The prevalence of dental trauma and its association with illicit drug use among adolescents.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Dental trauma has been associated with predisposing factors such as gender and age, and biological characteristics such as overjet and socio-economic factors. However, research literature associating the use of illicit drugs with dental trauma is scarce. The aim of this survey is to investigate the prevalence of dental trauma and the association of the same with the use of illicit drugs among adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal analysis was conducted using a representative sample of 701 students between the ages of 14 and 19. Data were gathered by means of clinical examinations and self-administered questionnaires. The ABA-ABIPEME tool was adopted for the assessment of socio-economic conditions and ASSIST (Screening Test for Involvement with Alcohol, Cigarettes, and Other Substances) as a standard for the consumption of illicit drugs. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental trauma was 26.6% (183/687) and that of illicit drug use 7% (48/684). Dental trauma was more prevalent among older adolescents (P = 0.010) with overjet greater than 3 mm (P = 0.005) in males (P = 0.001) who had used marijuana and/or cocaine in their lifetime (P = 0.005). The Poisson regression results revealed that illicit drug use was still associated with dental trauma independent of other variables [PR = 1.54 (95% CI: 1.06-2.24) P = 0.022]. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental trauma was high and associated with the use of illicit drugs.

Knowledge of teachers and students in physical education's faculties regarding first-aid measures for tooth avulsion and replantation.

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to investigate the knowledge of undergraduate students and teachers at all physical education courses in the city of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) regarding first-aid measures to be taken following tooth avulsion as well as the need for the preventative use of mouth guards. The sample consisted of 442 individuals (Group 1: 53 teachers; Group 2: 389 undergraduate students). Data collection was carried out with the administration of a questionnaire with both objective and subjective questions addressing definitions, first-aid measures in cases of avulsion and tooth replantation, together with an assessment of the use and indication of mouth guards. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. The results revealed that 45.1% of the participants in both groups knew what a tooth replantation was. However, 91.6% judged themselves incapable of performing an immediate replantation. Among the overall sample, 45.9% has no knowledge on first-aid measures regarding tooth avulsion; sending the patient with an avulsed tooth to the dentist was the most often cited measure (42.3%). Immediate replantation was cited by 20.6% of the individuals in Group 1 and 5.9% of the individuals in Group 2 (P = 0.009). Regarding the storage medium, 17.1% of the individuals would keep the avulsed tooth in a dry medium. The majority of participants (58.3%) stated that the ideal extra-alveolar time for replantation was more than 360 min. Although 74% of the overall sample stated having knowledge of mouth guards, few reported making use or indicating the use of this piece of equipment. The present study revealed that the majority of teachers and undergraduate students of physical education courses do not have adequate knowledge regarding first-aid measures for tooth avulsion and do not use or indicate the use of mouth guards during sports activities.

Prevalence and factors associated to dental trauma in infants 1-3 years of age.

The aims of this study were to assess the epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) to primary teeth in infants and toddlers between 1 and 3 years of age and investigate whether TDI was related to biological and social factors. A representative sample of infants and toddlers in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (n = 519) was examined during a vaccination campaign. The evaluation of clinical signs of previous dental trauma was performed by nine previously calibrated examiners (intra-examiner Kappa = 0.95%; inter-examiner Kappa = 0.88%). Data were analysed through descriptive analysis, the chi-squared test (P < 0.050) and logistic regression. The prevalence of dental trauma was 41.6%. Among the 519 children examined, 193 (37.2%) had enamel fractures, 30 (5.7%) had enamel-dentin fractures and only three (0.6%) had enamel-dentin fractures involving the pulp. Dental care had been performed within the first 24 h in 4.1% of the sample and after 36 h in 0.8% of the sample. There was no statistically significant difference between genders. The most reported aetiologies were falls (28.8%) and collisions (6.8%). There were no statistically significant associations between the prevalence of dental trauma and non-nutritive sucking habits, dental caries or lip incompetence (P > 0.050). Children of mothers with low levels of schooling (0-6 years of study) had a greater prevalence of TDI (P = 0.001). The results of the logistic regression also demonstrated a significant association between dental injury and the Social Vulnerability Index (P = 0.045). Children from families with high social vulnerability (worse living conditions) had a 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.0-2.2) greater chance of exhibiting TDI. These results can help guide the implementation of health promotion policies.

Binge drinking, alcohol outlet density and associated factors: a multilevel analysis among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Our study sought to evaluate the prevalence of binge drinking in adolescents and its association with density of alcohol outlets around schools. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with 436 high-school students aged between 17 and 19 and enrolled in 18 public and private schools. The students completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C), consisting of questions about alcohol consumption by parents and siblings, and socioeconomic status (type of school, mother's education level). Data from geographic information systems were used to estimate the density of alcohol outlets around schools participating. The association between exploratory variables and binge drinking was investigated using multilevel logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05) with random intercepts and fixed slopes. A three-step sequential modeling strategy was adopted. The prevalence of binge drinking was 39.9%. The alcohol consumption among adolescents was lower for those studying in areas with low density of alcohol outlets around schools (OR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.14; 0.73) and the consumption of alcohol by mothers was associated with binge drinking among adolescents (OR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.14; 3.30). Our study concluded that binge drinking among adolescents was associated with density of alcohol outlets around the schools and mother's alcohol consumption.

[Peer group influence and illicit drug use among adolescent students in Brazil: a cross-sectional study]. / Influência do grupo de pares e uso de drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes brasileiros: um estudo transversal.

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine illicit drug use and associations with socioeconomic factors as well as peer group influence among Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted, involving the random selection of public and private schools from the nine administrative districts of a Brazilian state capital and the random selection of classrooms at each school. Illicit drug use was the outcome and was measured through the question: "Have you ever used any illicit drugs (marijuana, inhalants, hypnotics, cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, amphetamines and opioids) in your life?". The most important group of friends was ranked as school, family, religious activities and sports/culture. The area-based Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) was used to assess socioeconomic status. Data from 891 adolescents were analyzed using the chi-squared test and logistic regression. The overall rate of illicit drug use was 15.2%. Gender heterogeneity within groups (OR = 3.14; 95%CI: 1.63-6.06), religion-based friendships (OR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.17-0.75) and sports/culture-based friendships (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.22-0.87) remained significantly associated with illicit drug use. Adolescents who lived in less vulnerable areas had higher chance of drug use in comparison with those living in more vulnerable areas. Religion-based and sports/culture-based friendships seem to demonstrate a protective effect against lifetime illicit drug use. Gender heterogeneity within groups and residing in a less vulnerable area increased the chances of adolescents reporting illicit drug use.

O estudo teve como objetivo examinar o uso de drogas ilícitas e as associações com fatores socioeconômicos e influência do grupo de pares entre adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 19 anos de idade. Foi adotada uma amostra de clusters em dois estágios, com a seleção aleatória de escolas públicas e privadas entre os nove distritos administrativos de uma capital de estado, e a seleção aleatória de turmas em cada escola. A variável de desfecho foi o uso de drogas ilícitas, medido pela seguinte pergunta: "Você já usou drogas ilícitas (maconha, inalantes, hipnóticos, cocaína/crack, alucinógenos, anfetaminas e/ou opióides) alguma vez na vida?". Os grupos de pares foram classificados como: escola, família, atividades religiosas e esportes/cultura. O nível socioeconômico foi avaliado com o Índice de Vulnerabilidade em Saúde (IVS) baseado em área. Foram analisados os dados de 91 adolescentes com o teste do qui-quadrado e regressão logística. A proporção global de uso de drogas ilícitas foi 15,2%. A heterogeneidade por gênero dentro de grupos (OR = 3,14; IC95%: 1,63-6,06), amizades baseadas em religião (OR = 0,36; IC95%: 0,17-0,75) e amizades baseadas em esportes/cultura (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,22-0,87) permaneceram associadas significativamente com o uso de drogas ilícitas. Os adolescentes que residiam em áreas menos vulneráveis mostraram maior probabilidade de uso de drogas ilícitas, quando comparados aos jovens em áreas mais vulneráveis. As amizades baseadas em religião e esportes/cultura parecem ter um efeito protetor contra o uso de drogas ilícitas. A heterogeneidade de gênero dentro de grupos e a residência em áreas menos vulneráveis aumentaram as chances de uso de drogas ilícitas por adolescentes.

El objetivo del presente estudio transversal fue examinar el consumo de drogas ilícitas, y su asociación con factores socioeconómicos, así como con la influencia del grupo entre adolescentes brasileños de 15 a 19 años de edad. Se adoptó una muestra del grupo en dos etapas, considerando una selección aleatoria de escuelas públicas y privadas de nueve distritos administrativos de una capital de estado brasileña y una selección aleatoria de clases en cada escuela. El consumo ilícito era el resultado que se midió a través de la pregunta: "¿Has consumido alguna vez drogas legales (marihuana, inhalantes, hipnóticos, cocaína/crack, alucinógenos, anfetaminas y opioides) en tu vida?" El grupo más importante de factores protectores fue categorizado como: escuela, familia, religioso y deportes/cultura. El área, basada en el Índice de Vulnerabilidad de la Salud (IVS), se usó para evaluar el estatus socioeconómico. Se analizaron los datos de 891 adolescentes, usando el test chi-cuadrado test y regresión logística. El porcentaje global de consumo de drogas ilícitas fue de un 15.2%. La heterogeneidad de género en los grupos (OR = 3.14; 95%CI: 1.63-6.06), amistad basada en la religión (OR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.17-0.75) y amistades basadas en deporte/cultura (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.22-0.87) quedaron significativamente asociadas con el consumo de drogas ilícitas. Los adolescentes que vivían en áreas menos vulnerables tenían una oportunidad más alta de consumo de drogas, en comparación con aquellos que vivían en áreas más vulnerables. Las amistadas basadas en la religión y deporte/cultura parece que demuestran ser un factor protector contra el consumo de drogas a lo largo de la vida. La heterogeneidad de género en los grupos y residir en áreas menos vulnerables incrementó la oportunidad en el consumo de ilícito de drogas.

Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life among schoolchildren.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 years and their parents in Diamantina, a town in the southeast of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 390 randomly selected children who were subjected to a clinical oral examination. The Dental Aesthetic Index was used to diagnose malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment. The Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ (8-10)) was used to evaluate the impact of malocclusion on OHRQoL. The children's parents answered the Brazilian Economic Criterion Questionnaire for the socioeconomic classification. Data analysis involved the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation coefficients. The variables were grouped into a hierarchy of categories ranging from distal to proximal determinants. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed at each level to correlate the total CPQ (8-10) score with the independent variables. The prevalence of malocclusion was 78.7%. Crossbite remained significantly associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL (PR = 1.28; 95%CI:1.17-1.39; p < 0.001). The prevalence of malocclusion was high in the sample investigated and exerted a negative impact on OHRQoL.

Alcohol intake among adolescent students and association with social capital and socioeconomic status.

The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol consumption, binge drinking and their association with social capital and socioeconomic factors among Brazilian adolescents students. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a randomly selected representative sample of 936 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Information on alcohol consumption, social capital and socioeconomic status was collected using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital and Social Vulnerability Index, respectively. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 50.3% and binge drinking 36% the last year. Adolescents who reported believing that people in their community could help solve a collective problem (with the water supply) and those classified as having high social vulnerability had lower likelihood of binge drinking (PR = 0.776 [95%CI:0.620 to 0.971] and PR = 0.660 [95%CI:0.542 to 0.803], respectively). The prevalence of alcohol consumption and binge drinking the last year is high among participants. Those with higher socioeconomic status as well as lower perceptions of community capital social are more likely to display binge-drinking behavior.

Binge drinking and associated factors among adolescents in a city in southeastern Brazil: a longitudinal study.

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the frequency of binge drinking and associated factors in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The sample consisted of 436 adolescents. Data collection involved the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Ordinal logistic regression was used in the multivariate analysis. An increase in the frequency of binge drinking was found among adolescents who lived in areas of greater social vulnerability (OR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.01-2.68), those whose mothers consumed alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.05-2.92), those whose fathers consumed alcoholic beverages (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.11-3.68), those with an increased risk of tobacco use (OR = 2.82; 95%CI: 1.07-7.42) and those who attended religious services (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.30-3.38). Knowledge regarding factors associated with a change in the frequency of binge drinking among adolescents can assist in the establishment of public policies directed at health promotion and the prevention of adverse health conditions.

Risk of alcohol dependence: prevalence, related problems and socioeconomic factors.

The present study evaluated the possible alcohol dependence and related problems among adolescents and determined possible associations with socioeconomic factors and gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 936 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years enrolled at public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data related to alcohol consumption and associated problems were collected using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), mother's schooling and type of school were used to assess socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and Poisson regression. The prevalence of possible dependence was 16.4%, 52.1% reported concern of a family member regarding the adolescent's alcohol consumption. Female adolescents were less likely to exhibit possible dependence in comparison to males. Participants with living in a low vulnerability area were more likely to consume alcohol in comparison to those living in underprivileged areas. The results of the present study demonstrate that possible dependence was significantly associated with the male gender and low social vulnerability.

Tobacco use and friendship networks: a cross-sectional study among Brazilian adolescents.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of tobacco use and its association with types of friendship networks, socioeconomic status and gender among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of 905 students aged 15 to 19 years. Information on social networks and tobacco use was collected by the self-administered questionnaire 'Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test" and the question "What is your most important group of close friends?'. Socioeconomic status was assessed using an area-based social vulnerability index and type of school. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between tobacco use and the independent variables. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 18.9%. Female adolescents had 3.80-fold greater odds of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use compared to male adolescents. Participants who reported that their most important groups of close friends were from church had a lower risk of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use in comparison to those who reported that their best friends were from school. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of tobacco use was high and was associated with school-based (as compared to church-based) friendship networks, female gender and higher area-level socioeconomic status.

Binge drinking, alcohol outlet density and associated factors: a multilevel analysis among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil / Consumo excessivo episódico de álcool, densidade de locais de venda de bebidas alcoólicas e fatores associados: uma análise multinível entre adolescentes em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Consumo de alcohol compulsivo, densidad de locales de venta de alcohol y factores asociados: un análisis multinivel entre adolescentes procedentes de Belo Horizonte, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Our study sought to evaluate the prevalence of binge drinking in adolescents and its association with density of alcohol outlets around schools. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with 436 high-school students aged between 17 and 19 and enrolled in 18 public and private schools. The students completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C), consisting of questions about alcohol consumption by parents and siblings, and socioeconomic status (type of school, mother's education level). Data from geographic information systems were used to estimate the density of alcohol outlets around schools participating. The association between exploratory variables and binge drinking was investigated using multilevel logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05) with random intercepts and fixed slopes. A three-step sequential modeling strategy was adopted. The prevalence of binge drinking was 39.9%. The alcohol consumption among adolescents was lower for those studying in areas with low density of alcohol outlets around schools (OR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.14; 0.73) and the consumption of alcohol by mothers was associated with binge drinking among adolescents (OR = 1.94; 95%CI: 1.14; 3.30). Our study concluded that binge drinking among adolescents was associated with density of alcohol outlets around the schools and mother's alcohol consumption.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de consumo excessivo episódico de álcool entre adolescentes e a associação com a densidade de locais de venda de bebidas alcoólicas no entorno das escolas. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com 436 estudantes de segundo grau entre 17 e 19 anos de idade matriculados em 18 escolas públicas e privadas. Os estudantes responderam perguntas do Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C) sobre consumo de álcool pelos pais e irmãos, além de características socioeconômicas (tipo de escola, escolaridade materna). Foram utilizados dados de sistemas de informações geográficas para calcular a densidade de locais de venda de bebidas alcoólicas em torno das escolas participantes. A associação entre variáveis independentes e consumo excessivo episódico de álcool foi investigada por análise de regressão logística multivariada (p < 0,05) com interceptos randômicos e inclinações fixas. Foi adotada uma estratégia de modelagem sequencial em três passos. A prevalência de consumo excessivo episódico de álcool foi de 39,9%. O consumo de álcool entre adolescentes foi mais baixo naqueles que estudavam em áreas com baixa densidade de locais de venda de bebidas alcoólicas em torno das escolas (OR = 0,32; IC95%: 0,14; 0,73), e o consumo de álcool pelas mães esteve associado ao consumo excessivo episódico de álcool pelos adolescentes (OR = 1,94; IC95%: 1,14; 3,30), Em conclusão, consumo excessivo episódico de álcool por adolescentes mostrou associação com a densidade de locais de venda de bebidas alcoólicas no entorno das escolas e com o consumo materno de álcool.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia del consumo compulsivo de alcohol por parte de adolescentes y su asociación con la densidad de establecimientos de venta de alcohol próximos a escuelas. Este estudio transversal se realizó en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, con 436 estudiantes de escuelas secundarias con edades comprendidas entre los 17-19 años, inscritos en 18 escuelas públicas y privadas. Los estudiantes completaron con Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C) preguntas sobre el consumo de alcohol por parte de padres y hermanos, así como de su estatus socioeconómico (tipo de escuela, nivel de escolarización de la madre). Los datos del sistema de informaciones geográficas se usaron para calcular la densidad de establecimientos de venta de alcohol en los alrededores de las escuelas participantes. La asociación entre las variables exploratorias y el consumo compulsivo de alcohol fue investigado usando un análisis de regresión logística multinivel (p < 0,05) con intersecciones aleatorias y curvas fijas. Se adoptó una estrategia de modelado secuencial en tres pasos. La prevalencia de consumo compulsivo de alcohol fue de 39,9%. El consumo de alcohol entre adolescentes fue más bajo entre quienes estudiaban en áreas con baja densidad de establecimientos de venta de alcohol alrededor de las escuelas (OR = 0,32; IC95%: 0,14; 0,73), además el consumo de alcohol en madres estuvo asociado con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes (OR = 1,94; IC95%: 1,14; 3,30). La conclusión fue que el consumo compulsivo de alcohol en adolescentes estaba asociado con la densidad de establecimientos de venta de alcohol en los alrededores de las escuelas y el consumo de alcohol por parte de la madre.

The prevalence of inhalant use and associated factors among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

The scope of this study was to establish the prevalence of inhalant use among adolescents and its association with marijuana use, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and gender. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample of 891 adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected using two self-administered questionnaires: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index, mother's education level and type of school (public or private). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of inhalant use was 7.9%. No significant association was found between the use of inhalants and socioeconomic status after the logistic regression analysis. Inhalant use among adolescents was associated with marijuana use (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) and with binge drinking (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).

Influência do grupo de pares e uso de drogas ilícitas entre adolescentes brasileiros: um estudo transversal / Peer group influence and illicit drug use among adolescent students in Brazil: a cross-sectional study / La influencia del grupo y el consumo de drogas ilícitas entre estudiantes adolescentes en Brasil: un estudio transversal

O estudo teve como objetivo examinar o uso de drogas ilícitas e as associações com fatores socioeconômicos e influência do grupo de pares entre adolescentes brasileiros de 15 a 19 anos de idade. Foi adotada uma amostra de clusters em dois estágios, com a seleção aleatória de escolas públicas e privadas entre os nove distritos administrativos de uma capital de estado, e a seleção aleatória de turmas em cada escola. A variável de desfecho foi o uso de drogas ilícitas, medido pela seguinte pergunta: "Você já usou drogas ilícitas (maconha, inalantes, hipnóticos, cocaína/crack, alucinógenos, anfetaminas e/ou opióides) alguma vez na vida?". Os grupos de pares foram classificados como: escola, família, atividades religiosas e esportes/cultura. O nível socioeconômico foi avaliado com o Índice de Vulnerabilidade em Saúde (IVS) baseado em área. Foram analisados os dados de 91 adolescentes com o teste do qui-quadrado e regressão logística. A proporção global de uso de drogas ilícitas foi 15,2%. A heterogeneidade por gênero dentro de grupos (OR = 3,14; IC95%: 1,63-6,06), amizades baseadas em religião (OR = 0,36; IC95%: 0,17-0,75) e amizades baseadas em esportes/cultura (OR = 0,44; IC95%: 0,22-0,87) permaneceram associadas significativamente com o uso de drogas ilícitas. Os adolescentes que residiam em áreas menos vulneráveis mostraram maior probabilidade de uso de drogas ilícitas, quando comparados aos jovens em áreas mais vulneráveis. As amizades baseadas em religião e esportes/cultura parecem ter um efeito protetor contra o uso de drogas ilícitas. A heterogeneidade de gênero dentro de grupos e a residência em áreas menos vulneráveis aumentaram as chances de uso de drogas ilícitas por adolescentes.

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine illicit drug use and associations with socioeconomic factors as well as peer group influence among Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Two-stage cluster sampling was adopted, involving the random selection of public and private schools from the nine administrative districts of a Brazilian state capital and the random selection of classrooms at each school. Illicit drug use was the outcome and was measured through the question: "Have you ever used any illicit drugs (marijuana, inhalants, hypnotics, cocaine/crack, hallucinogens, amphetamines and opioids) in your life?". The most important group of friends was ranked as school, family, religious activities and sports/culture. The area-based Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) was used to assess socioeconomic status. Data from 891 adolescents were analyzed using the chi-squared test and logistic regression. The overall rate of illicit drug use was 15.2%. Gender heterogeneity within groups (OR = 3.14; 95%CI: 1.63-6.06), religion-based friendships (OR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.17-0.75) and sports/culture-based friendships (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.22-0.87) remained significantly associated with illicit drug use. Adolescents who lived in less vulnerable areas had higher chance of drug use in comparison with those living in more vulnerable areas. Religion-based and sports/culture-based friendships seem to demonstrate a protective effect against lifetime illicit drug use. Gender heterogeneity within groups and residing in a less vulnerable area increased the chances of adolescents reporting illicit drug use.

El objetivo del presente estudio transversal fue examinar el consumo de drogas ilícitas, y su asociación con factores socioeconómicos, así como con la influencia del grupo entre adolescentes brasileños de 15 a 19 años de edad. Se adoptó una muestra del grupo en dos etapas, considerando una selección aleatoria de escuelas públicas y privadas de nueve distritos administrativos de una capital de estado brasileña y una selección aleatoria de clases en cada escuela. El consumo ilícito era el resultado que se midió a través de la pregunta: "¿Has consumido alguna vez drogas legales (marihuana, inhalantes, hipnóticos, cocaína/crack, alucinógenos, anfetaminas y opioides) en tu vida?" El grupo más importante de factores protectores fue categorizado como: escuela, familia, religioso y deportes/cultura. El área, basada en el Índice de Vulnerabilidad de la Salud (IVS), se usó para evaluar el estatus socioeconómico. Se analizaron los datos de 891 adolescentes, usando el test chi-cuadrado test y regresión logística. El porcentaje global de consumo de drogas ilícitas fue de un 15.2%. La heterogeneidad de género en los grupos (OR = 3.14; 95%CI: 1.63-6.06), amistad basada en la religión (OR = 0.36; 95%CI: 0.17-0.75) y amistades basadas en deporte/cultura (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.22-0.87) quedaron significativamente asociadas con el consumo de drogas ilícitas. Los adolescentes que vivían en áreas menos vulnerables tenían una oportunidad más alta de consumo de drogas, en comparación con aquellos que vivían en áreas más vulnerables. Las amistadas basadas en la religión y deporte/cultura parece que demuestran ser un factor protector contra el consumo de drogas a lo largo de la vida. La heterogeneidad de género en los grupos y residir en áreas menos vulnerables incrementó la oportunidad en el consumo de ilícito de drogas.

Alcohol intake among adolescent students and association with social capital and socioeconomic status / Consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes adolescentes e sua associação com capital social e condição socioeconômica

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol consumption, binge drinking and their association with social capital and socioeconomic factors among Brazilian adolescents students. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a randomly selected representative sample of 936 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. Information on alcohol consumption, social capital and socioeconomic status was collected using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, the Integrated Questionnaire for the Measurement of Social Capital and Social Vulnerability Index, respectively. The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 50.3% and binge drinking 36% the last year. Adolescents who reported believing that people in their community could help solve a collective problem (with the water supply) and those classified as having high social vulnerability had lower likelihood of binge drinking (PR = 0.776 [95%CI:0.620 to 0.971] and PR = 0.660 [95%CI:0.542 to 0.803], respectively). The prevalence of alcohol consumption and binge drinking the last year is high among participants. Those with higher socioeconomic status as well as lower perceptions of community capital social are more likely to display binge-drinking behavior.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar prevalência do consumo de bebida alcoólica e associação com o capital social e fatores socioeconômicos em estudantes adolescentes. Estudo transversal realizado com amostra representativa aleatória de 936 adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos. Informações sobre o consumo de álcool no último ano, capital social e condição socioeconômica foram levantadas utilizando-se o Teste de Triagem para Abordar Problemas Relacionados com Álcool (AUDIT), Questionário Integrado para Medir Capital Social e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social, respectivamente. Prevalência de consumo de bebida alcoólica foi de 50,3% e consumo abusivo de álcool 36,0%, no último ano. Os adolescentes que relataram acreditar que as pessoas em sua comunidade possam ajudar a resolver problemas coletivos (como o abastecimento de água) e os classificados como pertencentes ao grupo de alta vulnerabilidade social apresentaram menor probabilidade de consumo abusivo de álcool (RP = [IC95%:0,620-0,971] 0,776 e PR = [IC95%:0,542-,803] 0,660). As prevalências de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e consumo abusivo de álcool no último ano foram altas. Adolescentes com melhor condição socioeconômica e menor percepção do capital social foram mais propensos a apresentar um comportamento de consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas.

Binge drinking and associated factors among adolescents in a city in southeastern Brazil: a longitudinal study / Consumo excessivo de álcool e fatores associados entre adolescentes de cidade do Sudeste brasileiro: um estudo longitudinal / Consumo excesivo de alcohol y factores asociados entre adolescentes de ciudad del sudeste brasileño: un estudio longitudinal

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the frequency of binge drinking and associated factors in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The sample consisted of 436 adolescents. Data collection involved the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Ordinal logistic regression was used in the multivariate analysis. An increase in the frequency of binge drinking was found among adolescents who lived in areas of greater social vulnerability (OR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.01-2.68), those whose mothers consumed alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.05-2.92), those whose fathers consumed alcoholic beverages (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.11-3.68), those with an increased risk of tobacco use (OR = 2.82; 95%CI: 1.07-7.42) and those who attended religious services (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.30-3.38). Knowledge regarding factors associated with a change in the frequency of binge drinking among adolescents can assist in the establishment of public policies directed at health promotion and the prevention of adverse health conditions.

Resumo: Objetivou-se investigar mudanças na frequência de consumo excessivo de álcool (binge drinking) e fatores associados na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A amostra incluiu 436 adolescentes. Os dados foram coletados com o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test e o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. A regressão logística multivariada foi usada na análise dos dados. Observamos um aumento na frequência de consumo excessivo de álcool entre adolescentes que viviam em áreas de maior vulnerabilidade social (OR = 1,64; IC95%: 1,01-2,68), com mães que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas (OR = 1,75; IC95%: 1,05-2,92), com pais que consumiam bebidas alcoólicas (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,11-3,68), expostos a risco aumentado de tabagismo (OR = 2,82; IC95%: 1,07-7,42) e que participavam de atividades religiosas (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,30-3,38). O conhecimento dos fatores associados a mudanças na frequência de consumo excessivo de álcool entre adolescentes pode auxiliar na elaboração de políticas públicas dirigidas à promoção da saúde e à prevenção de desfechos adversos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar cambios en la frecuencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol (binge drinking) y sus factores asociados en la ciudad de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. La muestra incluyó a 436 adolescentes. Los datos fueron recogidos con el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test y el Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Se usó la regresión logística multivariada en el análisis de datos. Observamos un aumento en la frecuencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol entre adolescentes que vivían en áreas de mayor vulnerabilidad social (OR = 1,64; IC95%: 1,01-2,68), con madres que consumían bebidas alcohólicas (OR = 1,75; IC95%: 1,05-2,92), con padres que consumían bebidas alcohólicas (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,11-3,68), expuestos a riesgo aumentado de tabaquismo (OR = 2,82; IC95%: 1,07-7,42) y que practicaban una religión (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,30-3,38). El conocimiento de los factores asociados a cambios en la frecuencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol entre adolescentes puede ayudar en la elaboración de políticas públicas, dirigidas a la promoción de la salud y a la prevención de desenlaces adversos.

Risk of alcohol dependence: prevalence, related problems and socioeconomic factors / Risco de dependência do álcool: prevalência, problemas relacionados e fatores socioeconômico

Abstract The present study evaluated the possible alcohol dependence and related problems among adolescents and determined possible associations with socioeconomic factors and gender. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 936 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years enrolled at public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data related to alcohol consumption and associated problems were collected using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), mother's schooling and type of school were used to assess socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and Poisson regression. The prevalence of possible dependence was 16.4%, 52.1% reported concern of a family member regarding the adolescent's alcohol consumption. Female adolescents were less likely to exhibit possible dependence in comparison to males. Participants with living in a low vulnerability area were more likely to consume alcohol in comparison to those living in underprivileged areas. The results of the present study demonstrate that possible dependence was significantly associated with the male gender and low social vulnerability.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou a possível dependência de álcool e problemas relacionados entre adolescentes e determinou possíveis associações com fatores socioeconômicos e de gênero. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma amostra representativa de 936 adolescentes, com idades entre 15 a 19 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os dados relativos ao consumo de álcool e aos problemas relacionados foram coletados utilizando o Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS), a escolaridade da mãe e o tipo de escola foram utilizados para avaliar os fatores socioeconômicos. A análise estatística envolveu o teste do qui-quadrado (p < 0,05) e a regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de possível dependência foi de 16,4%. Relataram preocupação de um familiar em relação ao consumo de álcool do adolescente, 52,1%. As mulheres foram menos propensas a apresentar possível dependência em relação aos homens. Adolescentes que vivem em uma área de baixa vulnerabilidade foram mais propensos a consumir álcool em comparação com aqueles que vivem em áreas carentes. Os resultados demonstram que a possível dependência foi significativamente associada com o sexo masculino e com a baixa vulnerabilidade social.

Tobacco use and friendship networks: a cross-sectional study among Brazilian adolescents / Uso do tabaco e rede de amigos entre adolescentes brasileiros: um estudo transversal

Aim: To determine the prevalence of tobacco use and its association with types of friendship networks, socioeconomic status and gender among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of 905 students aged 15 to 19 years. Information on social networks and tobacco use was collected by the self-administered questionnaire 'Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test" and the question "What is your most important group of close friends?'. Socioeconomic status was assessed using an area-based social vulnerability index and type of school. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to test associations between tobacco use and the independent variables. Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 18.9%. Female adolescents had 3.80-fold greater odds of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use compared to male adolescents. Participants who reported that their most important groups of close friends were from church had a lower risk of reporting weekly to daily tobacco use in comparison to those who reported that their best friends were from school. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use was high and was associated with school-based (as compared to church-based) friendship networks, female gender and higher area-level socioeconomic status. .

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do uso do tabaco e sua associação com tipos de amigos, condições socioeconômicas e gênero entre adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra representativa de 905 estudantes de 15 a 19 anos. Informações sobre as redes sociais e o uso do tabaco foram coletadas através do "Questionário para triagem do uso de álcool, tabaco e outras substâncias", e a questão "Qual é o seu grupo de amigos mais importante?". As condições socioeconômicas foram avaliadas através do Índice de vulnerabilidade social e do tipo de escola. Regressão logística multinomial foi utilizada para testar as associações entre o uso do tabaco e as variáveis independentes. Resultados: A prevalência do uso do tabaco foi de 18.9%. Meninas apresentaram 3.80 vezes mais chances de usarem tabaco na frequência semanalmente a diariamente comparado aos meninos. Os participantes que responderam ser o grupo de amigos da igreja o mais importante tiveram um risco menor de usarem tabaco com maior frequência em comparação aos adolescentes que consideraram o grupo de amigos da escola. Conclusões: A prevalência do uso de tabaco foi alta na amostra estudada e foi associada a rede de amigos da escola (em comparação aos amigos da igreja), gênero feminino e melhores condições socioeconômicas. .

The prevalence of inhalant use and associated factors among adolescents in Belo Horizonte, Brazil / Prevalência do uso de inalantes e fatores associados em adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, Brasil

The scope of this study was to establish the prevalence of inhalant use among adolescents and its association with marijuana use, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and gender. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample of 891 adolescents from public and private schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected using two self-administered questionnaires: the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). The socioeconomic status was evaluated using the Social Vulnerability Index, mother's education level and type of school (public or private). The data were analyzed using the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of inhalant use was 7.9%. No significant association was found between the use of inhalants and socioeconomic status after the logistic regression analysis. Inhalant use among adolescents was associated with marijuana use (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) and with binge drinking (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência do uso de inalantes em adolescentes e sua associação com o uso de maconha, consumo de álcool, condição socioeconômica e gênero. Um estudo transversal foi realizado em uma amostra representativa de 891 adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dois questionários autoaplicáveis: o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) e o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT C). O Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social, o nível de escolaridade da mãe e o tipo de escola (pública ou privada) foram utilizados para determinar o nível socioeconômico. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste qui-quadrado (p < 0.05) e a análise de regressão logística. A prevalência do uso de inalantes foi de 7,9%. Não houve associação entre o uso de inalantes e o nível socioeconômico após a análise de regressão logística. O uso de inalantes por adolescentes esteve associado ao uso de maconha (OR: 4.61; 95% CI: 2.27 - 9.36) e ao consumo abusivo de álcool (OR: 5.02; 95% CI: 2.57 - 9.81).

Estudo transversal em escolares de 12 anos de idade sobre a necessidade de tratamento, etiologia e ocorrência de traumatismo dentário em Montes Claros, Brasil / Cross-sectional study on treatment needs, etiology and occurrence of traumatic dental injuries among 12-year old schoolchildren in Montes Claros, Brazil

Objetivo: Avaliar a necessidade de tratamento, etiologia e o local de ocorrência do acidente que resultou em traumatismo dentário nos incisivos permanentes de escolares com 12 anos de idade, na cidade de Montes Claros.Materiais e Métodos: Para cálculo amostral utilizou-se a variabilidade populacional máxima (0,25), com nível de confiança de 95%, Z α /2 = 1,96; erro de estimação de 4%, d = 0,03. O tamanho da amostra mínima calculada foi 546 crianças, sendo acrescido de 10%, totalizando 638 crianças, selecionadas aleatoriamente nas escolas públicas e particulares. Em um primeiro momento foi investigada a prevalência de traumatismo dentário por meio de exames clínicos adotando a classificação Children ́s Dental Health Survey do UK, realizado por um dentista treinado e calibrado (Kappa= 0,87 e 0,96). As crianças foram examinadas naescola sob luz artificial. Após os exames foi aplicado um questionário semi-estruturado direcionado às crianças a fim de investigar o conhecimento da ocorrência de traumatismo dentário, etiologia e local do acidente. Para obtenção dos resultados foi realizada análise descritiva e univariada (teste qui-quadrado). Resultados: Aprevalência de traumatismos dentários foi de 34,9% em 605 exames clínicos realizados (94,8%). O traumatismodentário estava presente em 279 incisivos permanentes. A necessidade de tratamento restaurador foi observadaem 35,8% dentes (n= 100), sendo que 13,97% deles apresentavam tratamento restaurador (n= 39). O principal fator etiológico foi a queda (49,7%) e a maioria dos escolares relatou que o traumatismo dentário havia ocorrido em casa (48,2%).Conclusão: A necessidade de tratamento restaurador devido ao traumatismo dentário foi elevada e o principal fator etiológico foram as quedas ocorridas em casa.

Uso de substâncias lícitas e ilícitas por adolescentes: um estudo longitudinal / Licit and illicit drug use among adolescents: a longitudinal study

Esse estudo longitudinal teve o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas por adolescentes de Belo Horizonte, a incidência de beber pesado (consumir 5 ou mais doses de bebidas alcoólicas em única ocasião) e a associação com capital social, religiosidade, fatores familiares e condições socioeconômicas. A amostra composta por 891 adolescentes de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, matriculados em escolas das redes pública e privada da cidade de Belo Horizonte. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de três questionários auto-administrados, entregues aos adolescentes em sala de aula: o questionário integrado para medir capital social (QI-MCS), o teste para triagem do envolvimento com álcool, cigarro e outras substâncias (ASSIST) para avaliação do risco de consumo de drogas e o teste para identificação de problemas relacionados ao uso do álcool (AUDIT C) que avalia o risco do consumo de álcool...