Outcome after stent and endoscopic vacuum therapy-based treatment for postemetic esophageal rupture.

OBJECTIVES: Extent of surgical repair of spontaneous esophageal effort rupture (Boerhaave syndrome) has gradually decreased by the emergence of minimal invasive treatment based on endoscopic stent sealing of the perforation. However, for this diagnosis, use of endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) is still in its beginning. We present our results after 7-years with both stent and/or EVT-based treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 17 consecutive patients with Boerhaave syndrome from June 2015 to May 2022 were retrospectively registered in a database. The perforation was sealed by stent and/or EVT, and gastric effluent was drained transthoracically by a chest tube or pigtail catheter. Eight out of 14 patients responded to questions on fatigue and dysphagia (Ogilvie's score). RESULTS: Seventeen patients aged median 67 years (range 34-88), had a primary hospital stay of 38 days (7-68). Ninety-day mortality was 6% (n = 1). Perforations were sealed with stent (n = 10), EVT (n = 3) or stent and EVT (n = 4). One patient (6%) needed laparoscopic lavage and transhiatal drainage. Eight patients (47%) were re-stented due to persistent leakage (n = 4) and stent migration (n = 4). Fifteen patients (88%) had complications, including multi-organ failure (n = 9), pleural empyema (n = 8) and esophageal stricture (n = 3). The perforations healed. After 35.5 months (range 2-62) fourteen patients were alive. Eight that responded had no dysphagia and total fatigue score comparable to an age-matched reference population. CONCLUSION: Mortality rate was low after initial stent and EVT-based treatment of Boerhaave syndrome, combined with adequate transthoracic drainage of gastric effluent. Patients required repeated minimal invasive procedures, but with no apparent negative effect on functional outcome.

Western European Variation in the Organization of Esophageal Cancer Surgical Care.

Reasons for structural and outcome differences in esophageal cancer surgery in Western Europe remain unclear. This questionnaire study aimed to identify differences in the organization of esophageal cancer surgical care in Western Europe. A cross-sectional international questionnaire study was conducted among upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgeons from Western Europe. One surgeon per country was selected based on scientific output and active membership in the European Society for Diseases of the Esophagus or (inter)national upper GI committee. The questionnaire consisted of 51 structured questions on the structural organization of esophageal cancer surgery, surgical training, and clinical audit processes. Between October 2021 and October 2022, 16 surgeons from 16 European countries participated in this study. In 5 countries (31%), a volume threshold was present ranging from 10 to 26 annual esophagectomies, in 7 (44%) care was centralized in designated centers, and in 4 (25%) no centralizing regulations were present. The number of centers performing esophageal cancer surgery per country differed from 4 to 400, representing 0.5-4.9 centers per million inhabitants. In 4 countries (25%), esophageal cancer surgery was part of general surgical training and 8 (50%) reported the availability of upper GI surgery fellowships. A national audit for upper GI surgery was present in 8 (50%) countries. If available, all countries use the audit to monitor the quality of care. Substantial differences exist in the organization and centralization of esophageal cancer surgical care in Western Europe. The exchange of experience in the organizational aspects of care could further improve the results of esophageal cancer surgical care in Europe.

Short- and long-term outcomes in patients operated with total minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

At our hospital, the main treatment for resectable esophageal cancer (EC) has since 2013 been total minimally invasive esophagectomy (TMIE). The aim of this study was to present the short- and long-term results in patients operated with TMIE. This cross-sectional study includes all patients scheduled for TMIE from June 2013 to January 2016 at Oslo University Hospital. Data on morbidity, mortality, and survival were retrospectively collected from the patient administration system and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Long-term postoperative health-related quality of life (HRQL) and level of dysphagia were assessed by patients completing the following questionaries: EORTC QLQ-OG25, QLQ-C30, and the Ogilvie grading scale. A total of 123 patients were included in this study with a median follow-up time of 58 months (1-88 months). 85% had adenocarcinoma, 15% squamous cell carcinoma. Seventeen patients (14%) had T1N0M0, 68 (55%) T2-T3N0M0, or T1-T2N1M0 and 38 (31%) had either T3N1M0 or T4anyNM0. Ninety-eight patients (80%) received neoadjuvant (radio)chemotherapy and 104 (85%) had R0 resection. Anastomotic leak rate and 90-days mortality were 14% and 2%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival was 53%. Patients with tumor free resection margins of >1 mm (R0) had a 5-year survival of 57%. Median 60 months (range 49-80) postoperatively the main symptoms reducing HRQL were anxiety, chough, insomnia, and reflux. Median Ogilvie score was 0 (0-1). In this study, we report relatively low mortality and good overall survival after TMIE for EC. Moreover, key symptoms reducing long-term HRQL were identified.

Early experience with total robotic D2 gastrectomy in a low incidence region: surgical perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Few European centers have reported on robotic gastrectomy for malignancy. We report our early experience with curative-intent total robotic gastrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Intuitive Surgery Da Vinci Surgical System Xi 4 armed robot was used. Routine D2 lymphadenectomy was applied. RESULTS: Some 27 patients with adenocarcinoma (n = 18), hereditary cancer susceptibility (n = 8) and premalignancy (n = 1) were allocated to robotic gastrectomy, three were excluded due to inoperability during surgery. Median (range) age was 66 (18-87) years, 14 (58.3%) were females and body mass index was 25.5 (22.1-33.5) kg/m2. Total gastrectomy was performed in 19 (79.2%) and subtotal in five (20.8%) patients. One (4.2%) procedure was converted to laparotomy. Procedural time was 273 (195-427) minutes. Three (12.5%) patients were reoperated within 30 days, one (4.2%) died. Serious complications (Clavien Dindo IIIb or more) occurred in three (12.5%) patients. Postoperative hospital stay was 10 (6-43) days. Fourteen of 16 (87.5%) patients with adenocarcinoma/premalignancy received radical resections. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 20 (11-34). Eleven (73.3%) patients with adenocarcinoma had T3/T4 tumors and 6 (40%) had TNM stage III or more. CONCLUSION: Total robotic D2 gastrectomy appears feasible and safe during early introduction in a low incidence region.

Very long-term outcome after resection rectopexy for internal rectal intussusception.

BACKGROUND: Both at short- and long-term follow-up we have reported major improvement of the symptom of constipation in patients treated with resection rectopexy for internal rectal intussusception (IRI). The aim was to study whether this improvement also persisted in a cohort of these patients after very long-term follow-up. METHODS: Observational and mainly prospective study of a cohort of 13 out of 48 patients with IRI who initially had ligament-preserving resection rectopexy with suture by laparoscopic (n = 11) or open (n = 2) technique. Outcome measures were morbidity, scores for constipation and anal incontinence, patients' report and HRQL. RESULTS: Thirteen out of the 48 initial patients (27%) reported data at very long-term follow-up. Months from preoperatively to short-, long- and very long-term follow-up were median 6, 76 and 159, respectively. Corresponding mean (95% CI) constipation scores were 11.5 (8.3-14.7), 4.2 (1.7-6.6) (p < .001), 5.3 (3.6-7.0) (p < .05) and 13.6 (8.2-19.0). Number of constipated patients were (score ≥ 10) were 8, 1, 0, 1 and 9, respectively. Scores for anal incontinence were 6.1 (2.4-11.4), 5.8 (2.0-9.5), 4.9 (0.9-9.0) and 7.9 (4.3-11.5), respectively. HRQL life was reduced for bodily pain, social functioning, mental health and general health perception. Percentage patients reporting symptomatic improvement were 100, 70 and 53, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IRI have a symptomatic relief for more than 6 years after resection rectopexy. The operation did not inflict permanent patient sequela. Motivated patients must be informed about very long-term deterioration of symptomatic relief.

Short-, long-, and very long-term results of secondary anterior sphincteroplasty in 20 patients with obstetric injury.

PURPOSE: More long-term follow-up studies beyond 10 years after secondary sphincteroplasty for obstetric damage are warranted. This prospective study aimed to compare reported data on incontinence and satisfaction in a cohort of such patients examined at short-, long-, and very long-term follow-up. METHODS: Twenty out of 33 obstetric patients (61%) operated with secondary anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty during February 1996 to April 2004 were evaluated preoperatively and at short-, long-, and very long-term follow-up. Anal incontinence was scored by a combination of Wexner's and St. Mark's incontinence scores. The patients also reported degree of treatment satisfaction. RESULTS: Twenty patients were examined preoperatively and after a median (range) of 5 (2-62), 102 (64-162), and 220 (183-278) months. Corresponding incontinence scores were 11.5 (5-18), 5.5 (1-17) (p < 0.01), 10.0 (0-18) (p > 0.05), and 12.0. (1-18) (p > 0.05). With increasing follow-up times, patients reporting a better outcome were 75%, 65%, and 45%. At very long-term follow-up patients, reports were more dismal than expected in those also reporting improved incontinence cores. Incontinence scores did not improve in patients with neuropathy (n = 5) or patients (n = 5) with more than 10 years of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Initial improvement of anal incontinence attenuated with time, in particular from short- to long-term follow-up. Patients with neuropathy experienced no improvement of incontinence. Beyond stoma formation, in compliant patients, one should consider other treatment options like sacral nerve stimulation and neosphincter formation.

Surgical Morbidity and Mortality From the Multicenter Randomized Controlled NeoRes II Trial: Standard Versus Prolonged Time to Surgery After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if prolonged TTS after completed nCRT improves postoperative outcomes for esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: TTS has traditionally been 4-6 weeks after completed nCRT. However, the optimal timing is not known. METHODS: A multicenter clinical trial was performed with randomized allocation of TTS of 4-6 or 10-12 weeks. The primary endpoint of this sub-study was overall postoperative complications defined as Clavien-Dindo grade II-V. Secondary endpoints included complication severity according to Clavien-Dindo grade IIIb-V, postoperative 90-day mortality, and length of hospital stay. The study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02415101). RESULTS: In total 249 patients were randomized. There were no significant differences between standard TTS and prolonged TTS with regard to overall incidence of complications Clavien-Dindo grade II-V (63.2% vs 72.6%, P = 0.134) or regarding Clavien-Dindo grade IIIb-V complications (31.6% vs 34.9%, P = 0.603). There were no statistically significant differences between standard and prolonged TTS regarding anastomotic leak (P = 0.596), conduit necrosis (P = 0.524), chyle leak (P = 0.427), pneumonia (P = 0.548), and respiratory failure (P = 0.723). In the standard TTS arm 5 patients (4.3%) died within 90 days of surgery, compared to 4 patients (3.8%) in the prolonged TTS arm (P = 1.0). Median length of hospital stay was 15 days in the standard TTS arm and 17 days in the prolonged TTS arm (P = 0.234). CONCLUSION: The timing of surgery after completed nCRT for carcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction, is not of major importance with regard to short-term postoperative outcomes.

Long-term outcome in patients operated with hybrid esophagectomy for esophageal cancer - a cohort study.

Background: Over the past two decades, hybrid and total minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (EC) has increasingly been implemented with the aim to improve morbidity, functional result and ultimately the prognosis in these patients. However, more results are warranted and in this single-center study we report long-time outcome in a cohort of cancer patients treated with hybrid esophagectomy (HE).Material and methods: Hundred and nine patients with EC operated with HE from November 2007 to June 2013 were included. Clinical, pathological and survival data were retrieved from the patient administration system and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Patients alive were asked to fill out the Ogilvie dysphagia score, EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-OG25. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier's method and prognostic factors by uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses.Results: Median overall follow-up time was 55 months (range 2-135) after R0-2 resection (n = 109) and 76 months (5-135) for R0 resection (n = 100). Five-year overall survival rate was 49% and 53%, respectively. Anastomotic leakage rate and 90-days mortality were 5% and 2%, respectively. Six patients (6%) had later surgery for metastases to mediastinum, hepatoduodenal ligament, brain, lung, liver or bladder median 26 months (4-51) after HE. Forty-one out of 51 patients alive (80%) filled out questionnaires after median 65.5 months (63-123) follow-up. All patients could eat normal food without (n = 37) or with (n = 4) problems. Nearly, half of the patients reported problems with reflux, one-third experienced fatigue and anxiety while one out of four had weight loss and episodes of dyspnea.Conclusions: In this patient series, HE offered low postoperative mortality and good overall long-term survival. Most survivors maintained good quality of life more than five years post treatment. There was a low rate of serious postoperative complications.

Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach ­ a rare form of hereditary gastric cancer. / Gastrisk adenokarsinom og proksimal ventrikkelpolypose ­ en sjelden form for arvelig magesekkreft.

Hereditary ventricular polyposis in the form of gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS) is a rare condition characterised by a typical distribution of polyps in the stomach and risk of gastric cancer at a young age. Prophylactic gastrectomy may be indicated. The condition is not thought to be associated with increased risk of colon cancer, but the evidence base is limited.

Outcome after iatrogenic esophageal perforation.

OBJECTIVES: Iatrogenic perforations are the most common cause of esophageal perforation. We present our experience mainly based on a non-operative treatment approach as well as long-term outcome in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients were treated for iatrogenic esophageal perforation at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål from February 2007 to March 2014. The etiology of perforation was dilation of benign stricture in eight patients, either dilation, stenting or stent removal in four with malignant stenosis, during diagnostic endoscopy in four, removal of foreign body in two and by other causes in three patients, respectively. After median 82 months, 10 patients alive (47.6%) were sent questionnaires about dysphagia, HRQoL and fatigue. RESULTS: Median age at time of treatment was 66 years. Median in-hospital stay and mortality were 10.5 days and 4.8%, respectively. Initial treatment in 15 patients (71.4%) was non-surgical of whom one needed delayed debridement for pleural empyema. Initial treatment in six patients (28.6%) was surgical of whom three needed delayed stenting. Altogether 14 patients (66.7%) were stented. Eight (57.1%) had restenting. Median number of stents used was 1 (1-4). The stents were removed after median 36 days. The perforations healed after 2.5 months. After median 82 months, the patients reported reduced HRQoL. There was no significant difference regarding level of dysphagia and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: We report satisfactorily short-term and long-term results of iatrogenic esophageal perforations. Mortality was low and HRQoL was deteriorated. Dysphagia and fatigue were comparable to a reference population.

Outcome after accidental food bolus-induced esophageal perforation.

OBJECTIVES: Food bolus-induced esophageal perforation is much more seldom than iatrogenic and emetic esophageal rupture. We present results from a non-operative treatment approach as well as long-term functional outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 10 consecutive patients with food bolus-induced esophageal perforation from October 2007 to May 2015 were retrospectively registered in a database. Six patients developed perforation related to endoscopic removal of impacted food, and four during esophageal passage of bone, meat or bread. Treatment was sealing the perforation by stenting (n = 7) with (n = 4) or without (n = 3) chest tube drainage, chest tube drainage (n = 1), observation (n = 1) and gastroesophageal resection (n = 1) because of concomitant emesis of gastric effluent. After median 51 months nine patients reported about dysphagia, fatigue and health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Ten patients aged median 62.5 years (range 30-85) stayed in our hospital for 12 days (5-68 days). There was no treatment-related mortality. Nine patients were alive 63 months (18-126) after perforation. Five needed restenting (leakage, migration, impacted stent), two had drainage of a mediastinal abscess, one patient developed a transient esophagobronchial fistula. Dysphagia score was 0 (0-1). One patient developed dysphagia for some solid food. Scores for fatigue and HRQoL was similar to a Norwegian reference population. CONCLUSION: Treatment mainly with a non-operative approach occurred without mortality. Complications were handled by restenting and abscess drainage. Functional result for dysphagia was excellent. Interesting results on fatigue and HRQoL must be interpreted with caution because of a limited patient material.

Outcome after stenting and débridement for spontaneous esophageal rupture.

OBJECTIVES: Surgical repair has been the most common treatment of esophageal effort rupture (Boerhaave syndrome). Stent-induced sealing of the perforation has increasingly been used with promising results. We present our eight years´ experience with stent-based and organ-preserving treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 15 consecutive patients with Boerhaave syndrome from February 2007 to May 2015 were retrospectively registered in a database. Treatment was sealing of the perforation by stenting, chest tube drainage and débridement of the contaminated thorax. After median 25 months nine out of 10 patients responded to questions on fatigue and Ogilvie's dysphagia score. RESULTS: Fifteen patients, aged median 67.5 years (range 39-88), had a primary hospital stay of 20 days (range 1-80 days). Overall in-hospital mortality was 13%. Observation time was 44 months (range 0-87) and 10 patients were alive of August 2017. Ten patients (67%) needed surgical chest débridement. Five patients (33%) were restented for leakage, migration and for stent removal. Eleven patients (73%) had complications, which included pleural empyema (n = 4), fatal aortic bleeding, lung arterial bleeding, lung embolism, drain-induced lung laceration and respiratory failure. Dysphagia score was low (median 0.5) meaning that they were able to feed themselves. Total fatigue score (mean 14.6) was slightly increased (p = .05) compared with a reference population. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality rate after initial stenting of effort rupture seems to be comparable to standard surgical repair. Most patients required further intervention, either by restenting and/or surgical débridement. The functional result in these patients was satisfactory.

Laparascopic resection for gastric cancer at Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål 2015­18. / Laparoskopisk reseksjon av ventrikkelcancer ved Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål 2015­18.

BACKGROUND: We wished to assess our experiences with laparoscopy used in curative resection for gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative-intent surgery, irrespective of access, in the period 1 May 2015-28 February 2018 at Oslo University Hospital Ullevål were included. The patient care pathway and oncological results were registered continuously and analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 93 patients underwent surgery, 48 of whom were women. Median age was 73 (32-89) years, and 16 patients were 80 years of age or above. The duration of the procedure was 265 (125-644) minutes. Altogether seven patients underwent laparotomy, one was planned and six were converted to open surgery. Standardised lymph node dissection was performed in 88 patients. Complications were recorded in 48 patients, of which 11 were serious. A total of six patients had anastomotic leakage. Three died within 30 days/during hospitalisation. Postoperative hospitalisation was 12 (5-78) days. A total of 86 patients underwent radical surgery, five had tumour infiltration in the resection margins, and two had indeterminate resection status. The median number of lymph nodes identified was 18 (0-53). Tumours were locally advanced in 56 patients. INTERPRETATION: Laparoscopic gastric resection with standardised lymph node dissection can be performed in most patients with gastric cancer who undergo curative-intent surgery. The method has become standard in our department.

Resection for oesophageal cancer - complications and survival. / Reseksjon for oesophaguscancer - komplikasjoner og overlevelse.

BACKGROUND Surgery is considered necessary to achieve a cure for oesophageal cancer. Minimally invasive oesophageal resection is increasingly performed with the aim of reducing the number of complications compared with open surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate postoperative complications, mortality and long-term survival following hybrid oesophageal resection by laparoscopy and thoracotomy.MATERIAL AND METHOD Patients with oesophageal cancer who underwent hybrid resection with curative intent at Oslo University Hospital Ullevål from 1 November 2007 to 1 June 2013 were included (n = 109). Complications were graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification and survival figures were recorded.RESULTS Median age was 65 years, 79 % were men. Altogether 118 complications were recorded in 70 patients (64.2 %). Distribution of complications was 1.8 % for stage I, 29.4 % for stage II, 22.1 % for stage III and 11.0 % for stage IV. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 4.6 %. There was no postoperative mortality. The proportion of R0 resections with microscopic radicality was 91 % (n = 100). For the entire patient population, the estimated 5-year survival rate was 48 % (95 % CI 36 - 60 %), for R0 resection 51 % (38 - 63 %) and for R1-2 resection 0 %. Estimated median survival with R0-2, R0 and R1-2 resection was 55, 55 and 10 months (0 - 28 months), respectively. R status and stage had a significant bearing on survival.INTERPRETATION There was a low percentage of serious complications, no mortality and few anastomotic leakages after hybrid resection for oesophageal cancer. The 5-year survival rate was good.

Surgical treatment of epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum.

BACKGROUND: Epiphrenic diverticula occur in the lowermost 10 cm of the oesophagus. The main symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation and pain when swallowing food. The main purpose of the survey was to evaluate the department's results for surgical treatment of this rare and distressing condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the period 2002-2012, eleven patients (nine men) underwent surgery for an oesophageal diverticulum consisting of excision (n = 8), myotomy of the lower oesophageal sphincter and Dor fundoplication (n = 2) or all these procedures (n = 1). Two of them were transferred from other hospitals because of complications. Details of pre-operative symptoms and post-operative complications were retrieved retrospectively from patient records. Ten patients who agreed to take part in a retrospective survey responded to a questionnaire a median of 27.5 months (range of 2-105 months) after surgery. RESULTS: There were no fatalities as a result of the treatment. Three patients developed leakage after the diverticulum excision, two of whom required reoperation. The patients experienced considerable symptomatic improvement. According to the retrospective survey, eight of the nine patients with pre-operative dysphagia no longer had it. Four of seven with regurgitation, and all five patients who experienced pain in connection with swallowing, experienced post-operative improvement. The patients reported their condition as completely well (n = 5) or improved (n = 5) after the operation. One patient who had undergone reoperation for leakage and oesophageal mediastinal fistula did not consent to further surgery. INTERPRETATION: Most patients who underwent surgery for epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum in our department experienced symptomatic improvement after surgery.

Short- and long-term results of secondary anterior sphincteroplasty in 33 patients with obstetric injury.

OBJECTIVE: To study short- and long-term improvement in obstetric anal incontinence after secondary overlapping sphincteroplasty and repeat repairs. DESIGN: A prospective analysis based on incontinence scores and patient satisfaction. SETTING: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, a tertiary unit also dealing with sphincter repair. POPULATION: Of 40 obstetric patients operated consecutively from February 1996 to April 2004, 33 (83%) patients with median age of 36 years were eligible for evaluation. METHODS: Wexner's and St. Mark's incontinence score, clinical examination, anal ultrasonography and manometry, and neurophysiological examination when indicated. Patient satisfaction to treatment was recorded. The patients had anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty. Five had repeat operations, four sphincteroplasty and two post-anal repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anal incontinence, patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The 33 patients were examined after median 7 (range 2-62) months and 103 (62-162) months. Median incontinence scores preoperatively and after short- and long-term follow-up were 12 (5-20), 7 (5-20) (p < 0.01) and 9 (0-18) (p < 0.05), respectively. Three patients (9%) had normalized anal incontinence (score ≤1) after short- and long-term follow-up. Corresponding numbers for improved anal incontinence were 22 (67%) and 16 (49%), respectively. Improvement in incontinence scores and patients' satisfaction were concordant. Symptom duration (n = 7), pudendal neuropathy (n = 6), repeat repair (n = 5) and instrument delivery (n = 3) were associated with adverse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Improvement in anal incontinence at short-term follow-up is attenuated at long-term follow-up. Stoma formation, sacral nerve stimulation and neo-sphincter formation must be considered in compliant patients.

Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Visible Light Spectroscopy of the Gastric Tube During Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemia is considered as the main reason for thoracic gastroesophageal anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy. Microcirculatory monitoring with laser Doppler flowmetry and visible light spectroscopy may provide valuable intraoperative real-time information about the gastric tube's tissue perfusion and circulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with esophageal cancer operated with minimally invasive esophagectomy participated in this single-center, prospective, observational pilot study. A single probe with laser Doppler flowmetry and visible light spectroscopy was used to perform transserosal microcirculation assessment of the gastric tube at predefined anatomical sites during different operation phases. Group comparison and changes were evaluated using the paired sample t-test. RESULTS: A reduction in StO2 was found at all measuring sites after the gastric tube formation compared with the baseline measurements. The mean StO2 reduction from baseline to gastric tube formation and after anastomosis was 16% (range 4%-28%) and 42% (range, 35%-52%), respectively. A statistically significant increase in the rHb concentration, representing venous congestion, was detected at the most cranial part of the gastric tube (P = 0.04). Three patients developed anastomotic leaks. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative real-time laser Doppler flowmetry and visible light spectroscopy are feasible and may provide insight to microcirculatory changes in the gastric tube and at the anastomotic site. Patients with anastomotic leaks seem to have critical local tissue StO2 reduction and venous congestion that should be further evaluated in studies with larger sample sizes.

[Surgical treatment of endometriosis]. / Kirurgisk behandling av endometriose.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is defined as a condition with ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, with pain and infertility as the dominating symptoms. The disease affects about 10% of fertile women. We have described the most common manifestations of endometriosis (peritoneal, ovarian and deep endometriosis) with an emphasis on surgical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This paper is based on literature retrieved from non-systematic searches of Medline and other databases, with an emphasis on randomised and large studies, as well as our own clinical experience and international collaboration. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: All gynecological departments should treat peritoneal endometriosis surgically in conjunction with diagnostic laparoscopy. Medical treatment, with amenorrhoea as a goal, relieves pelvic pain, but has no beneficial effect on fertility. ovarian endometriosis should be treated surgically. Upon surgery, the pseudocapsule should be removed, possibly with ablation close to the ovarian hilus to conserve as much functional ovarian tissue as possible. Larger endometriomas- especially kissing ovaries- are often combined with deep endometriosis, and treatment in specialized hospitals should be considered. deep endometriosis must usually be treated surgically. When endometriosis affects the vagina, bowel and/or bladder, surgery is challenging, time-consuming and often involves collaboration with gastrosurgeons and/or urologists. Treatment of these difficult cases should be centralized.

[Treatment of oesophageal perforations]. / Behandling av oesophagusperforasjoner.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal perforation is a serious condition with a high mortality. Treatment is both surgical and conservative. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records were retrospectively reviewed for 22 patients (17 men), with median age 64 (30-85) years, that had been treated for esophageal perforation at Ullevaal University Hospital in the period 2000-2006. RESULTS: Perforation was cervical in two (9%) patients, thoracic in 19 (86%) and abdominal in 1 (5%) of the patient(s). The etiology was iatrogenic in 11 (50%) patients, emetic in 8 (36%) and caused by a foreign body in 3 (14%) patients. Five patients with an iatrogenic etiology had oesophageal cancer. Diagnosis after onset of symptoms was evident within 24 hours in 41% patients, during 24-72 hours in 14% and later than 72 hours in 45% of the patients. Half of the patients (11) were treated surgically, including two that had been initially treated conservatively. Five patients (23%) died of thoracic perforations during hospitalization and there were no other deaths. Median hospital stay was 54 (3-174) days. At the end of follow-up median survival was 113 (12-660) days and 10 of the 22 patients were dead (45%). INTERPRETATION: Our impression is that early surgery of oesophageal perforation in fit patients can improve the outcome.

Management of gastric conduit retention following hybrid and minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: Two retrospective case series.

INTRODUCTION: Following esophagectomy about 5% of patients experience long-term gastric conduit retention. We report two patients with surgical correction for this problematic condition. This case series is a retrospective, non-consecutive single center report. PRESENTATION OF CASES: A slender female aged 76 (patient 1) and an obese man aged 69 (patient 2) with esophageal cancer, underwent hybrid and total minimally invasive Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy, respectively. The conduit was tubularized, and the stapled anastomosis located above carina. The crura were divided in patient 1. Contrast enema revealed a straight (patient 1) or redundant (patient 2) thoracic conduit. Conduit retention in patient 1 began after 47 months. After 61 months reoperation was performed with open thoracoabdominal access for mobilization, abdominal reduction and diaphragmatic suture fixation of the herniated conduit. Symptoms improved and oral nutrition is still sufficient after 8 months.Patient 2 had clinically significant retention after 15 months, despite using pyloric Botox injection and expandable metal stenting. At laparoscopic reoperation after 27 months a partial conduit mobilization and refixation were unsuccessful, but an accidental colonic hiatal hernia was taken down. After 28 months a second reoperation was performed, similar to patient 1. Fifteen months afterwards the patient still ate sufficiently, but a limited double reherniation had occurred. DISCUSSION: Long-term retention post-esophagectomy often start with an initial redundant conduit, that can increase from food-induced stretching and declive emptying against gravity. A wide hiatal opening probably also predispose to conduital herniation. CONCLUSIONS: Conduit retention improved after mobilization, reduction and its hiatal fixation. A too wide or narrow hiatal opening must be avoided to prevent herniation.