmalyte. We would like to know about the type of resuscitation fluid used in the study population as it would affect the degree of resolution of acidemia. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, rehydration therapy for children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is different from other children including the fluid used for bolus, i.e., RL and oral rehydration solution (ORS), i.e., rehydration solution for malnourished (ReSoMal). We would like to know if the study population included SAM children and a subgroup analysis of the same was done as SAM is an independent risk factor for mortality and morbidity. We suggest to plan studies on cognitive outcome of these children. How to cite this article: Pratyusha K, Jindal A. Normal Anion Gap: A Knowledge Gap. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(4):298.

Lung Ultrasound Score: Does It Really Predict Extubation Failure?

How to cite this article: Salotagi S, Kannan A, Jindal A. Lung Ultrasound Score: Does It Really Predict Extubation Failure? Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(11):855-856.

Genomic characterization unravelling the causative role of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of lineage B.1.617.2 in 2nd wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh, India.

COVID-19 pandemic 2nd wave catastrophic effect in the state of Chhattisgarh, India, from where no exclusive genomic data yet published, has prompted us to undertake this study to unearth the causative variant. Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from COVID-19 infected nine vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW), thirty mild/moderate, seventeen severe, and twenty-seven deceased patients, was performed. The significant predominance of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC), Delta (lineage B.1.617.2) identified in sixty-four (77.1%) cases in contrast to B.1 and its sublineage in eleven (13.2%), variant under monitoring (VUM), Kappa (lineage B.1.617.1) in five (6.0%) and another VOC Alpha (lineage B.1.1.7) in three (3.6%) cases respectively (p < 0.05, χ2 = 162.49). 88.8% vaccine breakthrough, 60% mild/moderate, 94.4% severe and 81.5% dead patients were infected by Delta. Kappa presents exclusively in mild/moderate, Alpha in vaccine breakthrough, mild/moderate, and dead patient and B.1 and its sublineages in mild, severe, and dead patient categories. Delta variant spike mutation of T19R, G142D, E156G, L452R, and deletion (F157 and R158) helps in escaping antibody response, T478K and D614G enhance viral affinity with ACE2 receptor while P681R and D950N result in higher replication and transmissibility by cleaving S1/S2 at furin site. We conclude that Delta variant predominant role along with co-occurrence of Kappa, Alpha, and B.1 variant during COVID-19 2nd wave pandemic in Chhattisgarh may pose a potential threat of future outbreak through hybrid variant evolution. Thus, intensive genomic surveillance for monitoring variant evolution and a more efficacious vaccine against the Delta and Alpha variants are required.

Letter to Editor regarding "Unusual Presentation of Spontaneous Chylothorax".

How to cite this article: Varghese AR, Jindal A. Letter to Editor regarding "Unusual Presentation of Spontaneous Chylothorax". Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(11):1225.

A Hybrid Form of Telemedicine and Quality Improvement: A Unique Way to Extend Intensive Care Services to Neonates.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of hybrid support (tele-mentoring and conventional support) on adverse outcome among neonates admitted to 10 special newborn care units (SNCUs) in Chhattisgarh. METHODS: This before-and-after study was conducted at 10 SNCUs in Chhattisgarh in 2022. Conventional support was given earlier and later, that was supplemented with tele-rounds which were carried out using Skype technology. The principal investigator (PI) visited each unit for one day per month to kickstart quality improvement (QI) projects and provide guidance. Patient outcome data were collected on clinical sepsis proportion, IV fluid usage, antibiotic usage, length of stay, referral and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2807 babies across 10 units were assessed. This was retrospectively correlated with 5169 babies in these units in the year before the intervention was started. The percentage of clinical neonatal sepsis cases decreased from 53.4% to 29.4% (P < 0.05). IV fluid usage dropped from 40% to 22.2% (P < 0.05). The initiation and continuation of kangaroo mother care (KMC) increased from 55.5% to 93.8% (P < 0.05). The average length of stay decreased from 5.5 ± 0.97 d to 4 ± 0.2 d (P < 0.05). Oxygen utilization decreased from 39.3% to 33.6% (P < 0.05). The proportion of antibiotic usage decreased from 50.2% to 39.7% (P < 0.05). The mortality rate decreased from 8.18% to 6.99% (P < 0.05). Referral rate decreased from 13.12% to 11.93% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a QI package through hybrid support, which includes tele-mentoring, supportive supervision visits, and local QI project advocacy, proves to be an effective approach in enhancing newborn intensive care.

A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of Mycobacterium w in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (ARMY-2).

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium w (Mw), an immunomodulator, resulted in better clinical status in severe coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) but no survival benefit in a previous study. Herein, we investigate whether Mw could improve clinical outcomes and survival in COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a multicentric, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, we randomized hospitalized subjects with severe COVID-19 to receive either 0.3 mL/day of Mw intradermally or a matching placebo for three consecutive days. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. The co-primary outcome was the distribution of clinical status assessed on a seven-point ordinal scale ranging from discharged (category 1) to death (category 7) on study days 14, 21, and 28. The key secondary outcomes were the change in sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on days 7 and 14 compared to the baseline, treatment-emergent adverse events, and others. RESULTS: We included 273 subjects (136 Mw, 137 placebo). The use of Mw did not improve 28-day survival (Mw vs. placebo, 18 [13.2%] vs. 12 [8.8%], P = 0.259) or the clinical status on days 14 (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.79-2.3), 21 (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.83-2.7) or 28 (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 0.79-2.8) between the two study arms. There was no difference in the delta SOFA score or other secondary outcomes between the two groups. We observed higher injection site reactions with Mw. CONCLUSION: Mw did not reduce 28-day mortality or improve clinical status on days 14, 21 and 28 compared to placebo in patients with severe COVID-19. [Trial identifier: CTRI/2020/04/024846].

A Curious Case of an Accented Extra Nose.

There have been about 60 cases of supernumerary nostril reported. We encountered a 38 weeker, male child with supernumerary nostril and midline congenital nevus which was later locally excised. The uniqueness of our case is the presence of an entirely well-formed nostril perched on top on the normal nose.

Profile and predictors of babies admitted to SNCUs of two tribal districts of Chhattisgarh.

Background: The neonatal period is the crucial and vulnerable period of the human life cycle. Various research has been conducted worldwide that provide the baseline data on clinical profiles and predictors of outcomes of babies admitted to sick newborn care units (SNCUs). Nonetheless, studies on tribal areas and community outreach areas are rare. In the present study, predictors and profiles of patients admitted to SNCU, in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh, India, were evaluated which shall help prioritize patient care and preventive approaches. Methods: This retrospective study was undertaken from January 2019 to December 2020 in the SNCUs of Dantewada and Bijapur. Neonatal and maternal characteristics, course during labor, treatment given to the neonates, and outcome data were obtained and analysed. Results: In total, 1,531 neonates were enrolled in the study. Mothers had a mean age of 25.6 years (standard deviation [SD] ±4.9) with birth spacing less than 2 years (60.3%) and antenatal care (ANC) visits less than 4 (50.4%). Neonates were low birth weight (43.75%) and were home-delivered (15.8%). One hundred forty-nine neonates died. In the multivariate regression model, extremely low birth weight babies, less than 1 kg (odds ratio [OR]: 11.59 confidence interval [CI] 4.625-31.58), gestational age less than 34 weeks (OR: 2.13 CI 1.291-3.532), central cyanosis (OR: 10.40 CI: 3.269-32.35), duration of IV fluid > 3 days (OR: 2.16 CI 0.793-0.880), duration of antibiotic >3 days (OR 0.63 CI 0.408-0.979) were found to be independent predictors of mortality among neonates. Conclusion: The prevalence of newborns aged less than 12 h is higher among the study population. Birth asphyxia, prematurity, neonatal jaundice, and sepsis were fundamental and leading causes of morbidity. Preterm birth and low birth weight babies had significantly high mortality. The government needs to focus on marginalized communities with target-based interventions and policies.

Coronavirus-19 and its Epidemiology in Children - An Ambispective Observational Study from Central India.

This ambispective observational study, was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Central India. Children aged <16 y who tested positive for SARS-CoV2 between 1st April 2020 to 30th April 2022 were included. The prevalence of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection was 1.2%. Of 525 children, median age was 60 mo; 88 (16.7%) were infants. Comorbidities were noted in 89 (16.9%) children. About 59% (n=309) were asymptomatic. Among symptomatic (n=216) children, fever (57.9%) was the most common symptom followed by cough (37%), running nose (21.3%) and shortness of breath (13.9%). Forty-three (8.2%) children required pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission, among which 21 required invasive ventilation. Patients with comorbidities were independently associated with need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Among PICU admitted children, 20 patients died. In multivariate logistic regression, children presenting with fever, shortness of breath and vasoactive requirement were found to be significantly associated with mortality. As the number of waves progressed, number of admissions were less but severity, association with comorbidities, need of ICU, mechanical ventilation and death rate increased.

Infections in Critically Ill Children.

Health care-associated infections (HAI) directly influence the survival of children in pediatric intensive care units (PICU), the most common being central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) 25-30%, followed by ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 20-25%, and others such as catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) 15%, surgical site infection (SSI) 11%. HAIs complicate the course of the disease, especially the critical one, thereby increasing the mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay, and cost. The incidence of HAI in Western countries is 6.1-15.1% and in India, it is 10.5 to 19.5%. The advances in healthcare practices have reduced the incidence of HAIs in the recent years which is possible due to strict asepsis, hand hygiene practices, surveillance of infections, antibiotic stewardship, and adherence to bundled care. The burden of drug resistance and emerging infections are increasing with limited antibiotics in hand, is still a dreadful threat. The most common manifestation of HAIs is fever in PICU, hence the appropriate targeted search to identify the cause of fever should be done. Proper isolation practices, judicious handling of devices, regular microbiologic audit, local spectrum of organisms, identification of barriers in compliance of hand hygiene practices, appropriate education and training, all put together in an efficient and sustained system improves patient outcome.

Effect of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (I/D) Polymorphism in COVID-19 Patients and Their Healthy Contacts.

Introduction The quest to understand the pathophysiology behind the deleterious effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak took a turn when involvement of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) receptors in different organs, especially the lungs, could explain all the clinical manifestations and adverse events in patients. The I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene, having been attributed in various studies, was also seen to have an effect in this pandemic. Present study aimed to analyze the effect of this I/D mutation in COVID-19 patients and in their healthy contacts. Methods Patients with past history of COVID-19 infection and their healthy contacts were enrolled in the study after obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent. The polymorphism was studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). p value less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Results The allelic distribution followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with the wild 'D' allele being dominant in the population. Between the case and controls, the mutant 'I' allele was observed more in the controls, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusion From the results of the present study, it could be concluded that while the wild 'D' allele led to higher chances of being affected with COVID-19, the polymorphism to 'I' allele was relatively protective in nature.