Molecular simulation of caloric properties of fluids modelled by force fields with intramolecular contributions: Application to heat capacities.

The calculation of caloric properties such as heat capacity, Joule-Thomson coefficients, and the speed of sound by classical force-field-based molecular simulation methodology has received scant attention in the literature, particularly for systems composed of complex molecules whose force fields (FFs) are characterized by a combination of intramolecular and intermolecular terms. The calculation of a thermodynamic property for a system whose molecules are described by such a FF involves the calculation of the residual property prior to its addition to the corresponding ideal-gas property, the latter of which is separately calculated, either using thermochemical compilations or nowadays accurate quantum mechanical calculations. Although the simulation of a volumetric residual property proceeds by simply replacing the intermolecular FF in the rigid molecule case by the total (intramolecular plus intermolecular) FF, this is not the case for a caloric property. We describe the correct methodology required to perform such calculations and illustrate it in this paper for the case of the internal energy and the enthalpy and their corresponding molar heat capacities. We provide numerical results for cP, one of the most important caloric properties. We also consider approximations to the correct calculation procedure previously used in the literature and illustrate their consequences for the examples of the relatively simple molecule 2-propanol, CH3CH(OH)CH3, and for the more complex molecule monoethanolamine, HO(CH2)2NH2, an important fluid used in carbon capture.

Preparing clinical preceptors to support nursing students in evidence-based practice.

Staff nurse preceptors contribute importantly to student learning and to academic program outcomes; however, academic-clinical partnerships can offer focused learning opportunities for preceptors as well. This study addressed different interest levels in evidence-based practice across clinical settings by testing the effectiveness of a workshop designed to increase preceptor knowledge and endorsement of evidence-based practice. Nurse preceptor participants (N = 160) recruited from seven hospitals during 2009 to 2011 had an average age of 43.9 (SD = 11.5) and an average of 17.0 (SD = 11.2) years of nursing experience. Participants' scores on the Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale improved significantly from pretest to posttest (M(pre) = 59.0, SD(pre) = 8.4, M(post) = 66.4, SD(post) = 6.8, p < .001), which was confirmed by subgroup analyses. At follow-up (1 to 25 months), 52% of the nurse preceptors reported increased use of evidence-based practice. This study indicates that a short collaborative, content-focused workshop can promote preceptor endorsement of evidence-based practice.

Water and aqueous solutions: simple non-speculative model approach.

Different ways of molecular modeling of water are analyzed and their similarities and differences identified. An up-to-date summary of achievements of a general approach to common rigid site-site interaction models of molecular fluids applied to water and aqueous solutions is then presented and discussed. The method is based on considering only a short-range part of a total realistic potential (such as SPC/E or TIPxP) which determines the structure of water (and fluids in general). A simplification of the interactions at short intermolecular separations leads then to simple models, called primitive models. Quite accurate results in an analytic form for the thermodynamic properties of the models are obtained using the thermodynamic perturbation theory. It is shown that the properly constructed primitive models reproduce, qualitatively, anomalies of pure water and basic characteristics of hydrophobic hydration. The concept of an extended excluded volume, based on pseudo-hard bodies, is introduced and exemplified by considering the partial molar volume of apolar solutes. Potential future development towards a theory of water based on the primitive models as a reference with the long-range contributions added as a perturbation is discussed.

A general method for determining molecular interfaces and layers.

A general and direct computational scheme to locate the surface separating arbitrarily shaped domains made up of molecules (or any other particles) has been developed and is described and illustrated for several, both artificial and physical examples. The proposed scheme consists of two modules: (i) triangulation and (ii) assignment of simplices to domains. Three different triangulation methods are employed, viz., the Delaunay triangulation, regular triangulation, and quasi-triangulation. In the triangulated system, the assignment step is carried out in two different ways, one based on the characteristic metric of a particular triangulation procedure and the other on the concept of a touching sphere. Some of the combinations of the triangulation and assignment steps lead to methods already used by others to find interfacial or surface molecules, namely the alpha-shape-based method of Usabiaga nad Duque [Phys. Rev. E 79 (2009) 046709] and GITIM of Sega et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 138 (2013) 044110]. The resulting surface is defined not only as a discrete set of particles, but it is build up of facets of the triangulation forming a broken line in two dimensions or a polyhedral surface in three dimensions. Individual molecular layers are identified in a very straightforward manner, starting with the interfacial layer itself and proceeding into the interior of the phase. The proposed scheme is illustrated first by identifying border molecules of pre-sampled domains of several shapes in a plane and then applied to five physically meaningful examples: thin films, near critical water, liquid water slab in an electric field, liquid water at a solid wall, and water at condition of electric-field-induced jetting. Performance of the considered methods is critically assessed. Treatment of domains forming percolating clusters through periodic boundary conditions is also described along with the determination of their periodicity and dimensionality.

Molecular simulation of aqueous electrolyte solubility. 2. Osmotic ensemble Monte Carlo methodology for free energy and solubility calculations and application to NaCl.

We present a new and computationally efficient methodology using osmotic ensemble Monte Carlo (OEMC) simulation to calculate chemical potential-concentration curves and the solubility of aqueous electrolytes. The method avoids calculations for the solid phase, incorporating readily available data from thermochemical tables that are based on well-defined reference states. It performs simulations of the aqueous solution at a fixed number of water molecules, pressure, temperature, and specified overall electrolyte chemical potential. Insertion/deletion of ions to/from the system is implemented using fractional ions, which are coupled to the system via a coupling parameter λ that varies between 0 (no interaction between the fractional ions and the other particles in the system) and 1 (full interaction between the fractional ions and the other particles of the system). Transitions between λ-states are accepted with a probability following from the osmotic ensemble partition function. Biasing weights associated with the λ-states are used in order to efficiently realize transitions between them; these are determined by means of the Wang-Landau method. We also propose a novel scaling procedure for λ, which can be used for both nonpolarizable and polarizable models of aqueous electrolyte systems. The approach is readily extended to involve other solvents, multiple electrolytes, and species complexation reactions. The method is illustrated for NaCl, using SPC/E water and several force field models for NaCl from the literature, and the results are compared with experiment at ambient conditions. Good agreement is obtained for the chemical potential-concentration curve and the solubility prediction is reasonable. Future improvements to the predictions will require improved force field models.

Toward a statistical mechanical theory for water: analytical theory for a short-ranged reference system.

Starting from a realistic Hamiltonian and making use of recent findings that the properties of associating fluids are determined primarily by short-ranged interactions, this methodology has been implemented using statistical mechanical approaches and thermodynamic perturbation theory for the TIP4P model of water. We focus on the short-range reference system for which an analytic expression for the Helmholtz free energy is derived. It is found that the model (reference system) exhibits, in addition to a faithful representation of the structure of water, the same features that are characteristic for real water, namely, (i) the temperature of the density maximum and its pressure dependence, including the inflection point at high pressures and (ii) the temperature minima of the constant pressure heat capacity and the coefficient of isothermal compressibility.

Eating and weight control behaviors among middle school girls in relationship to body weight and ethnicity.

This study examined the links among body mass index (BMI), weight control practices, binge eating, and eating disorders in 1164 middle school girls. Both the prevalence and frequency of weight control behaviors increased as BMI increased, but binge eating was reported approximately equally by girls across the BMI spectrum.

Hard-sphere radial distribution function again.

A theoretically based closed-form analytical equation for the radial distribution function, g(r), of a fluid of hard spheres is presented and used to obtain an accurate analytic representation. The method makes use of an analytic expression for the short- and long-range behaviors of g(r), both obtained from the Percus-Yevick equation, in combination with the thermodynamic consistency constraint. Physical arguments then leave only three parameters in the equation of g(r) that are to be solved numerically, whereas all remaining ones are taken from the analytical solution of the Percus-Yevick equation.