Immuno-virological and Clinical Follow-up of Persons Living With HIV-2 (PWHIV-2) Receiving Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF): A Retrospective Study.

This retrospective study evaluated Bictegravir/FTC/TAF in 24 PWHIV, 5 naive and 19 pretreated. After a median follow-up of 37.5 months, all PWHIV-2 had a plasma viral load < 40 copies/mL. Median CD4 count increased significantly from 580 to 625 cells/mm3, suggesting the effectiveness of Bictegravir/FTC/TAF to treat HIV-2 infection.

Real-world data on long-acting intramuscular maintenance therapy with cabotegravir and rilpivirine mirror Phase 3 results.

INTRODUCTION: Cabotegravir, an integrase strand transfer inhibitor, and rilpivirine, an NNRTI, constitute the first long-acting (LA), injectable, two-drug ART regimen approved for the maintenance of virological suppression in persons living with HIV-1 (PLHIV). The aim of this study was to assess clinical effectiveness and tolerability of LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine in a real-world setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, single centre study, including all PLHIV receiving LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine as standard-of-care in our tertiary centre even if initiated in clinical trials. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2022, 126 PLHIV initiated LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine. All were ART-experienced, and 98.4% had a viral load (VL) of <50 copies/mL before LA cabotegravir/rilpivirine initiation. Median BMI at cabotegravir/rilpivirine initiation was 24 IQR (23-28). During a median follow-up of 9 months IQR (7-24), 27 patients discontinued cabotegravir/rilpivirine because of virological failure, 6 for adverse events, 11 for personal reasons unrelated to treatment tolerance and 5 for other reasons. Virological failure was not associated with a higher BMI, nor with weight gain during LA intramuscular (IM) cabotegravir/rilpivirine treatment, inadequate cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations, VL blips or the use of oral lead-in (OLI) or not. No drug resistance-associated mutation emerged. Adverse events leading to treatment interruption were injection-site pain (n = 3) and neuropsychological side effects (n = 3). A correlation between BMI and both cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations at 1 month post-initiation of LA-IM cabotegravir/rilpivirine was observed, with no impact of OLI. CONCLUSIONS: Data from this real-world cohort of PLHIV who received cabotegravir/rilpivirine LA injections suggest that this regimen is effective and well tolerated. Virological failures were not associated with the acquisition of resistance mutations.

Proportion of APOBEC3-induced defective HIV DNA after 1†year of dolutegravir + lamivudine simplification in the ANRS 167 LAMIDOL trial.

BACKGROUND: Hypermutated viruses induced by APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3) proteins comprise some of the defective viruses in the HIV reservoir. Here, we assessed the proportion of APOBEC3-induced defective proviruses in HIV-positive patients before and after receiving dolutegravir + lamivudine dual therapy. METHODS: PBMCs of virologically suppressed patients enrolled in the ANRS 167 LAMIDOL trial, evaluating a switch from triple therapy to dolutegravir + lamivudine, were collected 8 weeks before (W-8) and 48 weeks after (W48) dual-therapy initiation. The Vif and RT regions were subject to next-generation sequencing. Bioinformatic algorithms were developed to identify APOBEC3-defective sequences and APOBEC3-related drug resistance mutations (APOMuts). All hypermutated sequences and those containing at least one stop codon were considered as defective. RESULTS: One hundred and four patients were enrolled (median virological suppression duration: 4.2 years; IQR: 2.0-9.1). Proviral defective reads at W-8 and W48 were detected in Vif in 22% and 29% of patients, respectively, and in RT in 38% and 42% of patients, respectively. At least one APOMut was present in proviruses of 27% and 38% of patients at W-8 and W48, respectively. The ratio of APOMuts/number of potential APOMut sites was significantly higher at W48 (16.5%) than at W-8 (9.8%, P = 0.007). The presence of APOBEC3-defective viruses at W-8 was not associated with HIV total DNA level, nor with the third drug class received prior to switching to dolutegravir + lamivudine, nor with the duration of virological suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas no significant change in the proportion of patients with APOBEC3-defective proviruses was evidenced after 1 year of dolutegravir + lamivudine maintenance, enrichment in APOMuts was observed. Further longer-term studies are needed to assess the other forms of defective viruses with dual-therapy.

Weight gain following the single substitution of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate by tenofovir alafenamide in HIV-infected people from the French Dat'AIDS cohort: A propensity score-matched analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To minimize confounding factors, we aimed to describe the changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) following the single substitution of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) by tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS: We designed a retrospective study in a large French cohort. We included all HIV-suppressed adults under TDF + emtricitabine + rilpivirine or elvitegravir/cobistat, who experienced a first switch from TDF to TAF, while other antiretrovirals remained unchanged (Switch group). We compared this population to a propensity score-matched Control group (1:1) who stayed on the same TDF-based regimen. Changes were evaluated after 6 (M6) and 12 months (M12). RESULTS: Some 1260 and 468 PLWH were evaluable per group at M6 and M12, respectively. In the Switch group, there was a mean (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) weight gain of +1014 g (+826 to +1201) at M6 (p < 0.0001) and +1365 g (+910 to +1820) at M12 (p < 0.0001), as compared with baseline. Meanwhile, there was no significant weight gain at M6 (+139 g [-50 to +328]) and M12 (-32 g [-413 to +350]) in the matched Control group. Similarly, mean BMI increased significantly in the Switch group at M6 (+0.35, 95% CI: +0.29 to +0.41, p < 0.0001) and M12 (+0.49, 95% CI: +0.32 to +0.65, p < 0.0001), while it was stable at M6 (+0.05, 95% CI: -0.01 to +0.12, p = 0.11) and M12 (+0.01, 95% CI: -0.12 to +0.14, p = 0.89) in the No Switch group. CONCLUSIONS: Although modest, there is a significant weight gain following the substitution of TDF by TAF. This should be anticipated in certain at-risk populations.

Novel mutations in antiviral multiresistant HSV-2 genital lesion: A case report.

HSV-2 antiviral resistance mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients and especially in HIV-positive individuals receiving long-term antiviral treatment. Those situations can be challenging as few alternatives are available for HSV infection management. To describe clinical and virological significance of two novel potential HSV-2 resistance mutations after treating an obese patient with a pseudotumoral genital HSV-related lesion. Consecutive different antiviral treatments were used: valacyclovir (VACV) then foscarnet (FOS) then topical cidofovir (CDV) and finally imiquimod. Under VACV, genotypic resistance testing revealed a novel mutation within viral thymidine kinase (TK, gene UL23) not previously reported but probably accounting for antiviral resistance: W89G, similar to W88R mutation reported in HSV-1 TK, known to be associated with ACV resistance for HSV-1. Under FOS, while initial mutations were still present, a second genotypic resistance testing performed on persisting lesions showed a novel mutation within viral DNA polymerase (DNA pol, gene UL30): C625R. All three antivirals used in this case are small molecules and pharmacokinetics of VACV, FOS, and CDV have not been evaluated in animals and there are very few studies in human. As small molecules are poorly bound to proteins and distribution volume is increased in obese patients, there is risk of underdosage. This mechanism is suspected to be involved in emergence of resistance mutation and further data is needed to adapt, closely to patient profile, antiviral dosage. This report describes a chronic HSV-2 genital lesion, with resistance to current antivirals and novel mutations within viral TK and DNA pol which may confer antiviral resistance.

MRI Features Associated With the Detection of Microbial Pathogens by CT-Guided Biopsy in Septic Spondylodiscitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features associated with microbial pathogen detection by computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy in patients with suspected septic spondylodiscitis. METHODS: For the last 10-year period, we analyzed the medical records of patients who underwent MRI and CT-guided biopsy for suspected septic spondylodiscitis. Clinical characteristics were recorded. The following MRI features were assessed: edema or contrast enhancement of the intervertebral disc, adjacent vertebrae, epidural and paravertebral space, presence of abscess, and paravertebral edema size. A positive biopsy was defined by pathogen identification on bacterial analysis or the presence of granuloma on histology. Predictors of a positive biopsy were assessed with a logistic regression model. RESULTS: We examined data for 61 patients (34 [56%] male; mean age, 59.9 ± 18.0 years); for 35 patients (57%), CT-guided biopsy was positive for a pathogen. The 4 MRI findings significantly associated with a positive biopsy were epiduritis, greater than 50% vertebral endplate edema, loss of intradiscal cleft, and abscess. The size of paravertebral edema was greater with a positive than negative biopsy (median, 15.9 [interquartile range, 11.3-21.3] vs 7.3 [4.6-12.9] mm; p = 0.004). On multivariable analysis, epiduritis was the only independent predictor of a positive biopsy (adjusted odds ratio, 7.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.7-31.4]; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Epiduritis and the size of paravertebral edema on MRI are associated with detection of a microbial pathogen in suspected septic spondylodiscitis. For patients without these MRI signs, the need for further investigations such as enriched or prolonged cultures, a second CT-guided biopsy, or even surgical biopsy need to be discussed.

Dolutegravir-based dual maintenance regimens combined with lamivudine/emtricitabine or rilpivirine: risk of virological failure in a real-life setting.

BACKGROUND: Maintenance ART with dolutegravir-based dual regimens have proved their efficacy among HIV-1-infected subjects in randomized trials. However, real-life data are scarce, with limited populations and follow-up. OBJECTIVES: We assessed virological failure (VF) and resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) on dolutegravir maintenance regimens in combination with rilpivirine or with lamivudine or emtricitabine (xTC) and analysed the factors associated with VF. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2018, all HIV-1-infected adults included in the Dat'AIDS cohort and starting dolutegravir/rilpivirine or dolutegravir/xTC as a maintenance dolutegravir-based dual regimen were selected. VF was defined as two consecutive HIV RNA values >50 copies/mL or a single value >400 copies/mL. We compared cumulative genotypes before initiation of a maintenance dolutegravir-based dual regimen with genotype at VF. RESULTS: We analysed 1374 subjects (799 on dolutegravir/rilpivirine and 575 on dolutegravir/xTC) with a median follow-up of 20 months (IQR = 11-31) and 19 months (IQR = 11-31), respectively. VF occurred in 3.8% (n = 30) of dolutegravir/rilpivirine subjects and 2.6% (n = 15) of dolutegravir/xTC subjects. Among subjects receiving dolutegravir/rilpivirine, two genotypes harboured emerging RAMs at VF: E138K on NNRTI (n = 1); and E138K+K101E on NNRTI and N155H on INSTI (n = 1). Among subjects receiving dolutegravir/xTC, no new RAM was detected. The only predictive factor of VF on dolutegravir/rilpivirine was the history of failure on an NNRTI-based regimen (adjusted HR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.28-6.93). No factor was associated with VF on dolutegravir/xTC. CONCLUSIONS: In this large real-life cohort, dolutegravir/rilpivirine and dolutegravir/xTC sustained virological suppression and were associated with a low rate of VF and RAM emergence. Careful virological screening is essential before switching to dolutegravir/rilpivirine in virologically suppressed patients with a history of NNRTI therapy.

Prevalence of genotypic baseline risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine failure among ARV-naive patients.

BACKGROUND: Multivariable baseline factor analysis across cabotegravir + rilpivirine clinical trials showed that HIV-1 subtypes A6/A1 and the presence of rilpivirine resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were associated with an increased risk of virological failure of this dual therapy. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of genotypic baseline risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine failure among ARV-naive patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2010 to 2020, 4212 sequences from ARV-naive patients were collected from three large Parisian academic hospital genotypic databases. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine RAMs were defined according to the ANRS algorithm. RESULTS: Among 4212 ARV-naive patients, 38.6% were infected with subtype B, 32.4% with CRF02_AG (32.4%) and 5.1% with subtype A (85.5% being A6/A1 subtype). Overall, the presence of at least one cabotegravir or rilpivirine RAM was 16.2% and 14.3%, respectively. Considering genotypic resistance interpretation, using the ANRS algorithm, 0.74% (n = 31), 6.2% (n = 261) and 0.09% (n = 4) of sequences were resistant to cabotegravir, rilpivirine or both, respectively. The overall prevalence of L74I in integrase and E138A in RT was 13.0% and 3.2%, respectively, and stable over the decade. Thus, adding 183 subtype A6/A1 sequences to 244 sequences interpreted as resistant to rilpivirine led to 427 (10.1%) sequences combining both baseline virological risk factors for cabotegravir + rilpivirine dual-therapy failure. CONCLUSIONS: Among large sequence databases, when adding prevalence of rilpivirine-resistant viruses and HIV-1 subtype A6/A1 sequences, 10.1% of patients would not be eligible for cabotegravir + rilpivirine dual therapy. These data re-emphasize the need for a pre-therapeutic genotypic resistance test to detect polymorphisms and transmitted drug resistance and to define HIV-1 subtype.

New Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus variant in men who have sex with men associated with severe pathologies.

BACKGROUND: Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) subtype depends mostly on patient origin. The current study aimed to assess KSHV diversity in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) living in France. METHODS: The study included 264 patients. In 65 MSM, including 57 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men with KS, multicentric Castleman disease, or primary effusion lymphoma and 8 HIV-uninfected men receiving HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we performed KSHV typing with K1 open reading frame Sanger and KSHV whole-genome sequencing. In 199 other patients, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction screening for the new variant. RESULTS: We found that 51% of KSHV-strains were subtype C (85% C3), and 33% were subtype A. Four patients with severe KSHV disease (2 with visceral KS, 1 with multicentric Castleman disease, and 1 with primary effusion lymphoma) and 1 asymptomatic PrEP user had a new variant resembling the Ugandan subtype F, but with different K1 open reading frame and KSHV whole-genome sequences and a different epidemiological context (MSM vs African population). Its prevalence was 4.5% in Caucasian MSM, and it was absent in other epidemiological groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subtype C predominated among MSM living in France. The new F variant was identified in Caucasian MSM and associated with severe KSHV disease, suggesting that subtype F could be split into F1 and F2 variants. Careful screening for this variant may be required in MSM, given the severe clinical presentation of associated diseases.

Pharmacovirological analyses of blood and male genital compartment in patients receiving dolutegravir + lamivudine dual therapy as a switch strategy (ANRS 167 LAMIDOL trial).

OBJECTIVES: To describe plasma residual HIV viraemia, cellular HIV reservoir size, blood plasma drug concentrations and their male genital tract penetration during the maintenance dual therapy dolutegravir + lamivudine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ANRS167 LAMIDOL enrolled 104 virologically suppressed patients to switch to dolutegravir + lamivudine. In this pharmacovirological substudy, ultrasensitive plasma viral load (USpVL) and plasma drug concentrations were measured at Day 0 (D0), Week 24 (W24) and W48 of dolutegravir + lamivudine, and HIV-DNA was measured at W-8 and W48. Semen samples were collected at D0 and W24 from 18 participants. Total and unbound blood and seminal plasma drug concentrations were measured using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: Median HIV-DNA was 2.5 log10 copies/106 PBMC (IQR = 2.2-3.0, n = 100) at W-8 and 2.4 log10 copies/106 PBMC (IQR = 2.1-2.9, n = 100) at W48 (P = 0.17). The proportion of patients with undetected USpVL was 38% (n = 98), 43% (n = 98) and 49% (n = 97) at D0, W24 and W48, respectively (P = 0.08). Total and unbound plasma dolutegravir concentrations were stable between timepoints (P = 0.13) and all total plasma dolutegravir concentrations except one were adequate. Median free fraction of dolutegravir in plasma was 0.21%. Median blood plasma and seminal plasma concentrations of total dolutegravir at 24 h were 1812 ng/mL and 206 ng/mL, respectively. Median seminal plasma/blood plasma total concentration ratios were 11.6% and 2478% for dolutegravir and lamivudine, respectively. HIV-RNA (365 to 475 copies/mL) was detected in seminal plasma of one patient at D0 (5.9%) and of two patients at W24 (11.8%). CONCLUSIONS: These findings add further important information regarding the effectiveness of dolutegravir + lamivudine maintenance dual therapy in terms of plasma residual viraemia, cellular reservoir size and drug penetration in the male genital tract.

Aspergillus flavus malignant external otitis in a diabetic patient: case report and literature review.

PURPOSE: Malignant external otitis is an aggressive and potentially life-threatening infection. This rare disorder is typically caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and affects almost exclusively elderly diabetic patients. However, fungal malignant external otitis have been identified, especially in immunocompromised hosts. METHODS: We report a rare case of invasive malignant external otitis caused by Aspergillus flavus in a diabetic patient without other underlying immunosuppression. A review of Aspergillus spp. malignant external otitis since voriconazole became the first line for invasive aspergillosis was performed. RESULTS: A 72-year-old man with diabetes mellitus developed invasive malignant external otitis with a vascular involvement. The patient was treated with empiric courses of antibiotics until a fungal infection was diagnosed. Proven Apsergillus infection was based on histopathological examination and isolation of A. flavus from culture of osteo-meningeal biopsies. Despite optimal antimicrobial therapy with voriconazole, the patient presented with cerebral infarction in the setting of an angioinvasive fungal infection leading to a fatal outcome. From a review of the literature, we found 39 previously published cases of proven Aspergillus spp. malignant external otitis treated with new triazoles. CONCLUSION: Given our experience and the literature review, a fungal etiology should be considered early in the course of malignant external otitis unresponsive to a conventional broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, with the need for a tissue biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

HIV-1 protease, Gag and gp41 baseline substitutions associated with virological response to a PI-based regimen.

OBJECTIVES: To assess, at ART initiation, the impact of baseline substitutions in protease, Gag and gp41 regions on the virological response to a first-line PI-based regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four HIV-infected ART-naive patients initiating a PI-based regimen including darunavir (n = 129) or atazanavir (n = 25) were assessed, including 36 experiencing virological failure (VF). Whole pol, gag and gp41 genes were sequenced at ART baseline by ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) using Illumina® technology. Supervised data-mining analyses were performed to identify mutations associated with virological response. Structural analyses were performed to assess the impact of mutations on protease conformation. RESULTS: UDS was successful in 127, 138 and 134 samples for protease, Gag and gp41, respectively (31% subtype B and 38% CRF02_AG). Overall, T4A and S37T mutations in protease were identified as being associated with VF (P = 0.02 and P = 0.005, respectively). Among CRF02_AG sequences, I72M and E21D mutations were associated with VF (P = 0.03 for both). They all induced some conformational changes of some protease side-chain residues located near mutated residues. In Gag, mutations associated with VF were G62D, N315H and Y441S (P = 0.005, P = 0.007 and P = 0.0003, respectively). All were localized outside Gag cleavage sites (G62D, matrix; N315H, capsid; and Y441S, p1). In gp41, the I270T mutation, localized in the cytoplasmic tail, was associated with VF (P = 0.003), and the I4L mutation, in the fusion peptide, was associated with virological success (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, new baseline substitutions in Gag, protease and g41, potentially impacting PI-based regimen outcome, were evidenced. Phenotypic analyses are required to confirm their role in the PI-resistance mechanism.

Dolutegravir and lamivudine maintenance therapy in HIV-1 virologically suppressed patients: results of the ANRS 167 trial (LAMIDOL).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the dolutegravir+lamivudine combination in virologically suppressed patients living with HIV. METHODS: The ANRS 167 LAMIDOL trial was an open-label, single arm, multicentre trial assessing once-daily dolutegravir (50 mg)+lamivudine (300 mg) in virologically suppressed HIV-1 patients on first-line triple-drug regimens. The main criteria for inclusion in the trial were plasma viral load (pVL) ≤50 copies/mL for ≥2 years, CD4 nadir >200 cells/mm3 and WT HIV prior to treatment initiation. From week -8 (W-8) to day 0 (D0) (Phase 1), the current third agent was switched to dolutegravir. From D0 to W48 (Phase 2), patients received once-daily dolutegravir+lamivudine, except if intolerant or if pVL >50 copies/mL during Phase 1. Virological failure was defined as pVL >50 copies/mL in two consecutive samples. The study was designed to show that the strategy had an efficacy of ≥80%, assuming a 90% success rate with a type I error of 5% and a power of 90%. RESULTS: In total, 104 of 110 patients enrolled in Phase 1 were included in Phase 2. These 104 patients were 86% male, 72% MSM and 87% CDC stage A. Their characteristics were (median): age 45 years, CD4 nadir 339 cells/mm3, baseline CD4 743 cells/mm3 and duration of viral suppression 4.5 years. The overall success rate at W48 was 97% (95% CI: 94%-100%), meeting the design expectation/assumption. Three therapeutic failures occurred: one virological failure at W4, one lost to follow-up at W32 and one interruption of therapeutic strategy at W40 after a blip (pVL 59 copies/mL but control pVL <50 copies/mL). Three viral blips occurred in two additional patients. Neither M184V nor integrase resistance mutations were detected after failure or blips. CONCLUSIONS: Dolutegravir+lamivudine is a promising maintenance therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with controlled virological suppression.

New mechanisms of resistance in virological failure to protease inhibitors: selection of non-described protease, Gag and Gp41 mutations.

OBJECTIVES: To further characterize HIV-1 viruses of patients experiencing unexplained virological failure (VF) on PI-containing regimens, ultradeep sequencing was performed on protease, gag and gp41 genes in patients failing a first-line treatment. METHODS: All naive patients initiating an antiretroviral treatment based on boosted darunavir, atazanavir or lopinavir and experiencing VF without any transmitted drug resistance mutation detected by Sanger sequencing on protease and reverse transcriptase genes were selected. Ultradeep sequencing (IlluminaTM Nextera®) was performed on protease, gag and gp41 genes in plasma before initiation of treatment and at VF to identify emergent mutations. RESULTS: Among the 32 patients included in the study, emergent and previously undescribed mutations in the viral protease gene were identified in five patients at VF: 64M (1 CRF02_AG), 64M/70R with mutation 15V (2 CRF02_AG), 79A (1 CRF06_cpx) and 79A with mutation 15V (1 CRF02_AG). Two patients showed the emergence of R286K in the gag region, outside of cleavage sites (2 CRF02_AG). In the gp41 region, the V321I mutation emerged inside the cytoplasmic tail (1 subtype A and 1 subtype B). All these patients were treated with a darunavir/ritonavir-based regimen. CONCLUSIONS: In some cases of VF to PIs, we observed the emergence of protease, Gag or Gp41 mutations that had not previously been associated with VF or PI resistance. These mutations should be further studied, in particular the 15V/64M/70R pattern in the protease gene identified among CRF02_AG viruses.

Presence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Apolipoprotein B Messenger RNA Editing, Catalytic Polypeptide-Like 3 (APOBEC)-Related Minority Variants in HPV-16 Genomes From Anal and Cervical Samples but Not in HPV-52 and HPV-58.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of minority variants (MVs) in high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types (HPV-16, -52, and -58) from cervical and anal smears. Methods: Whole HPV genome ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) was performed on cervical and anal smears collected during patient follow-up. Bioinformatics analyses were performed using Bowtie2 (Geneious). Results: We assessed 55 HPV-16-positive, 20 HPV-52-positive, and 17 HPV-58-positive samples, with significant differences in patient characteristics for the 2 anatomic sites. HPV-16 MVs were detected in 20 samples (36%), with no difference between cervical and anal samples. We did not find an association between the presence of MVs and cytovirological parameters. Seven HPV-16 genomes (13%) were apolipoprotein B messenger RNA editing, catalytic polypeptide-like 3 (APOBEC) edited. Among the cervical HPV-16-positive samples, most MVs (55%) resulted from APOBEC-related mutations. MVs were detected in 10 HPV-52-positive (50%) and 12 HPV-58-positive (71%) samples, with no difference between cervical and anal samples. No APOBEC-related mutations were found on HPV-58 or HPV-52 genomes. Conclusions: Overall, high-risk HPV MVs were found in about half of all cases in both anal and cervical samples. Interestingly, we reported for the first time a differential impact of APOBEC3 mutagenic activity depending on high-risk HPV type.

Risk of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era in the French Hospital Database on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (ANRS-C4).

Background: Risk factors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly documented in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Methods: We studied HIV-1-infected individuals aged ≥15 years who had no history of PML and were prospectively followed up between 1997 and 2011 in the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH-ANRS CO4) cohort. Cox models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), focusing on sub-Saharan origin, suggested to be protective, and recent cART initiation, potentially associated with an increased risk of PML. Results: PML developed in 555 individuals, in 57 during the first 6 months of cART. From 1997-2000 to 2009-2011, the incidence fell from 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], .98-1.31) to 0.49 (.37-.61) per 1000 person-years. Sub-Saharan African origin had no clear influence (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, .58-1.11). Compared with men who have sex with men, injection drug users (IDUs) were at higher risk (HR, 1.80 [95% CI, 1.32-2.45] for male and 1.68 [1.13-2.48] for female IDUs). When IDUs were excluded, hepatitis C virus seropositivity was associated with an increased risk (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02-1.93). Compared with no cART initiation, initiation <6 months previously was associated with PML onset (HR, 4.91; 95% CI, 2.42-9.95). Conclusions: Recent cART initiation is associated with an increased risk of PML, as are injection drug use and hepatitis C virus seropositivity. Sub-Saharan African origin had no protective effect.

No impact of HIV-1 protease minority resistant variants on the virological response to a first-line PI-based regimen containing darunavir or atazanavir.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate, in a clinical cohort of HIV-1-infected patients, the prevalence of PI minority resistant variants (MRV) at ART baseline and their impact on the virological response to a first-line PI-based regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In an observational single-centre cohort, we assessed all ART-naive patients initiating a first-line regimen including two NRTI and one boosted PI, darunavir/ritonavir or atazanavir/ritonavir, between January 2012 and March 2015. Ultra-deep sequencing of the pol gene was performed using Illumina® technology. Protease mutations were identified using the WHO transmitted drug resistance list and major PI resistance mutations (IAS-USA drug resistance mutations list). RESULTS: Ninety-four and 16 patients initiating a darunavir/ritonavir-based regimen and an atazanavir/ritonavir-based regimen, respectively, were assessed. Twenty-eight percent of the patients were HIV-1 subtype B, 39% CRF02_AG and 33% other non-B subtypes. Thirteen patients (13.8%) in the darunavir group and three patients (18.8%) in the atazanavir group experienced a virological failure (VF). Overall, 13 (11.8%) subjects had PI MRV at baseline in the median proportion of 1.3% (IQR = 1.1-1.7). The most prevalent PI MRV were G73C (n = 5) and M46I (n = 3). The proportion of patients harbouring baseline PI MRV was similar between those with virological success (10.6%) and those experiencing VF (18.8%) (P = 0.40). No difference was observed in the rate of PI MRV by viral subtype (P = 0.51) or by PI drug (P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a prevalence of 11.8% of PI MRV among 110 ART-naive subjects, without significant impact on the virological response to a first-line PI-based regimen containing darunavir or atazanavir.

High virological suppression regardless of the genotypic susceptibility score after switching to a dolutegravir-based regimen: week 48 results in an observational cohort.

Objectives: To assess, in a clinical cohort, the efficacy of switching current ART in virologically suppressed patients to a dolutegravir-based regimen, regardless of the genotypic susceptibility score (GSS). Patients and methods: This was an observational single-centre study assessing ART-treated patients with plasma viral load (pVL) <50 copies/mL who were switched to a dolutegravir-based regimen with 1 year of follow-up. PCR negative was defined as an undetected PCR signal. Trough plasma concentration (C24) was determined using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: Two hundred and thirty-nine patients initiated a dolutegravir-based regimen: 12%, 29% and 59% had a total GSS of 1 or 1.5 (group 1), 2 or 2.5 (group 2) and 3 (group 3), respectively. At switch initiation, the median time since first ART and the median duration with pVL <50 copies/mL were 13 years (IQR = 6-19) and 3 years (IQR = 1-6), respectively. Median times since last genotype were 9, 10 and 5 years for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Twenty patients (8.4%) discontinued the dolutegravir-based regimen due to adverse events. During the study, 96.4% (n = 661/686) of all pVL were <50 copies/mL. Four patients (1.7%) experienced virological failure (two pVL >50 copies/mL) without emergence of resistance; these patients' GSSs were 2, 2.5, 3 and 3. The median dolutegravir C24 was 1545 ng/mL (IQR = 1150-2097). Of the patients with pVL <20 copies/mL, 72% were PCR negative during the follow-up, with no difference between the three groups of patients. Conclusions: This observational cohort study showed a high level of virological suppression maintenance in the first year following the switch to a dolutegravir-based regimen, even in patients with GSS ≤2.