RESUMO
There is increasing evidence that the Internet and social media can influence suicide-related behavior. Important questions are whether this influence poses a significant risk to the public and how public health approaches might be used to address the issue. To address these questions, we provide an overview of ways that social media can influence suicidal behavior, both negatively and positively, and we evaluate the evidence of the risk. We also discuss the legal complexities of this important topic and propose future directions for research and prevention programs based on a public health perspective.
Assuntos
Intervenção em Crise/organização & administração , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Internet/estatística & dados numéricos , Meios de Comunicação de Massa/estatística & dados numéricos , Tentativa de Suicídio/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Transtornos Disruptivos, de Controle do Impulso e da Conduta/epidemiologia , Humanos , Grupo Associado , Resolução de Problemas , Saúde Pública , Fatores de Risco , Ideação Suicida , Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This review reports on current and emerging technologies for suicide prevention. Technology-based programs discussed include interactive educational and social networking Web sites, e-mail outreach, and programs that use mobile devices and texting. We describe innovative applications such as virtual worlds, gaming, and text analysis that are currently being developed and applied to suicide prevention and outreach programs. We also discuss the benefits and limitations of technology-based applications and discuss future directions for their use.
Assuntos
Telefone Celular/estatística & dados numéricos , Correio Eletrônico/organização & administração , Internet/organização & administração , Apoio Social , Prevenção do Suicídio , Telemedicina/organização & administração , Telefone Celular/instrumentação , Correio Eletrônico/estatística & dados numéricos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Disseminação de Informação , Internet/estatística & dados numéricos , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto/métodos , Telemedicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos , WashingtonRESUMO
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) support the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders; however, the overall quality of the VRET RCT literature base has yet to be evaluated. This study reviewed 27 VRET RCTs and the degree of adherence to 8 RCT research design criteria derived from existing standards. Adherence to the study quality criteria was generally low as the articles met an average 2.85 criteria (SD=1.56). None of the studies met more than six quality criteria. Study quality did not predict effect size; however, a reduction in effect size magnitude was observed for studies with larger sample sizes when comparing VRET to non-active control groups. VRET may be an effective method of treatment but caution should be exercised in interpreting the existing body of literature supporting VRET relative to existing standards of care. The need for well-designed VRET research is discussed.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/terapia , Terapia de Exposição à Realidade Virtual/métodos , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Tamanho da AmostraRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The time period following discharge from inpatient psychiatry and emergency department (ED) treatment is one of heightened risk for repeat suicide attempts for patients. Evidence reported in the literature shows that follow-up contacts might reduce suicide risk, although there has not been a comprehensive and critical review of the evidence to date. AIMS: To evaluate evidence for the effectiveness of suicide prevention interventions that involve follow-up contacts with patients. METHODS: Published empirical studies of follow-up interventions with suicidal behaviors (suicide, attempts, and ideation) as outcomes were searched. Study populations were inpatient psychiatric or ED patients being discharged to home. Contact modalities included phone, postal letter, postcards, in-person, and technology-based methods (e-mail and texting). RESULTS: Eight original studies, two follow-up studies, and one secondary analysis study met inclusion criteria. Five studies showed a statistically significant reduction in suicidal behavior. Four studies showed mixed results with trends toward a preventative effect and two studies did not show a preventative effect. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated follow-up contacts appear to reduce suicidal behavior. More research is needed, however, especially randomized controlled trials, to determine what specific factors might make follow-up contact modalities or methods more effective than others.
Assuntos
Correspondência como Assunto , Apoio Social , Prevenção do Suicídio , Humanos , Alta do Paciente , Tentativa de Suicídio/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Caring Letters Project (CLP) is a suicide prevention program that involves sending brief caring letters to discharged inpatients following psychiatric hospitalization. Several studies suggest that repeatedly sending caring messages may reduce suicides and suicide attempts in high-risk populations. AIMS: The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate feasibility of use in the military setting, (2) explore trends toward reduction of psychiatric rehospitalizations, (3) assess preference for and test e-mail correspondence, and (4) identify best practices and gather data to inform a randomized controlled study. METHODS: A total of 110 psychiatric inpatients at a military treatment facility consented, were interviewed, and then received personalized handwritten letters or e-mails at regular intervals following discharge. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, preference for e-mail versus postal mail, rates of undeliverable and return correspondence, rehospitalizations, and adverse events requiring safety procedures. RESULTS: A total of 436 letters and e-mails have been sent to date. Most participants indicated preference for e-mail versus postal mail. Fifteen participants were readmitted for treatment compared to 20 patients in usual care. Twenty participants sent responses and all were positive statements about the program. There were no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This program is feasible for use at a military treatment facility. A randomized controlled trial is needed to determine whether the intervention can reduce suicide rates among military and veteran populations.
Assuntos
Militares/psicologia , Prevenção do Suicídio , Adulto , Correio Eletrônico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Serviços Postais , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Suicídio/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/prevenção & controle , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Veteranos/psicologiaRESUMO
Military suicide has increased over the past decade and reports of Service Member and Veteran suicides receive media attention. Some methods of reporting suicide appear to cause a "media contagion" effect, potentially increasing suicide. This effect is explored in relation to media reports of both military and civilian suicides. To reduce possible contagion, recommendations for media reporting of suicides were adapted by the Suicide Prevention Resource Center (SPRC). We assessed 240 military and civilian newspaper reports of suicide from 15 different sources for compliance with the SPRC guidelines. Nearly all reviewed articles violated at least one guideline. Results highlighted military news articles regarding Service Members included more pejorative language and discussion of failed psychological treatment. Conversely, civilian articles romanticized the victim and provided more details regarding the suicide. Further exploration of military suicide reporting bias is discussed as a need in future research.