Tick-borne encephalitis virus infections in Lithuanian domestic animals and ticks.

In order to obtain information about the distribution of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Lithuania, sera of domestic animals were screened for TBEV antibodies by haemagglutination inhibition test. Samples were collected in 2001 from 423 cows, 561 goats and 118 sheep during a prophylactic examination or vaccination by a local veterinary specialist. In addition, a total of 3234 Ixodes ricinus ticks in 436 pools were collected and tested by RT-PCR for the presence of TBEV RNA (detailed analysis with genetic characterization is published separately [Han et al, J Med Virol 2005 (in press)]). Domestic animal sera from 8/18 districts were positive with an overall seropositivity of 1.7% with considerable regional differences. Sheep from the Radviliskis region had the highest seropositivity rate (16%). In comparison, the proportion of tick pools positive for TBEV-RNA was 1.38%, ranging from 1.03% in Panavezys, 3.33% in Siauliai to 16% in Radviliskis.

Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Lithuania.

In Lithuania, 171-645 serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis occurred annually [Mickiene et al. (2001): Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20:886-888] in 1993-1999, and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) seroprevalence in the general population was found previously to be 3.0% [Juceviciene et al. (2002): J Clin Virol 25:23-27]. To assess the risk for TBEV virus infection in Lithuania and to characterize the agent a panel of 3,234 ticks combined into 436 pools [Juceviciene et al., 2005] were tested for presence of TBEV RNA by a nested RT-PCR targeting at the NS5 gene. Six pools were confirmed positive and the prevalence of the infected ticks was 0.2% (if one tick per pool [Juceviciene et al., 2005] was considered positive) and the proportion of positive tick pools was 1.4%. The prevalence of the infected ticks in the Panevezys, Siauliai, and Radviliskis regions (in central Lithuania) was 0.1%, 0.4%, and 1.7% corresponding with a higher TBE disease burden in these regions. The 252-nucleotide NS5-region amplicons, and a longer sequence (737 nucleotides) obtained from one sample from the PrM-E gene region, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the latter showed that all western type TBEV PrM-E sequences, including the Lithuanian strains, were monophyletic, showed no clustering and had very little variation. The NS5 sequences, although identical within one locality, did not show any mutations common to strains from the two Lithuanian regions, nor could any geographical clustering be found among western type TBEV strains from other areas.