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OBJECTIVE: Elder abuse, an important human rights issue and public health problem, contributes to increased disability and mortality. In the last decades, several reviews have synthesized primary studies to determine its prevalence. This umbrella review aimed to estimate the worldwide overall prevalence rate of elder abuse in the community and care setting. METHODS: Following prospective registration at PROSPERO (CRD42021281866) we conducted a search of eight electronic databases to identify systematic reviews from inception until 17 January 2023. The corrected covered area was calculated to estimate the potential overlap of primary studies between reviews. The quality of the selected reviews was assessed using a modified AMSTAR-2 instrument. We extracted data on the prevalence of any type of elder (people aged 60 years old or older) abuse in the community and care setting. RESULTS: There were 16 systematic reviews retrieved between 2007 and 2022, out of which ten captured prevalence globally, three in Iran, one in Turkey, one in China and one in Brazil. The 16 reviews included 136 primary studies in total between 1988 and 2020. The overlapping of studies between reviews was found to be moderate (5.5%). The quality of reviews was low (2, 12.5%) or critically low (14, 87.5%). The estimated range of global prevalence of overall elder abuse was wide (1.1-78%), while the estimations of specific abuse prevalence ranged from 0-81.8% for neglect, 1.1-78.9% for psychological abuse, 0.7-78.3% for financial abuse, 0.1-67.7% for physical abuse, and 0-59.2% for sexual abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Although the low quality of the evidence and the heterogeneity of the phenomenon makes it hard to give precise prevalence data, it is without a question that elder abuse is a prevalent problem with a wide dispersion. The focus of attention should shift towards interventions and policymaking to prevent this form of abuse.
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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relation between the coronary calcium score and the posterior choice of kilovoltage according to radiologists' criteria in a standard coronary CT angiography protocol to rule out coronary disease. To quantify the reduction in ionizing radiation after linking kilovoltage to patients' body mass index in a low-dose protocol with iterative model reconstruction. To evaluate the image quality and diagnostic performance of the low-dose protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared anthropometric characteristics, calcium score, kilovoltage levels, size-specific dose estimates (SSDE), and the dose-length product (DLP) between a group of 50 patients who were prospectively recruited to undergo coronary CT angiography with a low-dose protocol and a historical group of 50 patients who underwent coronary CT angiography with the standard protocol. We correlated these parameters, the number of coronary segments that could not be evaluated with and without temporal padding, the attenuation, and the signal-to-noise ratio in the ascending aorta in the low-dose protocol with excellent imaging quality according to a semiquantitative scale. To calculate the diagnostic performance per patient, we used 24-month clinical follow-up including all tests as the gold standard. RESULTS: In the standard protocol, the presence of coronary calcium correlated with the selection of high kilovoltage (pâ¯=â¯0.02); this correlation was not found in the low-dose protocol (pâ¯=â¯0.47). Median values of SSDE and DLP were significantly (pâ¯<â¯0.001) lower and less dispersed in the low-dose protocol [9.22â¯mGy (IQR 7.84-12.1â¯mGy) vs. 26.5â¯mGy (IQR 21.3-36.3â¯mGy) in the standard protocol] and [97â¯mGyâ¯cm (IQR 78-134â¯mGyâ¯cm) vs. 253â¯mGyâ¯cm (IQR 216-404â¯mGyâ¯cm) in the standard protocol], respectively. The overall quality of the images obtained with the low-dose protocol was considered good or excellent in 96% of the studies. The parameters associated with image quality in a multivariable model (C statisticâ¯=â¯0.792) were heart rate (estimated coefficient, -0,12 [95% confidence interval: -0.2, -0.04]; pâ¯<â¯0.01) and the SSDE (estimated coefficient, -0,26 [95% confidence interval: -0.51, -0.01]; pâ¯<â¯0.05). The CAD-RADS modifier for a not fully evaluable or diagnostic study was used on two occasions (4%); the final measures for the diagnosis of coronary disease were sensitivity 100%, specificity 94%, and efficacy 94%. CONCLUSIONS: In the standard protocol, the radiologist selects higher kilovoltage for CT angiography studies for patients whose previous calcium score indicates the presence of coronary calcium. In the low-dose protocol, linking kilovoltage with body mass index enables the dose of radiation to be reduced by 65% while obtaining excellent or good image quality in 96% of studies and excellent diagnostic performance.
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Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Humanos , Índice de Massa Corporal , Cálcio , Redução da Medicação , Doses de Radiação , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Recién nacido de 37 semanas de edad gestacional, con antecedente materno de cuadro clínico compatible con infección por Zika en el primer trimestre de embarazo. Hallazgos en ultrasonido prenatal a las 22 semanas de edad gestacional de ventriculomegalia y calcificaciones intracraneales
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Lactente , Síndrome , Zika virusRESUMO
Syntaxin-1 and 25-kDa Synaptosome-associated Protein (SNAP-25) are present in the plasma membrane of several different secretory cell types and are involved in the exocytosis process. In this work, the free-living amoeba Difflugia corona was studied in relation to ultrastructure, structural membrane proteins, and proteins such as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25. Our results obtained by scanning electron microscopy in the amoeba without its theca, showed many membrane projections and several pore-like structures. Using immunocytochemistry, we found structural proteins Syntaxin-1 and SNAP-25.
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Animais , Amoeba/metabolismo , Amoeba/ultraestrutura , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/ultraestrutura , /metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Sintaxina 1/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de VarreduraRESUMO
Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: a) identificar a nivel de especie aislamientos de Proteus siguiendo la combinación de los esquemas de Farmer y O'Hara; b) determinar la utilidad del sistema comercial API 20E y de un esquema reducido de pruebas (agar TSI y agar MIO: movilidad, indol y ornitina), comparar estos procedimientos con la metodología convencional y evaluar su sensibilidad y especificidad, y c) evaluar la utilidad del perfil proteico en la identificación de las distintas especies. Se estudiaron 205 aislamientos de Proteus spp. aislados en el período comprendido entre enero de 1998 y setiembre de 2004, recuperados de distintos materiales clínicos correspondientes a pacientes hospitalizados y ambulatorios atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas. Los organismos fueron identificados mediante la metodología convencional, por el sistema API 20E y con un esquema reducido de pruebas; 48 de ellos fueron sometidos a un SDS-PAGE. API 20E identificó 79 de 87 aislamientos de P. mirabilis (90,8%), 103/103 del complejo P. vulgaris y 15/15 de P. penneri. Ocho aislamientos identificados como Proteus spp. resultaron ser P. mirabilis, al incluir una prueba adicional (maltosa). En la identificación, el esquema reducido coincidió en un 100% con la metodología convencional. A diferencia del sistema API 20E, el esquema reducido alcanza la correcta identificación de todas las especies en laboratorios de baja complejidad, sin la necesidad de pruebas adicionales. El perfil proteico permitió la correcta diferenciación de las tres especies, independientemente de las diferentes atipias de P. mirabilis.
The objectives were: a) to identify Proteus strains to species level, following Farmer's and O'Hara's conventional biochemical reactions; b) to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of both the API 20E method and a schema of reduced reactions (TSI and MIO agar: motility, indole and ornithine) comparing them with conventional methodology, and c) to evaluate the utility of SDS-PAGE (total proteins) in order to identify Proteus strains to species level. Two hundred and five Proteus spp. clinical isolates, were collected between January 1998 and September 2004, from inpatients and outpatients at Hospital de Clínicas. Strains were identified by means of conventional methodology, the API 20E method, and a schema of reduced reactions. SDS-PAGE (total proteins) was used in 48 out of the 205 strains. The API 20E method identified 79 out of 87 (90.8%) strains of P. mirabilis, 103 out of 103 P. vulgaris complex, and 15 out of 15 P. penneri. Eight strains of P. mirabilis were identified as Proteus spp., the acid production from maltose being necessary to identify them to species level. The schema of reduced reactions identified 205 out of 205 (100%) strains, that is, this schema of reduced reactions identified all the strains to species level without any additional tests, in marked contrast to the API 20E method. The SDS-PAGE (total proteins) identified the three species of the genus, even if the strains of P. mirabilis showed different biochemical reactions.
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Humanos , Proteus/classificação , Proteus/isolamento & purificação , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
As a vector control program to control Chagas disease in Guatemala, residual spraying of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata was performed, and its impact was measured in the department of Zacapa. In order to identify infested villages and determine the degree of infestation, a baseline entomological survey to identify municipalities infested with vectors followed by an additional vector survey in areas known to be infested was conducted. Residual spraying using pyrethroid insecticides was performed at all the villages identified as being infested with the vectors. The residual spraying was shown to be highly effective against both vectors by the decrease in infestation indices after spraying. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the spraying showed that the average cost of insecticides per house is high when compared with that in Southern Cone countries
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Animais , Controle de Insetos , Insetos Vetores , Inseticidas , Piretrinas , Rhodnius , Triatoma , Doença de Chagas , Análise Custo-Benefício , Guatemala , Habitação , Controle de Insetos , Inseticidas , PiretrinasRESUMO
jetivo: evaluar en un ensayo clínico a muestras relacionadas la respuesta al óxido nítrico (NO) en niños con hipertensión pulmonar (HP) grave post cirugía cardiovascular. Pacientes y Métodos: 24 pacientes (5 por ciento) internados en la unidad de recuperación cardiovascular entre agosto de 1996 y agosto de 1997 recibieron NO inhalado por padecer HP grave postoperatoria y fracaso al tratamiento convencional. Las indicaciones se categorizaron en 4 grupos: 1) Tratamiento con monitoreo directo de la presión arterial pulmonar (PAP). 2) Sin monitoreo directo, con evaluación clínica y ecocardiográfica. 3) Con gradiente transpulmonar >15 mmhg. 4) Uso preventivo. Se controlaron presión arterial y pulmonar, gases en sangre antes y después de la administración, metahemoglobinemia cada 12 hs, control ambiental de NO y NO2 cada 4 hs y ecocardiograma pre y post-no. En el análisis estadístico se compararon los valores de la pao2 antes y después de la administración del NO utilizando el wilcoxon rank test para dos colas (gpis).Se consideró significativa una p<0.05. Resultados: la mediana de edad fue de 8.7m, y la de peso de 4.2 kg., la mediana del tiempo de administración fue 69 hs (2-317 hs) con una dosis máximapromedio de 26 +- 22 ppm. Diez y nueve pacientes (80 por ciento) tuvieron una respuesta favorable; en 12 de ellos se observó un incremento de la pao2 basal superior al 30 por ciento. La mediana de la pao2 previa fue de 94 torr (r=36-428) con una posterior de 155 torr (r=34-683), p=0.009. Los niveles promedio de metahemoglobinemia fueron de 2 por ciento. Los niveles de NO y NO2 ambientales fueron menores de 1 ppm. No se observaron fenómenos de hipotensión arterial sistémica asociados a la administración del NO. La sobrevida fue de 18/24 pacientes (75 porciento). Conclusiones: el uso terapéutico de NO inhalado en pacientes críticamente enfermos con HP, dentro de un protocolo de administración y monitoreo, es seguro, mejora la oxigenación y/o disminuye los episodios de HP constituyendo una valiosa herramienta en el tratamiento de este grupo de pacientes.
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Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Ácido Nítrico/uso terapêutico , Cardiopatias Congênitas/cirurgia , Cardiopatias Congênitas/complicações , Hipertensão Pulmonar/etiologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/terapiaRESUMO
Los tumores de células de Leydig (TCL) corresponden al 1 a 3 por ciento de todos los tumores testiculares y son el tipo histológico más frecuente entre los tumores de estroma gonadal. Generalmente son unilaterales, describiéndose sólo en un 5 a 10 por ciento un desarrollo bilateral. Su frecuencia sigue una distribución bimodal, con mayor incidencia en prepúberes y entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida. Su presentación más habitual es una masa escrotal palpable, pudiendo originar androgenización en niños o feminización en adultos.